IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.

www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

Analysis and Design of an Apartment building

Sreeshna K.S1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology,
Ernakulum, Kerala, India

Abstract • To share the experience gained from the

The training work includes structural analysis and design of “industrial training” in the discussion held in the
B+G+4 storied apartment building at Warriam road, Ernakulum. lecture rooms.
The work is completed in three stages. First stage was the • To get a feel of the work environment.
modeling and analysis of proposed building. Second stage was • To gain exposure on engineering procedural work
the design of different structural components and final stage was flow management and implementation.
the detailing of different structural components. The structure
• To get responsibilities and ethics of engineers.
was modeled, analyzed using STAAD.Pro.V8i. During analysis,
dead loads and live loads were calculated using IS:875 (Part I)-
1987, IS:875 (Part II)-1987 respectively. Design of structural There are certain considerations that a sensible designer
components like beam, column, slab, staircase, shear wall, ought to bear in mind that is, economy and aesthetics. One
retaining wall, pile foundation is done according to Indian can always design a massive structure, which has more
Standard Codes manually. In addition to analysis and design, as a than adequate stability, strength and serviceability, but the
part of developing an awareness of on-site situation and general ensuring cost of the structure may be exorbitant and the
workplace behavior, three construction sites were visited. end product far from aesthetics. In the design of structures,
the aim is to design the structure in such a way that it
Keywords: shear wall, retaining wall, pile foundation
fulfills its intended purpose during its intended life time
and be adequately safe in terms of strength, stability and
1. Introduction structural rigidity and have adequate serviceability in terms
of stiffness, durability etc. Safety requires the possibility of
Industrial training is an essential component in the collapse of the structure (partial or total) is acceptably low
development of the practical and professional skills not under normal expected loads (service loads), but also
required by an engineer. The objective of the industrial under less frequent loads (such as due to earthquakes or
training is to achieve exposure on practical engineering extreme winds) and accidental loads (blasts, impacts, etc.).
fields. Through this exposure, one can achieve a better Other two important considerations that a sensible designer
understanding of engineering practice in general and sense ought to bear in mind are that the structure should be
of frequent and possible problems that may arise during the economical with regard to both construction and
construction. In the design of reinforced concrete structure, maintenance cost and aesthetically pleasing during the
the aim is to provide a safe, serviceable, durable, expected design life.
economical and aesthetically pleasing structure. For the
structure to be safe, it must be able to resist the worst
loading conditions. Under normal working conditions, the 2. Training Information
deformation and cracking must not be excessive for the
structure to remain serviceable, durable and aesthetically The industrial training was done in Stuba Engineering
pleasing during the expected design life. Furthermore, the Consultancy; Cochin under the guidance of Er. Abhilash
structure should be economical with regard to both Joy. Stuba Engineering Consultancy is one of the leading
construction and maintenance cost. consultants in the field of analysis and design of civil
The objectives of industrial training are: engineering structure. They undertake wide range of
structures, which include both reinforced concrete
• To get exposure to engineering experience and structures as well as steel structures. They have expertise
knowledge, which are required in the industry in alternative technologies in construction industry with
• To apply the engineering knowledge taught in the wide range of materials like Ferro cement, clay, bamboo,
lecture rooms in real industrial situations. glass, gypsum and lightweight materials. They are serving

456
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
as structural consultant to many leading builders all over parameters required for performing the structural design of
the state. the structure. The required value can directly be read from
the STAAD output file. The software also allows us to
Stuba offer the optimum solution for the design of R.C.C, perform design as per specifications in various codes of
steel and alternative materials. Their general services cover practice.
design, preparation of structural drawing and guidelines for
construction. In addition to these services, they also do 3.2 Auto CAD 2014
concrete mix design, structural supervision and proof
checking of structural design. They also provide optimum Auto Cad is a CAD (Computer Aided Design or Computer
foundation for structures based up on soil investigation Aided Drafting) software application for 2D and 3D design
studies. They approach each project by carefully analyzing and drafting, developed and sold by Autodesk, Inc. It is a
the requirements and architectural design and various vector graphics drawing programme. It uses primitive
structural, engineering and cost effective alternatives for its entities- such as lines, polylines, circles, arcs and text as
implementation. State of the art software like ETABS, the foundation for the complex. Auto CAD’s native file
Nisa, AutoCAD, and STAADPro, Civil etc. are being used format, DWG, and to a lesser extent, its interchange file
in design. format, DXF has become the drawing and detailing works
were done by making use of Auto CAD 2014.

