Computational Mathematics Laboratory: Lab Manual
Computational Mathematics Laboratory: Lab Manual
LAB MANUAL
Prepared By
Mr. G. Nagendra Kumar, Assistant Professor
FRESHMAN ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
Program Outcomes
PO1 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineeringfundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complexengineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems anddesign
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and researchmethods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modernengineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assesssocietal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutionsin
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms ofthe
engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader indiverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineeringcommunity and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of theengineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
inindependent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
(Autonomous)
Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043
PSO2 Problem-Solving Skills: Can explore the scientific theories, ideas, methodologies and the new cutting
edge technologies in renewable energy engineering, and use this erudition in their professional
development and gain sufficient competence to solve the current and future energy problems
universally.
PSO3 Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: The understanding of technologies like PLC, PMC,
process controllers, transducers and HMI one can analyze, design electrical and electronics principles
to install, test , maintain power system and applications.
Program Specific Outcomes - Mechanical Engineering
PSO1 To produce engineering professional capable of analyzing and synthesizing mechanical systems
including allied engineering streams.
PSO2 An ability to adopt and integrate current technologies in the design and manufacturing domain to
enhance the employability.
PSO3 To build the nation, by imparting technological inputs and managerial skills to become technocrats.
Certificate
This is to certify that it is a bonafied record of practical work done by
Sri/Kum. _____________________________________ bearing
the Roll No. ______________________ of ____________ class
_______________________________________ branch in the
____________________________ laboratory during the academic
year ___________________ under our supervision.
I PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
II PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
III PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
IV PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
V PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
VI PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
VII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
VIII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
IX PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
X PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
XI PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
XII PO1, PO2, PO3, PO4, PO5, PO9, PO12 PSO1, PSO2 PSO2 PSO3 PSO1, PSO2
COMPUTATIONAL MATHEMATICS LABORATORY SYLLABUS
Intel based desktop PC with minimum of 166 MHZ or faster processor with at least 64 MB RAM and
100MB free disk space. MATLAB compiler.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Week-1 BASIC FEATURES
a. To Know the history and features of MATLAB
b. To Know the local environment of MATLAB
Week-2 ALGEBRA
a. Find the roots of the equations 6x5 -41x4 +97x3 -97x2 +41x-6
b. Find the values of x,y,z of the equations x+y+z=3,x+2y+3z=4,x+4y+9z=6
c. For f(x)=8x8 -7x7 +12x6 -5 x5 +8 x4 +13 x3 -12x+9 compute f(2),roots of f(x) and plotfor 0 x 20
Week-3 CALCULUS
a. Verification of basic properties of limits for the functions f(x) = (3x + 5)/(x - 3) and g(x) = x2 + 1as x endsto 4.
b. Find the derivative of (x+2)(x^2+3)
c. Calculate the area enclosed between the x-axis, and the curve y=x3 -2x+5 and the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.
Week-4 MATRICES
a. Find the addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrix
1 2 9 1 2 3
A= 2 1 2 , B= 4 5 6
3 4 3 7 8 9
1 2 9
b. Find the transpose of matrix A= 2 1 2
3 4 3
1 2 3
c. Find the inverse of matrix A= 2 3 2
1 2 5
Week-5 SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
1 2 3
5 6 7
a. Find the rank of matrix A=
9 10 11
1 3 14 15
1 2 3
5 6 7
b. Find the row echelon form A=
9 10 11
1 3 14 15
2 3 1
c. Find the LU decomposition of the matrix 1/2 1 1
0 1 1
Week-6 LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
1 2 3
a. Find the characteristics equation of the matrix 4 5 6
7 8 0
1 8 10
b. Find the Eigen values of the matrix 4 2 4
5 2 8
3 1 1
c. Find the Eigen vector of the matrix 1 0 2
1 2 0
Week-7 DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION
a. Solve ( D 5 D 6 ) y e
2 x
2
5 x
b. Solve x(x
2
y )dxdy
2
0 0
3 3 x 3 x y
c. Solve xyzdxdydz
0 0 0
a. Evaluate e
x
by using trapezoidal and Simpson’s method
0
b. Evaluate y1=x+y, y(0)=1 of size h=0.2 by using Euler’s and Runge-Kutta method
Week-11 3D PLOTTING
a. Evaluate ( 3 x 2 2
8 y )dx (4 y 6 xy )dy Where region is bounded by y x
2
,y x and plot the diagram.
