Law Students Federation 
LL.B. Notes 
5th Semester 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
My Fair Garden, Flat # 103, Beside Ohris, Petrol Bunk, Hyderabad. 
Abdul Kareem, 7799224814 
 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q1. Explain provisions of parties to suit, framing & Institution of suit.

Ans. CPC is relating to civil procedure which includes Drafting, filing & execution of civil
matters, these procedure have to be followed by parties as well as court, there are 158
sections & 41 orders in CPC, sections are general & orders are specific.

Parties to suit (order I):- There should be minimum 2parties in any suit (or) petition
& they are called as plaintiff & defendant (or) petitioner & respondent parties to suit
includes following points.

1. There can be more no of plaintiff (or) more no of defendants having relevancy & it is
called as jointer of parties.
2. When any wrong party have been added then court may order to delete such party
having no relevancy it is called as misjoinder of party.
3. When relevant party have been not added then on request of plaintiff court may order to
add one (or) more parties it is called as Non joinder of parties.
4. When case I pending in the court then any relevant party can file petition to include him
in the case as plaintiff (or) defendant it is called as Impleading the party, court may grant
permission if such party have relevancy.
5. When case is filed against legal person then designation of the officer to be written who
has to represent the case.
6. If there is death of any party then his legal representation is allowed to become party &
pursue the case because civil matter will not die after death of the person.

Framing of suit (Order 2):- Suit to be framed systematically which includes following
points.

1. There is the name of court at the top of the suit.

2. There is suit no & the year.
3. There is details about plaintiff & defendant such as name, father name, age, occupation,
address, if there are more no of plaintiff & defendants then similar details to be written of
all the parties.
4. Suit to be drafted in paragraphs &every paragraph to be given separate serial no.
5. All the material facts to be mentioned in the suit & facts to be arranges in sequence &
repetition of facts to be avoided.
6. There are some common points which are mentioned in the suit & there are about
jurisdiction cause of action court fee paid by party & suit is within limitation period.
7. There should be relief (or) reliefs to be claimed by the plaintiff it is also called as prayer
clause.
8. There should be signature of plaintiff & his advocate if there are more no of plaintiff then
all of them sign it.
9. An affidavit have to be enclosed & it should be signed by plaintiff.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Institution of suit (Order 3 & 4):-
1. Suit to be instituted in administrative section of respective court concern officer makes
entries in civil suit register & gives a no to the suit.
2. If matter is urgent then it can be taken in chamber of the judge & after hearing judge can
pass interim order & send the suit in administrative section.
3. If court is having holiday (or) timing of the court is over then most urgent matte can be
taken at residence of the judge during reasonable hours. Judge can make hearing &
pass order called as house motion & send the file for numbering in administrative
section.

These is details about parties to suit, framing & institution of suit in CPC.

Q1. Decree.

Ans. The term Decree has been define under section 2(2).Decree means judgment (or) order
of the court for enforcement of legal right. Person In whose favor decree is passed is
called as Decree Holder & opposite party is called as judgment debtor.

Ex:- Decree of divorce, decree to attach property, decree of restitution of conjugal right.

It is stated that every decree is an order but every order is not decree.

Ex:- Order to appear in court, order to file document, order to pay penalty.

Q4. Set Off. (Order 8).

Ans. set off means adjustment between claims & counter claim, when plaintiff have filed
recovery suit & again there is counter claim of defendant then court may adjust the
amount called as set off. It includes following points.

1. There should be jurisdiction for claim & counter claim.

2. Counter claim should be of less amount than claim amount.
3. Counter claim should be lawful & not of wide agreement.
4. Defendant should claim remedy of set off by mentioning in written statement.
Ex:- A file a suit for recovery of 1lakh rupees against B there is claim of B for 20,000/-
rupees against A court may do set off & pass decree for 80,000/- rupees.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q2. Explain the terms “Resjudicata” & “Ressubjudice” & distinguish between it.