3. A Brief Description of Software used in

Training 4. Details of Project

The training allowed acquaintance with a number of

softwares. The most frequently software’s include:-

• STAAD.Pro V8i
• Auto CAD 2014

3.1 STAADPro V8i

This analysis and design software provided to be worth its

mettle and handled all the various challenges that have to
be solved during the course of training. STAAD.Pro V8i is
Fig. 1 May fair premium apartment
the most popular structural engineering software product
for 3D model generation, analysis and multi-material Building consists of basement floor which is intended for
design. It has an intuitive, user-friendly GUI, visualization parking. The ground floor consists of parking area, club
tools, powerful analysis and design facilities and seamless house, electrical room, and one unit of residential area.
integration to several other modeling and design software Each first, second, third and fourth floor consists of three
products. The software is fully compatible with all units of residential area. The building is constructed on
windows operating system but is optimized for windows pile foundation. The building consists of lift, ramp, stair
XP. For static or dynamic analysis of bridges, containment case, retaining wall at basement. Ramp is provided at
structures, embedded structures (tunnels and culverts), pipe ground floor. Shear walls are also provided around the lift
racks, steel, concrete, aluminum or timber buildings, wells. The elevation of the building is shown in Fig.1
transmission towers, stadiums or any other simple or
complex structure, STAAD.pro has been the choice of 5. Soil Investigations Report
design professionals around the world for their specific
analysis needs. Once when the overall geometry of the The soil investigation was carried out for this project at
structure has been specified, the section properties of the Warriam road, Ernakulum, in order to design the
individual member elements are specified. Thereafter, foundations for the proposed building. This report presents
loading on the members are specified. Following this, the the details of soil investigation done, data obtained from
support condition relevant to the structure are specified various field and laboratory tests, their compilation and
well. The input of the software can easily be inspected and analysis.
modified with help of STAAD editor. Thereafter, the
analysis can be performed. The analysis yields us the

457
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

5.1 Purpose 6. Loads on the Building

The various loads considered for analysis were:
The purpose of soil investigation including performing
field tests with in the bore hole and collecting samples for 1. Dead loads
laboratory tests was to accomplish the following: 2. Live loads
• To determine the type and extend of subsurface 3. Wind loads
material up to hard core level and 1 m hard core 4. Earthquake force
cutting.
6.1 Dead Load
• To provide engineering parameters and suitable
type of foundation for the proposed building. The dimensions of the cross section are to be assumed
initially which enable to estimate the dead load from the
5.2 Details of Boring known weights of the structure The values of the unit
weight of the materials are specified in IS 875:1987(Part-
One bore hole of 150 mm diameter was bored with one I).
boring rig with all requisite equipments and accessories to
a maximum depth of 40m below the existing ground level. 6.2 Live loads
Standard penetration tests were conducted in bore holes at
intervals of 1m.Representative samples are collected They are also known as imposed loads and consist of all
regularly for laboratory tests and soil classification. loads other than the dead loads of the structure.
Commercial buildings will have comparatively higher
5.3 Soil Profile values of the imposed loads than those of the residential
buildings. The standard values are stipulated in IS
Proposed site consist of top layer of fine to medium sand 875:1987 (Part II).
followed by silty sand followed by silty clay followed by
medium stiff clay. Observations are shown in the following 6.3 Wind loads
table 1.
These loads depend on the velocity of the wind at the
Table 1: Soil investigation location of the structure, permeability of the structure,
Bore hole no 1
height of the structure etc. They may be horizontal or
Water Table at 0.6m inclined forces depending on the angle of inclination of the
Description of Classification Depth in Standard roof for pitched roof structures. Wind loads are specified
soil m Penetration in IS 875:1987 (Part-III).
test results Basic wind speed in Kerala, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = 39 m/sec
Fine to SP 3 25 Design wind speed, 𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧 = 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑘𝑘 1 × 𝑘𝑘 2 × 𝑘𝑘 3 (1)
medium sand [Clause 5.3 of IS 875:1987 (Part-III)]
Silty Sand SM 4.5 6 Where:
Silty clay CH 6 4 𝑘𝑘 1 = Probability factor
Medium stiff CI 24 38 𝑘𝑘 2 = Terrain, height and structure size factor
clay 𝑘𝑘 3 = Topography factor
Basic wind pressure, 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 = 0.6 𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧2 [Clause 5.4 of IS 875:
1987 (Part-III)] (2)
5.4 Recommendations
The wind loads are assigned as nodal forces on frames.
1. Plot area consists of sandy silty clay to a larger depth Wind force on each node, F = Ae × Pz (3)
and water table is at 0.6m. Where: 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 = Effective area on each node
2. As per soil report end bearing piles cannot be used due
to the absence of hard strata and presence of fine sand 6.4 Earthquake force
is at a depth of 36m.
3. The safe bearing capacity of soil is 100 kN/m2
4. Use of 36m end bearing piles may cause uneconomical Earthquakes generate waves which move from the origin
condition. of its location with velocities depending on the intensity
5. So soil report recommends friction piles of depth 24m. and magnitude of the earthquake. The impact of
earthquake on the structures depends on the stiffness of the
structure, stiffness of the soil media, height and location of