y
b. Plot the surface for f ( 2 c o s π x ) e
c. Plot the surface for 2+cost
Week-12 VECTOR CALCULUS
a. Find grad f where f=x3+y3+3xyz at (1,1,1)
b. If f x y i 2 x y z j 3 y z k find div f at the point (1,-1,1)
2 2 2
1.1 OBJECTIVES
1.1.1 CONTENT
Introduction
MATLAB is a high-level language and interactive environment for numericalcomputation,
visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, you can analyse data, develop algorithms, and
create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-inmath functions enable you to
explore multiple approaches and reach a solution fasterthan with spread sheets or traditional
programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java. You can use MATLAB for a range of applications,
including signal processing andcommunications, image and video processing, control systems, test
and measurement, computational finance, and computational biology. More than a million engineers
andscientists in industry and academia use MATLAB, the language of technical computing.
History
Strengths
Weaknesses
MATLAB is used in every facet of computational mathematics. Following are some commonly used
mathematical calculations where it is used most commonly:
Uses of MATLAB
MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science and engineering encompassing the fields
of physics, chemistry, math and all engineering streams. It is used in a range of applications
including:
MATLAB development IDE can be launched from the icon created on the desktop. The main
working window in MATLAB is called the desktop. When MATLAB is started, the desktop appears
in its default layout:
The desktop includes these panels:
Current Folder - This panel allows you to access the project folders and files.
Command Window - This is the main area where commands can be entered at the command line. It
is indicated by the command prompt (>>).
Workspace - The workspace shows all the variables created and/or imported from files.
Command History - This panel shows or rerun commands that are entered at the command line.
You are now faced with the MATLAB desktop on your computer, which contains the prompt
(>>) in the Command Window. Usually, there are 2 types of prompt:
Note:
1. To simplify the notation, we will use this prompt, >>, as a standard prompt sign, though our
MATLAB version is for educational purpose.
2. MATLAB adds variable to the workspace and displays the result in the Command Window.
Command Description
cd Change current directory
clc Clear the Command Window
clear (all) Removes all variables from the workspace
clear x Remove x from the workspace
copy file Copy file or directory
delete Delete files
dir Display directory listing
exist Check if variables or functions are defined
help Display help for MATLAB functions
look for Search for specified word in all help entries
mkdir Make new directory
move file Move file or directory
pwd Identify current directory
rmdir Remove directory
type Display contents of file
what List MATLAB files in current directory
which Locate functions and files
who Display variables currently in the workspace
whos Display information on variables in the workspace
Operator Purpose
+ Plus; addition operator.
- Minus; subtraction operator.
* Scalar and matrix multiplication operator.
.* Array multiplication operator.
^ Scalar and matrix exponentiation operator.
.^ Array exponentiation operator.
\ Left-division operator.
/ Right-division operator.
.\ Array left-division operator.
./ Array right-division operator.
: Colon; generates regularly spaced elements and represents an
entire row or column.
() Parentheses; encloses function arguments and array indices;
overrides precedence.
[] Brackets; enclosures array elements.
. Decimal point.
… Ellipsis; line-continuation operator
, Comma; separates statements and elements in a row
; Semicolon; separates columns and suppresses display.
% Percent sign; designates a comment and specifies formatting.
_ Quote sign and transpose operator.
._ Non-conjugated transpose operator.
= Assignment operator.
Note:
If you end a statement with a semicolon, MATLAB performs the computation, butsuppresses the
display of output in the Command Window.
Special Variables and Constants
MATLAB supports the following special variables and constants:
Name Meaning
ans Most recent answer.
eps Accuracy of floating-point precision.
i,j The imaginary unit √-1.
Inf Infinity.
NaN Undefined numerical result (not a number).
pi The number π
Naming Variables
Variable names consist of a letter followed by any number of letters, digits or underscore.
MATLAB is case-sensitive.