Ans. Details of resjudicate & res subjudice is under section 11 & 12 of CPC. According to
resjudicata same parties & same cause of action then cases should not be filed in more
then one court.

Object (or) Purpose of Resjudicata:-

1. There will be waste of time of the court if same case is filled in more no. of courts.
2. There will be harassment of opposite party because he has to attend more no. of courts
for same matter.
3. There will be waste of time & money of both the parties.
4. If court gives descanting judgment then it is difficult to implementing.
Ex:- Employer have terminated employee from service, employee can file case in civil
court, tribunal & also high court, according to resjudicata he has to file case in only one
court & not three courts even though there is jurisdiction.
When resjudicata does not apply:- (Exception)
1. Different parties:- When cause of action is same but parties are different then
resjudicata does not apply.
2. Different cause of action:- When parties are same but cause of action is different then
there is no effect of resjudicata.
Ex:- Wife can file divorce case against him.
3. Withdraw of cases:- Cases have been filed in more courts but it has been withdraw &
cases is pending in one court then resjudicata does not apply.
4. Rejection of plaint:- Court can reject plaint (or) suit on the grounds that there is no
jurisdiction (or) court fee paid is no sufficient after rectification of defeat again it can be
filled it cannot be called as second filing because earlier matter was not decided by the
court.
5. Compromise:- When there is compromise between parties but other party have not
complied compromise deed then plaintiff can file the case.
6. Appeal:- When judgment is given by one court then party can file appeal in superior
court having jurisdiction there is no effect of resjudicata because case is pending only in
appellate court.

Res subjudice:- When case is pending in sub ordinate court then superior court should
not decide it. It is having purpose to maintain dignity of sub ordinate court, if sub ordinate
court is causing unreasonable delay then superior court can give direction to dispose it
within specified period giving direction cannot be called as judgment of superior court.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Distinguish between resjudicata & resubjudice:-
Resjudicata Resubjudice
Resjudicata comes into force at the time of Res Subjudice is applicable when case is
filing more cases in same matter. pending in the court.
Objection can between by opposite party. Objection can between by judge of sub
ordinate court.
Purpose of resjudicata is to present waste Purpose of res subjudice to maintain
of time of parties & the court. respect & dignity of sub ordinate court.
There are many defense applicable to There is no defense accept to give
resjudicata. direction to sub ordinate court.

These is details about Resjudicata, Res Subjudice its provisions & distinguish in
CPC.

Q15. Caveat. (Section 148A).

Ans. Caveat means formal petition filed in the court when anybody is executing petition (or)
appeal, person who files caveat is called as Caveator, when caveat is filed then court
cannot pass Ex-parte order, notice of caveat is given to relevant party, validity period of
caveat is 3months but it can be file any no of times, when caveat is file court may pass
order by hearing both sides, therefore caveat prevents the court from passing Ex-parte
order.

Ex:- Employer have terminated service of employee, employee can go to court &
claim Ex-parte injunction because matter is urgent, employer can file caveat in the court
after filing caveat court may pass any order after hearing both sides.

Q14. Acknowledgment. (section 18 of limitation act).

Ans. Acknowledgment means renewal of limitation period, parties can executes fresh
documents by mentioning new date there is no need of fresh transaction & document is
based on earlier transaction it is done by mutual consent of parties, computation of
period is calculated from the date mentioned on the document, it is convenient because
fresh period is available for filing the case.

Ex:- A have give 1lakh rupees loan to B limitation period is 3years to file
recovery suit, if fresh document is executed then again 3years period is available & it is
called as acknowledgment.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q3. What do you mean by Pleading? Explain contents of plaint & written statement &
grounds of rejection of plaint.

Ans. Pleading means plaint & written statement in every civil case both parties have to do
pleading details of pleading is under order 6 details of plaint is under order 7 & written
statement under order 8 pleading have to be done systematically.

Contents of Plaint:- Plaint have to be drafted properly & the person who files plaint is
called as plaintiff, it includes following points.