458
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
the structure, etc. the earthquake forces are prescribed in n = Number of stories in the building
IS 1893:2002 (part-I).Since the building is located in
Kerala, it is included in the zone III. And the seismic base
shear calculation and its distribution was done as per IS 6.5 Load Combinations
1893:2002 (part-I). The base shear or total design lateral
force along any principle direction shall be determined by Design of the structures would have become highly
the following expression: expensive in order to maintain either serviceability and
V B = A h ×W (4) safety if all types of forces would have acted on all
Where, structures at all times. Accordingly the concept of
V B = Design base shear characteristics loads has been accepted to ensure at least
A h = Design horizontal seismic coefficient based on 95 percent of the cases; the characteristic loads are to be
fundamental natural period, and type of soil calculated on the basis of average/mean load of some
W = Seismic weight of the building logical combinations of all loads mentioned above. IS
456:2000, IS 875:1987 (Part-V) and IS 1893(part-I):2002
The design horizontal seismic coefficient, stipulates the combination of the loads to be considered in
the design of the structures. The different combinations
A h= (5) used are:
1) 1.5 (DL + LL)
2) 1.5 (DL + ELx)
3) 1.5 (DL + ELz)
Where, 4) 1.5 (DL - ELx)
Z = Zone factor given in table 2, for the maximum 5) 1.5 (DL - ELz)
considered earthquake (MCE) and service life of the 6) 1(DL + ELx)
structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator is used 7) 1 (DL + ELz)
so as to reduce the MCE zone factor to the factor for 8) 1 (DL - ELx)
design basic earthquake (DBE). 9) 1 (DL - ELz)
I = Importance factor, depending upon the functional use 10) .9 DL + 1.5 ELx
of structures, characterized by hazardous consequences of 11) .9 DL + 1.5 ELz
failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value 12) .9 DL - 1.5 ELx
or economic importance (Table 6 of IS 1893 (Part I): 13) .9 DL - 1.5 ELz
2002). 14) 1.2 (DL + LL + ELx)
R = Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived 15) 1.2 (DL + LL + ELz)
seismic damage performance of the structure, characterized 16) 1.2 (DL + LL - ELx)
by ductile or brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R) 17) 1.2 (DL + LL - ELz)
shall not be greater than 1.0. The values for buildings are 18) 1.5 (DL + WLx)
given in Table 7 of IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 19) 1.5 (DL + WLz)
Sa/g = Average response acceleration coefficient. 20) 1.5 (DL − WLx)
Sa/g is determined on the basis of approximate 21) 1.5 (DL – WLz)
fundamental natural period of vibration on both the 22) 1.2 (DL + LL + WLx)
directions. 23) 1.2 (DL + LL + WLz )
24) 1.2 (DL + LL − WLx)
25) 1.2 (DL + LL – WLz)
Natural period of vibration, (6)
All these combinations are built in the STAAD.Pro.
Distribution of design Force Analysis results from the critical combinations are used for
the design of structural member.
The design base shear was distributed along the height of Note: DL – Dead load
the building as per the following expression LL – Live Load
(7) ELx - Earthquake load in x direction
ELz - Earthquake load in z direction
Where, WLx - Wind load in X direction
Wi = Seismic weight at floor i Wlz – Wind load in Z direction
hi = Height of floor i