Variable names can be of any length; however, MATLAB uses only first N characters, where N is
given by the function namelengthmax.
Example 1:
Example 2:
In the above example it creates a 1-by-1 matrix named ‘x’and stores the value 3 in its element.
Example 4:
In this example x is to find the square root of 25 it creates a 1-by-1 matrix named ‘x’and stores the
value 5 in its element
.
Note:
Once a variable is entered into the system, you can refer to it later.
Variables must have values before they are used.
When you do not specify an output variable, MATLAB uses the variable ans, short for
answer, to store the results of your calculation.
Example 6:
Example 7:
2.1 OBJECTIVES
a. Find the roots of the equations 6x5 -41x4 +97x3 -97x2 +41x-6
b. Find the values of x,y,z of the equations x+y+z=3,x+2y+3z=4,x+4y+9z=6
c. For f(x)=8x8 -7x7 +12x6 -5 x5 +8 x4 +13 x3 -12x+9 compute f(2),roots of f(x) and plotfor
0 x 20
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
2.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
2.4 PROGRAM
Roots of the equations 6x5 -41x4 +97x3 -97x2 +41x-6
v = [6, -41, 97, -97, 41,-6]; % writing the coefficients
s = roots(v);
disp('The first root is: '), disp(s(1));
disp('The second root is: '), disp(s(2));
disp('The third root is: '), disp(s(3));
disp('The fourth root is: '), disp(s(4));
disp('The fifth root is: '), disp(s(5));
2.5 OUTPUT
Roots of the equations 6x5 -41x4 +97x3 -97x2 +41x-6
The first root is: 3.0000
The second root is:2.0000
The third root is: 1.0000
The fourth root is:0.5000
The fifth root is: 0.3333
Values of x,y,z of the equations x+y+z=3,x+2y+3z=4,x+4y+9z=6
ans =
2
1
0
2.6 EXERCISES
3.1 OBJECTIVES
a. Verification of basic properties of limits for the functions f(x) = (3x + 5)/(x - 3) and g(x) = x2 +
1as x endsto 4.
b. Find the derivative of (x+2)(x^2+3)
c. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=x3 -2x+5 and the ordinates x = 1 and x =
2.
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
3.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
3.4 PROGRAM
Properties of limits
f = (3*x + 5)/(x-3);
g = x^2 + 1;
flim = limit(f, 4)
glim = limit (g, 4)
Add = limit(f + g, 4)
Sub = limit(f - g, 4)
Mult = limit(f*g, 4)
Div = limit (f/g, 4)
Derivative
syms x
f=(x+2)*(x^2+3)
diff(f)
diff(ans)
diff(ans)
diff(ans)
Integration
syms x
f = x^3 - 2*x +5;
a = int(f, 1, 2)
display('Area: '), disp(double(a));
3.5 OUTPUT
Properties of limits
l1 =17
l2 = 17
lAdd = 34
lSub = 0
lMult = 289
lDiv = 1
Derivative
f = (x+2)*(x^2+3)
ans = x^2+3+2*(x+2)*x
ans = 6*x+4
ans = 6
ans = 0
Integration
a =23/4
Area:5.7500
3.6 EXERCISES
a) Verify basic properties of limits for the functions f(x) =(x3-8x2+45)/(2x2-3x-9) and g(x)=(x3-27)/(x-
3) as x tends to three.
b) Verification of basic properties of limits for the functions f(x) = x 2 + 2 and g(x) = (3x + 5)/(x - 3) as
x tends to four.
c) Verify basic properties of limits for the functions f(x)=sin3x/x cosx and g(x)=(tan2x-x)/(3x-sinx) as
x tends to zero.
d) Verify basic properties of limits for the functions f(x)=logx/(x-1) and g(x)=sin(x-1)/(x2-1) as x tends
to one
e) Verify basic properties of limits for the functions f(x)=2log(1+x)/x and g(x)=(x 3-6x-9)/(x4-81)as x
tends to zero.
j) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= x2-3x+2 and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 3.
k) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= x4-x-10 and the ordinates x = 1and x = 3
.
l) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= x3-4x-9 and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 2.
m) Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y= x3-5x+1and the ordinates x = 1 and x = 2.