1. There is name of the court where plaint is being filed.

2. There is suit no & the year these no is given by court officer by making entries
in the civil suit register.
3. There is details of plaintiff as well as defendant which includes names, father
name, age, occupation & address, if there are more parties then similar details
to be written for all the parties.
4. Plaint to be drafted in paragraph & every paragraph to be given separate serial
no.
5. All materials facts to be mentioned in the plaint which are related to the case.
6. Facts to be arranged in the sequence & repetitions to be avoided.
7. Plaintiff have to claim one (or) more reliefs & after that plaintiff & his advocate
have to sign it.
8. An affidavit to be enclosed with the points in which plaintiff have affirm on oath
that all facts are true & correct in the plaint.
9. List of relevant documents to be enclosed.
10. List of witnesses with address to be enclosed.
11. More copies to be enclosed so that every defendant & judge may get the
copies of plaint.

Rejection of Plaint:- Court can reject plaint on following grounds.

1. When court has no jurisdiction.

2. When plaint is being filed after expiry of limitation period.
3. When the court fee paid is insufficient.
4. When relief has been not claimed.
5. When there us no signature of plaintiff.
6. When affidavit has not been enclosed
When plaint is rejected then after rectification of defeat again it can be
file.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Written statement:- (Counter) (Order 8) When copy of plaint is issued to defendant
then he has to file written statement (or) counter within 1month period, if delay is caused
then reason to be given for delay period, if there are more no of defendants then they
can file come written statement (or) separate written statement. It contains following
points.

1. There is same name of the court same suit no & the year & details of both the parties
because written statement is file in same court.
2. Written statement to be written in paragraph & every paragraph to be given separate
serial no.
3. All the points specified in plaint have to be covered in return statement, every facts to
be admitted (or) denied by defendant, there is no need to proof admitted facts, if
defendants denies any facts then burden of proof is on plaintiff, after admission
subsequent denial is not allowed according to rule of estopeal specified under
section 115 of evidence act.
4. If defendant has no desire to admit (or) denial the fact then he can mention that
particular facts is undisputed (or) it will be argued at the time of proceeding.
5. In written statement defendant can mention additional facts against plaintiff which are
relevant in particular case, such facts to be mentioned which he can prove when it is
necessary.
6. If defendant have any objection relating to plaint then he can mention in written
statement such as court have no jurisdiction suit is file after limitation period, court
fee paid is insufficient.
7. Defendant can also claim relief which is generally suit is not tenable against him (or)
suit to be dismissed with courts.
8. There is signature of defendant & his advocate if more no of defendant are filing
common written statement then all of them have to sign it.
9. Defendant have to enclosed affidavit stating that all facts & contains are true &
correct to best of his knowledge & information given by his counsel.
10. List of relevant documents in support of written statement to be enclosed.
11. List of witnesses with there address to be enclosed.

These is details about pleading which included plaint & written statement & its
contains & provisions.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q4. What is an Injunction? Explain kinds of injunctions & various grounds on which court
may grant remedy of injunction.

Ans. Under order 39 of CPC there is remedy of injunction available from civil court having
jurisdiction. Injunction is preventive remedy to bring restriction on the party who is doing
illegal act (or) likely to do illegal act. These remedy is granted when any m,atter is urgent
& facts are strong.

Kinds of Injunctions:- There are four kinds of injunctions & they are as follows.

1. Temporary Injunction:- These injunction is granted after being hearing of both the
parties, when matter is urgent then court grant temporary injunction, it is also called as
INTERCEPTORY ORDER (or) STATUSQUO, it is generally granted in service matter
after lengthy hearing it may be confirmed (or) vacated depends on facts of the case.
Ex:- Employer have terminated service of employee, if employee goes to court
then temporary injunction may be granted to prevent effect of termination order.
2. Permanent (or) Perpetual Injunction:- When facts of the case are strong then
permanent injunction is granted, when temporary injunction is confirmed then it is called
as permanent injunction these injunction not vacated till disposal of the case.
Ex:- “A” declared himself as insolvent when creditor goes to court then
permanent injunction is granted to prevent him from selling his property.
3. Mandatory Injunction:- In these injunction there are two parts in which one part is to
do same positive act & other part is to restrain from doing an act both parts are binding
on the party.