459
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
masonry walls will be very heavy if conventional
materials are used. With the innovation of light weight
7. Modeling and Structural Analysis concrete, light curtain walls etc. which reduced the
dead weight considerably, new technological
Structural analysis, which is an integral part of any development like frame structure, shear wall
engineering project, is the process of predicting the construction etc were made very possible. Steel
performance of a given structure under a prescribed structures adopted for various uses in the form of rigid
loading condition. The performance characteristics usually frames consist of beam and column combinations in the
of interest in structural design are: form of portal frames, gable frames etc. For frames
• Stress or stress which are designed for horizontal and vertical loads
• Deflections transmitted to it, slabs, beams and columns are
• Support reactions monolithically cast and space in between filled by brick
Thus the analysis of a structure typically involves the or other light weight materials making it lighter and
determination of these quantities caused by the given loads reducing the weights on foundation.
and other external effects. In the design of reinforced
concrete structures, the aim is to provide a safe, 7.1 Generating Model Geometry
serviceable, durable, economical and aesthetically pleasing
structure. For the structure to be safe, it must be able to
The structure geometry consists of joint members, their co-
resist the worst loading conditions. Under normal working
ordinates, member numbers, the member connectivity
conditions, the deformation and cracking must not be
information, plate element members, etc. At first we have
excessive for the structure to remain serviceable, durable
to fix the position of beams and columns. Then the joint
and aesthetically pleasing during the extended design life.
co-ordinates were fixed. Beams center lines were taken for
Furthermore, the structure should be economical with
fixing joint co-ordinates. Then the members where
regard to both construction and maintenance cost. The
connected along the joint co-ordinates using the member
design of R.C.C. structures will depend on the lay out. The
incidence command. The three dimensional model and
lay out depends on Action performed by the structure.
rendered view is shown in Fig 2 and 3.
Planning and proportioning of structure is called structural
design. Some of the factors which govern the design are:
7.2 Specifying Member Property
1. Adequate strength and rigidity
2. Should not interfere with the function for which the The next task is to assign cross section properties for the
structure is intended. beams and columns. The member properties were given as
Indian. The width ZD and depth YD where given for the
3. Be economical in first cost and maintenance.
sections.
4. Should be strong enough to last for service in Thickness of slab = 130 mm
view. Beam 1 = 230 × 500 mm
5. Be readily adaptable for future expansion. Beam 2 = 300 × 600 mm
The column dimensions are as follows
The design will consist of: C1 = 300 × 600 mm
1. Working out forces and loads which the structure has to C2 = 600 × 300 mm
carry. The staircase is provided as an equivalent slab.
Rise = 150 mm
2. Arrangements of various members-beams, columns etc, to
Thread = 300 mm
support the structure.
3. Computation of stresses, shears, moments etc in the 7.3 Specifying Supports
members of the structure.
4. Providing adequate sections to resist in the member. The base nodes of all columns are restrained against
translation and rotation about all the three global axes. In
An efficiently designed structure is one which the other words, fixed supports were specified at these nodes.
members are arranged in such a way that weight, loads,
and forces are transmitted to foundations by cheapest
means consistent with the intended use of the structure
and nature of the site. For the high rise buildings,

460
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

7.4 Specifying Loads Basic wind pressure, 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧 = 0.6 𝑉𝑉𝑧𝑧 [Clause 5.4 of IS 875:
2

1987 (Part-III)]
The wind loads are assigned as nodal forces on frames.
The dead load and live load on slabs were specified as
Wind force on each node, 𝐹𝐹= 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 × 𝑃𝑃𝑧𝑧
floor loads, wall loads were specified as member loads.
Where: 𝐴𝐴𝑒𝑒 = Effective area on each node
Wind loads were specified by defining it in STAAD itself.
The wind load applied in X and Z directions are shown in
Various combinations of loads were selected according to
Fig.5 and 6.
IS 875: 1987(Part-V).
a) Live load Table 2: Design wind pressure

As per IS 875: 1987(PART- II)

Height Vb pz
All rooms, Kitchen, Toilets and bath rooms = 2 kN/m2 k1 k2 k3 Vz
Stair case, Balconies, Lobby, work area = 3 kN/m2 (m) (m/sec) (N/m2)
Parking = 5 kN/m2
10 39 1 0.88 1 34.32 706.717
b) Dead load 13 39 1 0.916 1 35.724 765.72
16 39 1 0.948 1 36.972 820.15
As per IS 875:1987 (Part I)
Dead load includes self weight of columns, beams, slab, 19 39 1 0.972 1 37.908 862.20
brick walls, floor finish etc.
Unit weight of concrete = 25 kN/m2
Unit weight of masonry = 19 kN/m2 d) Earthquake load