EXPERIMENT-4
4.1 OBJECTIVES
1 2 9
b. Find the transpose of matrix A= 2 1 2
3 4 3
1 2 3
c. Find the inverse of matrix A= 2 3 2
1 2 5
4.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
4.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
4.4 PROGRAM
Transpose of matrix
A=[1,2,-9;2,-1,2;3,-4,3]
B = A.'
Inverse of matrix
a = [ 1 2 3; 2 3 4; 1 2 5]
inv (a)
4.5 OUTPUT
Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication of matrix
The matrix a=
a=
1 2 -9
2 -1 2
3 -4 3
The matrix b=
b=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
The sum of a and b is
c=
2 4 -6
6 4 8
10 4 12
ans =
-3.5000 2.0000 0.5000
3.0000 -1.0000 -1.0000
-0.5000 0 0.5000
4.6 EXERCISES
1 4 9 4
a) Find the addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices A= ,B=
2 9 2 1
1 3 2 2 2 4
b) Find the addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices A=
2 1 3
,B= 1 3 4
4 1 3 1 2 3
2 3 1 1 2 6
c) Find the addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices A= 0 1 5 ,B= 0 1 3
1 2 3 2 0 1
1 4 1 2 3 0
d) Find the addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices A=
2 7 1
,B= 5 7 1
3 10 0 6 8 1
1 2 3
e) Find the transpose of a matrix A=
1 0 2
4 0 5
3 2
4 3
h) Find the transpose of a matrix A=
1 1
1 2 2
1 2 3
0 1 2 2
1 1 2 3
k) Find the inverse of a matrix A=
2 2 2 3
2 3 3 3
1 3 3 1
1 1 1 0
l) Find the inverse of a matrix A=
2 5 2 3
1 1 0 1
EXPERIMENT-5
5.1 OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
5 6 7
a. Find the rank of matrix A=
9 10 11
1 3 14 15
1 2 3
5 6 7
b. Find the row echelon form A=
9 10 11
1 3 14 15
2 3 1
c. Find the LU decomposition of the matrix 1/2 1 1
0 1 1
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
5.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
5.4 PROGRAM
Rank of matrix
A= [1, 2, 3; 5, 6, 7;9, 10, 11;13, 14, 15]
rank (A)
LU decomposition
A = [2 -3 -1; 1/2 1 -1; 0 1 -1]
[L, U] = lu(A)
5.5 OUTPUT
Rank of matrix
A=
1 2 3
5 6 7
9 10 11
13 14 15
ans = 2
R=
1 0 -1
0 1 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
LU decomposition
L=
1.0000 0 0
0.2500 1.0000 0
0 0.5714 1.0000
U=
2.0000 -3.0000 -1.0000
0 1.7500 -0.7500
0 0 -0.5714
5.6 EXERCISES
1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4
a) Find the rank of a matrix A=
2 3 5 5
3 4 5 8
1 4 3 2 1
2 3 1 4 3
b) Find the rank of a matrix A=
1 6 7 2 9
3 3 6 6 12
1 2 1 2
1 3 2 2
c) Find the rank of a matrix A=
2 4 3 4
3 7 5 6
2 1 3 5
4 2 1 3
d) Find the rank of a matrix A=
8 4 7 13
8 4 3 1
0 1 3 1
1 0 1 1
e) Find the row echelon form of A=
3 1 0 2
1 1 2 0
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
f) Find the row echelon form of A=
3 2 1 3
6 8 7 5
1 2 1 0
2 4 3 1 0
1 2 1 4 2
h) Find the row echelon form of A=
0 1 1 3 1
4 7 4 4 5
3 12 6
1 3 8
2 1 1
3 1 3
6.1 OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
a. Find the characteristics equation of the matrix 4 5 6
7 8 0
1 8 10
b. Find the Eigen values of the matrix 4 2 4
5 2 8
3 1 1
c. Find the Eigen vector of the matrix 1 0 2
1 2 0
6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIRED
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
6.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