Ex:- “A” & “B” are neighbors having plots adjacent to each other, A made
encroachment on plot of B & constructed 10feet wall B can take remedy of
mandatory injunction in which court may order to demolish the wall already
constructed & not to make further construction without order of the court.

4. Ex-Parte Injunction:- When any matter is most urgent then injunction is granted by
hearing only plaintiff called as Ex-Parte injunction.

Ex:- Tenant have not paid rent to landlord & he disconnected electricity & water
supply when tenant goes to court then Ex-parte injunction is granted to prevent
landlord from disconnecting electricity (or) water supply which is urgent matter.

Conditions to grant remedy of injunction:-

1. It should be primafacie case.

2. The matter should be urgent.
3. Court should have jurisdiction.
4. There should not be separation of material facts.
5. Plaintiff has to file affidavit.
6. Court should form opinion that there may be irrepariable loss if these remedy is not
granted.
These is details about injunction its kinds & various conditions to grant these remedy.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q5. Briefly explain provisions of appeal, reference, review & revision specified in CPC.

Ans. There is provision of fair justice therefore all these provisions has been included in CPC
from section 96 to 115.

Provision of Appeal:- (Section 96 to 112)

1. When court give judgment then aggrieved party can file appeal in superior court having
jurisdiction.
2. Party who file appeal is called as appellant & opposite party is called as respondent.
3. Appeal has to be file within 3months (or) 90days from date of judgment (or) receiving
copy of judgment.
4. Original copy of judgment to be enclose with appeal petition.
5. In appeal petition appellant have to mention all errors committed by sub ordinate court
wrong interpretation of provision & points which are neglected to consider it.
6. Appeal is decided on basis of argument of both sides & again witnesses are not
examined.
7. Appellate court calls the file of the case from sub ordinate court.
8. In appeal petition also appellant have to claim the reliefs.
9. In high court every appeal is not admitted & there is argument at the time of admission. If
there is questions of law (or) facts to be considered then appeal is admitted otherwise
rejected.
10. In high court (or) Supreme Court appeal is allowed there from smaller bench to larger
bench.
11. Appellate court has power to confirm alter, set aside, judgment of sub ordinate court by
recording reasons.

Reference:- (Section 113) Reference is done at judicial level, purpose of reference is

to avoid error on law points it includes following points.
1. All sub ordinate courts can do reference to high court.
2. It is done on law point & not facts.
3. Law points are send in sealed covered to chief justice of high court.
4. High court can make reference to Supreme Court.
5. Opinion is given & sends in sealed cover within 1month period.
6. If opinion is suitable in pending case then judge may apply it & delivered the judgment, if
it is not suitable then he deliver judgment in his own way.

Review:- Section 114) Review means to reconsider when judge have committed error
in judgment the review petition is file before same judge. Error (or) mistake to be
specified in review petition copy of judgment to be enclosed with the petition it should be
filed within 1month (or) 30 days limitation period from the date of judgment. Judge make
hearings of both sides, if there is error then it is rectify & revised copy of judgment is
issued to party, generally mathematical error is rectified in review petition there is no
need to file appeal & party can save his money & time,

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Revision:- (Section 115) Revision is done against order of sub ordinate court to
superior court having jurisdiction, revision petition to be filed within 1month (or) 30days
from receiving copy of passing order (or) receiving copy of order copy of order to be
enclosed with revision petition, judge makes hearing of both sides, revision court have
power to confirm, alter, set aside order of sub ordinate court. Order of superior court to
be obliged by sub ordinate court.

Ex:- Sub ordinate court pass order that it has no jurisdiction, if superior court says there
is jurisdiction then court have to entertain the case.