6.4 PROGRAM
Characteristics equation
A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 0]
p = poly(A)
Eigen values
A = [1 8 -10; -4 2 4; -5 2 8]
e = eig(A)
Eigen vector
A=[3,1,1;1,0,2;1,2,0];
[eigenvector, eigenvalue] = eig(A)
6.5 OUTPUT
Characteristics equation
A=
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 0
p =1.0000 -6.0000 -72.0000 -27.0000
Eigen values
A=
1 8 -10
-4 2 4
-5 2 8
e=
11.6219
-0.3110 + 2.6704i
-0.3110 - 2.6704i
Eigen vector
eigenvector =
-0.0000 0.5774 -0.8165
0.7071 -0.5774 -0.4082
-0.7071 -0.5774 -0.4082
eigenvalue =
-2.0000 0 0
0 1.0000 0
0 0 4.0000
6.6 EXERCISES
5 2 0
a) Find the characteristics equation, Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix 2 6 2
0 2 7
6 2 2
b) Find the characteristics equation, Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix 2 3 1
2 1 3
c) Find the characteristics equation, Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix
i 0 0
0 0 i
0 i 0
1 3 3
d) Find the characteristics equation, Eigen value and Eigen vectors of the matrix 3 5 3
6 6 4
EXPERIMENT-7
7.1 OBJECTIVES
5D 6) y e
2 x
a. solve (D
2
5 x
b. solve x(x
2
y )dxdy
2
0 0
3 3 x 3 x y
c. solve xyzdxdydz
0 0 0
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
7.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
7.4 PROGRAM
Double Integration
syms x y
firstint=int(x*(x^2+y^2),y,0,x^2)
answer=int(firstint,x,0,5)
Triple Integration
syms x y z
firstans=int(int(int(x*y*z,z,0,3-x-y),y,0,3-x),x,0,3)
7.5 OUTPUT
Double Integration
firstint = 1/3*x^7+x^5
answer = 453125/24
Triple Integration
firstans = 81/80
7.6 EXERCISES
2
d y dy
2 y e
2x
a. Solve 2
dx dx
2
1 x
y/x
f. Solve e dydx
0 0
2 3
g. Solve x yd y d x
0 0
1 x
h. Solve 2 2
x y ( x y )d y d x
0 x
1 2 3
i. Solve xyzd xd yd z
0 1 2
1 1 x 1 x y
j. Solve
x
e dxdydz
0 0 0
1 1 1 x
k. Solve xd zd yd x
0 y 0
2 2 2
1 1 x 1 x y
l. Solve xyzd xd yd z
0 0 0
EXPERIMENT-8
8.1 OBJECTIVES
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
8.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
8.4 PROGRAM
Lagrange’s polynomial
x=[0 1 2 5];
y=[2 3 12 147];
disp([x;y])
v=vander(x)
c=v\y'
Straight Line
x=[0 5 10 15 20 25];
y=[12 15 17 22 24 30];
disp([x;y])
p=polyfit(x,y,1);
disp(p);
Polynomial curve
x=[0 1 2 3 4];
y=[1 1.8 1.3 2.5 6.3];
disp([x;y])
p=polyfit(x,y,2);
disp(p);
8.5 OUTPUT
Lagrange’s polynomial
0 1 2 5
2 3 12 147
v =0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1
8 4 2 1
125 25 5 1
c =1.0000
1.0000
-1.0000
2.0000
Straight Line
0 5 10 15 20 25
12 15 17 22 24 30
0.6971 11.2857
Polynomial curve
0 1.0000 2.0000 3.0000 4.0000
1.0000 1.8000 1.3000 2.5000 6.3000
8.6 EXERCISES
a) Find the Lagrange’s polynomial for the data (0,12) (3,6) (4,8)
b) Find the Lagrange’s polynomial for the data (-1,-8) (0,3) (2,1) (3,12)
c) Find the Lagrange’s polynomial for the data (1,1) (3,27) (4,64)
d) Find the Lagrange’s polynomial for the data (1,1) (2,2) (3,9) (4,28)
e) Fit a straight line for the data (4,1) (3,2) (2,3) (1,4)
f) Fit a straight line for the data (0,1) (1,1.8) (2,3.3) (3,4.5) (4,6.3)
g) Fit a straight line for the data (1,2) (2,5) (3,4) (4,9) (5,10)