Ex:- Condemnation petition have been file but sub ordinate court rejected it in revision
of order superior court can condone the delay & court have to admit the case.

These is details about Appeal, Reference, Revision & Review.

Q12. Cause of action. (section 2).

Ans. Cause of action means base to file a case any civil case can be file on basis of cause of
action. If there is no cause of action then court can dismiss the case, cause of action is
point of dispute between the parties.

Ex:- A is driving car, if he causes accident then there is cause of action &
compensation can be claimed by victim of accident under vicarious liability.

EX:- Husband have removed wife out of the house she can claim maintenance
because there is cause of action.

Ex:- A have barrowed load from B if A makes default to repay loan amount then
B can file recovery suit because there is cause of action.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q6. What are objects of limitation Act 1963 & various grounds on which court can make
condonation of delay period.

Ans. Limitation Act 1963 is having following objects

1. Party should file case within limitation period because there should be an end to
litigation.
2. Law always helps vigilant & not dormant & therefore remedy to be taken within limitation
period.
3. There should not be hanging sword of litigation which may disturb peace of society.
4. Time once start running will not stop & party have to take remedy without delay.
5. Limitation act has not given sword in hands of one party & sealed in hand of other party
but whip is in hand of court.

Grounds of condonation of delay period:- (section 11)

1. Unsound mind person:- If any person is unsound mind then after treatment he can file
the case if he becomes normal court may condone delay caused in treatment.
2. Minority:- When there are minor children & next friend has not been appointed then
after age of majority court may allow him to file the case & delay is condoned.
3. Sickness:- When anybody sick’s as in patient then period of hospital will be condoned
by the court.
4. No knowledge of facts:- When there is sudden death of head of family & there is no
knowledge about his transactions then case can be filed when it comes to knowledge &
delay may be condoned.
5. Rejection of plaint:- When court reject a plaint on grounds of having no jurisdiction
then it can be filed in court having jurisdiction & court condoned such delay.
6. Mistake of advocate:- When party have given case within limitation period but
advocate cause delay then court may condone it, in such case court may give warning &
also imposed penalty to be paid by advocate.
7. Poverty:- These is weak ground of condonation of delay when party have no money for
travelling (or) to engage advocate then court may consider to condone delay.
8. Illiteracy:- There is weak ground because ignorance of law is no excuse court may
consider to condone delay if party is illiterate & having no knowledge of legal right.
9. Holidays (or) Vacations:- When holidays (or) vacations start from last day of filing then
it can be file when court reopens & these delay is considered.

This is details about objects of limitation Act & grounds of condonation of delay.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q7. Explain the procedure of execution of decree of the court.

Ans. When decree is pass by court then decree holder have to file execution petition against
judgment debtor within 3years period. Decree is valid for 3years & it can be renewed
3times in same court & trail validity of decree is 12years & after that it is not effective.
Matrimonial decree such as decree of restitution of conjugal right is not executed when
execution petition is file then copy of decree have to be enclosed & movable &
immovable property which can be attached have to be mentioned it includes following
points.