h) Fit a straight line for the data (0,-1) (2,5) (5,12) (7,20)
i) Fit a Second degree polynomial curve for the data (0,1) (1,6) (2,17)
j) Fit a Second degree polynomial curve for the data (0,1) (1,0) (2,3) (3,10) (4,21)
k) Fit a Second degree polynomial curve for the data (-1,-2) (0,1) (1,2) (2,4)
l) Fit a Second degree polynomial curve for the data (1,10) (2,12) (3,8) (4,10) (5,14)
EXPERIMENT-9
9.1 OBJECTIVES
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
9.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
9.4 PROGRAM
Bisection Method
f=@(x) x^3-5*x+3;
display('Equation is x^3-5*x+3= 0')
i=1;
while(i)
xl=input('Enter lower value:');
xu=input('Enter upper value: ');
e=input('Enter accuracy: ');
if f(xl)*f(xu)<0
i=0;
else
warning('Enter proper range');
end
end
if f(xl)<0
xn=xl;
xp=xu;
else
xn=xu;
xp=xl;
end
while (abs(xn-xp)>e)
xm=(xn+xp)/2;
if f(xm)<0
xn=xm;
else
xp=xm;
end
end
Root=xm
Regula Falsi
f=@(x) x^3-5*x+3;
display('Equation is x^3-5*x+3= 0')
i=1;
while(i)
xl=input('Enter lower value:');
xu=input('Enter upper value: ');
e=input('Enter accuracy: ');
if f(xl)*f(xu)<0
i=0;
else
warning('Enter proper range');
end
end
if f(xl)<0
xn=xl;
xp=xu;
else
xn=xu;
xp=xl;
end
xm=xl;
while (abs(f(xm))>e)
xm=(xn*f(xp)-xp*f(xn))/(f(xp)-f(xn));
if f(xm)<0
xn=xm;
else
xp=xm;
end
end
Root=xm
9.5 OUTPUT
Bisection Method
Equation is x^3-5*x+3= 0
Enter lower value:1
Enter upper value: 2
Enter accuracy: 0.0001
Root =1.8343
Regula Falsi
Equation is x^3-5*x+3= 0
Enter lower value:1
Enter upper value: 2
Enter accuracy: 0.0001
Root =1.8342
9.6 EXERCISES
Find the root of the equation following equation by using Bisection Method, Regula Falsi and
Newton Raphson Methods
a) x3-x-1=0
b) 4sinx=ex
c) 2x-cosx=3
EXPERIMENT-10
10.1 OBJECTIVES
1 .2
a. Evaluate e
x
by using trapezoidal and Simpson’s method
0
b. Evaluate y1=x+y, y(0)=1 of size h=0.2 by using Euler’s and Runge-Kutta method
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
10.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
10.4 PROGRAM
Trapezoidal Method:
x=0:0.2:1.2;
y=exp(x);
trapz(x,y)
Simpson’s Method:
quad('exp(x)',0,1.2)
10.5 OUTPUT
Trapezoidal Method:
ans =2.3278
Simpson’s Method:
ans =2.3201
Euler’s method
x= 0
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
y =1.0000
1.2428
1.5836
2.0442
2.6510
3.4364
Runge-Kutta method
x= 0
0.2000
0.4000
0.6000
0.8000
1.0000
y =1.0000
1.2428
1.5836
2.0442
2.6511
3.4366
10.6 EXERCISES
5 .2
a) Evaluate 4
lo g x d x using trapezoidal method
1
2
b) Evaluate 0
(1 x ) d x using trapezoidal method
5
c) Evaluate 2
e
s in x
dx using trapezoidal method
4
x
d) Evaluate 0
e dx using trapezoidal method
1 .2
e) Evaluate 0
s in x d x by using trapezoidal method
dy
f) Evaluate =3x2+1, y(1)=2 of size h=0.5 using Euler’s method
dx
dy
g) Evaluate =x+y+xy, y(0)=1 of size h=0.025 using Euler’s method
dx
dy
h) Evaluate =x2+y2, y(0)=0 of size h=0.1 using Euler’s method
dx
dy
i) Evaluate =2ex _3y, y(0)=0 of size h=0.25 using Euler’s method
dx
EXPERIMENT-11
11.1 OBJECTIVES
a. Evaluate ( 3 x 2 2
8 y )dx (4 y 6 xy )dy Where region is bounded by y x
2
,y x and plot the
diagram.