1. Court makes hearings of both the sides by issues of summons to appear personally (or)
through advocate.
2. When judgment debtor convinces the court that he shall pay decree amount in some
installments & court is satisfy then such order is passed.
3. When judgment debts makes payment of decree amount in the court (or) decree holder
then there is no execution of decree.
4. Court may appoint an officer for execution of decree called as Bailiff.
5. Decree will not be executed between sunset & sunrise.
6. Bank account can also be attached called as freezing of account, bank have to comply
orders of the court.
7. When property of judgment debtor is situated out of jurisdiction of the court then one
court may send copy of decree in sealed cover to other court called as PRECEPT that
court appoints the bailiff & sale the property of auction & send amount to court.
8. Bailiff can enter in property of judgment debtor & remove all the articles which are
attachable list of articles is prepared & one copy is given to judgment debtor with
signature of bailiff & two witnesses.
9. If anybody makes resistance at the time of execution then he can be arrested & there is
provision of imprisonment upto 6months.
10. If articles of some others person in the house are carried then petition can be file in the
court to release these article from attachment court may order to release it after taking
proof.
11. Attached articles are soled by public auction within 3months period decree holder can
pay the decree amount & release articles before auction sale.
12. In case of immovable property order is given to judgment debtor (or) property within
specified period.
13. Bailiff give notification in local newspapers about auction sale of attached immovable
property, terms & conditions are also mentioned for the bidder.
14. If expected bid may not come then auction may be postponed & it is fixed on some other
date.
15. If judgment debtor arranges payment of decree amount before finalization of sale then
auction may be stop.
16. After auction sale if there is recovery of less amount then decree holder should be
satisfy in it decree cannot be executed again & again according to rejudicata if there is
recovery of excess amount then after adjustment of decree amount balance have to be
paid judgment debtor.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
What properties cannot be attach:- Following are the properties which are exempted
from attachments.
1. Provident fund, pension, gratuity are exempted.
2. Utinsteel in the house are exempted.
3. Bedding which are in use.
4. Wearing cloths of family members.
5. Istridhana of woman cannot be attached unless decree is against her.
6. Salary upto 3000/- rupees & above these there is attached upto 1/3rd salary.
7. Playing equipment of children.
8. Idols of worship in the house.
9. Standing crops in agriculture land.
10. Perishable goods such as fruits, flowers & vegetables.
11. Inami land, jagir land, patta land.
12. Property against which dispute is pending in court.
13. Equipment of small professional such as Barber, Painter, Carpenter, Farmer.

These are details of execution of decree under order XXI of CPC.

Q10. Admission. (order 12).

Ans. Admission means any fact (or) Facts accepted by plaintiff (or) defendant admitted fact
should not be denied in the court according to rule of estoppels specified in section 115
of evidence act, it includes following points.

1. Facts which have been accepted in plaint & written statement is admission.
2. Facts mentioned in the notice are admission.
3. Facts mentioned in affidavit are admission.
4. Documents submitted by the parties come under admission.
5. Statement made by the party (or) witness come under admission.

If there is denial of the fact then court may order to proof it, it is a general rule
that admitted fact need not be proved.

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 Civil Procedure Code & Limitation Act
 
Q8. Explain special suits against minor, indigent person, government & Interpleader suit.

Ans. There are some different suits called as particular suit (or) specific suit. These are
different from ordinary suit, these suits are as follows

1. Suit against government:- (Order XXVII) Government is a legal person & it can sue &
be Sued, the term government includes public companies, corporate, institutions & all
authorities mentioned under article 12 of constitution. Following are the points relating to
suit against government.
a. Suit can be file against respective department of government.
b. When suit is file against government then designation of officer to represent the suit has
to be mentioned.
c. 2months advance notice to be given to government before filing suit under section 80 of
CPC.
d. If matter is urgent then application can be enclosed dispense with notice period & judge
can pass such order.
e. If there is GP is in the court then summon can be serve to GP.
f. Government can give authority & send any officer to represent the case.
g. It is not necessary for officer to attend court every time he has to appear personally
when there is chief & cross examination.
h. Court is very slow to execute decree against the government.
Therefore suit against government is different on some points.

2. Suit against minor:- (order XXXII) If there is guardian then case can be file against
him because no case can be file against minor if there is no guardian then court have
power to appoint authorized person called as Next friend. It includes following points.
a. Court may published notification & direct interested parties to file application to become
next friend within 1month period.
b. Court may summon all applicant & examine them & found out reason to become next
friend.
c. When court is satisfy by explanation of any applicant him as next friend.
d. Court may also remuneration for next friend which he may get income of property.
e. Nest friend have power to appoint advocate & represent the case.
f. Next friend have to maintain accounts of expenses of case.
g. When minor becomes major then he have to give account of expenses & retired as a
next friend.
Therefore suit against minor can be per sued by next friend when there is no
guardian.

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