y
b. Plot the surface for f ( 2 c o s π x ) e
c. Plot the surface for 2+cost
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
11.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
11.4 PROGRAM
Line Integral
clear all
clc
syms x y
f=[3*x.^2-8*y.^2 4*y-6*x*y];
disp('Along the curve y=x.^2')
a=subs(f,y,x.^2);
b=diff(x.^2,x);
c=b*a(2);
d=int(a(1),x,0,1);
e=int(c,x,0,1);
u=d+e
disp('Along the curve y=sqrt(x)')
p=subs(f,y,sqrt(x));
q=diff(sqrt(x),x);
r=q*p(2);
s=int(p(1),x,1,0);
t=int(r,x,1,0);
v=s+t
I=u+v
x=-2:0.5:2;
y2=sqrt(x);
y1=x.^2;
plot(x,y1,'r', x,y2,'g');
grid on
Surface
x=-1:.1:1;y=0:.1:1.5;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
F=(2-cos(pi*X)).*exp(Y);
surf(X,Y,F);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('y');
Volume
t = 0:pi/10:2*pi;
figure
[X,Y,Z] = cylinder(2+cos(t));
surf(X,Y,Z)
axis square
11.5 OUTPUT
Line Integral
Along the curve y=x.^2
u =-1
Along the curve y=sqrt(x)
v =5/2
I =3/2
1.5
X: 1.002
Y: 1.001
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
Surface
15
10
0
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5 0
-0.5
y 0 -1
x
Volume
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
4
2 5
0
0
-2
-4 -5
11.6 EXERCISES
a. Evaluate ( x 2 2
y )d x 2 x y d y where the region is bounded by y= x2 and y= x and also plot 2D
diagram
b. Plot 3D surface for f=x2+y2
c. Plot 3D surface for f=cosx+siny
d. Plot 3D surface for f=y2+5cosπx
e. Plot 3D Volume for f=t2+2t+1
f. Plot 3D Volume for f=sint+cost
EXPERIMENT-12
12.1 OBJECTIVES
1. MATLAB R2013a.
2. Windows 7/XP SP2.
12.3 PROCEDURE
1. Open MATLAB
2. Open new M-file
3. Type the program
4. Save in current directory
5. Compile and Run the program
6. For the output see command window\ Figure window
12.4 PROGRAM
Gradient
syms x y z
f=x.^3+y.^3+3*x*y*z;
p = diff(f,x)
q = diff(f,y)
r = diff(f,z)
w=[p q r]
subs(w,{x,y,z},{1,1,1})
Divergent
syms x y z
f=[x*y.^2 2*x.^2*y*z -3*y*z.^2];
p = diff(f(1),x)
q = diff(f(2),y)
r = diff(f(3),z)
w=p+q+r
subs(w,{x,y,z},{1,-1,1})
Curl
syms x y z
f=[x*y.^2 2*x.^2*y*z -3*y*z.^2];
p=diff(f(3),y)-diff(f(2),z)
q=diff(f(3),x)-diff(f(1),z)
r=diff(f(2),x)-diff(f(1),y)
w=[p q r]
subs(w,{x,y,z},{1,-1,1})
12.5 OUTPUT
Gradient
p =3*x^2+3*y*z
q =3*y^2+3*x*z
r =3*x*y
w =[ 3*x^2+3*y*z, 3*y^2+3*x*z, 3*x*y]
ans = 6 6 3
Divergent
p =y^2
q =2*x^2*z
r =-6*y*z
w =y^2+2*x^2*z-6*y*z
ans = 9
Curl
p =-3*z^2-2*x^2*y
q =0
r =4*x*y*z-2*x*y
w = [ -3*z^2-2*x^2*y, 0, 4*x*y*z-2*x*y]
ans = -1 0 -2
12.6 EXERCISES