The sample calculation for typical floors. The seismic load values were calculated as per IS 1893-
2002. STAAD.Pro has a seismic load generator in
a) Dead load of 130 mm thick slab = 0.13 × 25 = accordance with IS code mentioned
3.25 kN/m2 Description
b) Floor finish = 1.67 kN/m2 The seismic load generator can be used to generate the
c) Dead load of masonry wall lateral loads in yhe X and Z directions only.Y is the
23 cm thick masonry = (floor height -beam depth) × direction of gravity loads. This facility has not been
thickness × unit weight of masonry developed for cases where the Z axis is set to be the
= (3 - 0.5) × 0.23 × 19 vertical direction using the “ SET Z UP” command.
= 10. 925 kN/m Methodology
11.5 cm thick partition wall = (3 -0.5) × 0.115 × 19 The design base shear is computed by STAAD in
= 5.463 kN/m accordance with the IS:1893(Part I)-2002.
10 cm thick parapet = 0.1 × 19 ×1 = 1.9 kN/m Vb = Ah × W
d) Self weight of beam = width × depth × unit Where the design seismic coefficient, A h = (ZISa)/(2Rg)
weight of concrete = 0.23 × 0.5 × 25 STAAD utilizes the following procedure to generate the
= 2.875 kN/m lateral seismic loads :
1) User provides seismic zone coefficient and
c) Wind load desired “IS 1893(Part I)-2002” specifies through
the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command.
As per IS 875:1987(Part-III) 2) Program calculates the structure period (T)
Basic wind speed in Kerala, 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏 = 39 m/sec 3) Program calculates Sa/g utilizing T.
4) Program calculates V b from above equation. W is
Design wind speed= 𝑉𝑉 𝑏𝑏 × 𝑘𝑘 1 × 𝑘𝑘 2 × 𝑘𝑘 3 [Clause 5.3 of IS
obtained from weight data provided by the user
875:1987 (Part-III)]
through the DEFINE 1893 LOAD command.
Where:
5) The total lateral seismic load (base shear) is then
𝑘𝑘 1 = Probability factor = 1 (Clause 5.3.1)
distributed by the program among different levels
𝑘𝑘 2 = Terrain, height and structure size factor
of structure as per IS:1893(Part I)-2002
As per clause 5.3.2 the building is in category 3 and in
procedure.
class B, corresponding to this category and class from
The earthquake load applied in X and Z directions are
table 2, we find out the values of k 2 .
shown in Fig.7 and 8.
As per Clause 5.3.3 Topography factor 𝑘𝑘 3 = 1

461
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
While defining the seismic load following parameters were
used
i) Z = seismic zone coefficient
This building is located in Kerala (Zone III)
Z= 0.16 (IS 1893 (Part I):2002, clause 6.4.2 table 2)
ii) RF = Response reduction factor.
RF = 3(Clause 6.4.2, Table 7)
iii) I = importance factor, depending upon the
functional use of structures
I=1 (clause 6.4.2, table 6)
iv) SS =rock or soil site factor, For soft soil the value
is 3
v) ST = optional value for type of structure
This building is of RC building ST = 1
Fig. 4: Structure under dead load

Fig. 5: Structure under live load

Fig. 2: 3 D View of the model

Fig 3: Rendered view of the model Fig. 6: Wind load in Z direction

462
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

8. Structural Designs

The design of a structure must satisfy three basic

requirements:
• Stability - To prevent overturning, sliding or buckling
of the structure, or part of it, under the action of loads.
• Strength - To resist safely the stresses induced by the
loads in the various structural members.
• Serviceability - To ensure satisfactory performance
under service load conditions which implies providing
adequate stiffness and reinforcement to contain
deflections, crack widths and vibrations within
acceptable limits, and also providing impermeability
and durability.
Fig. 7: Wind load in X direction
The aim of structural design is to achieve an acceptable
probability that the structure being designed will perform
the function for which it is created and will safely
withstand the influence that will act on it throughout its
useful life. These influences are primarily the loads and the
other forces to which it will be subjected. The effects of
temperature fluctuations, foundation settlements etc.
should be also considered.

The design methods used for the design of reinforced

concrete structures are working stress method, ultimate
load method and limit state method. Here we have adopted
the limit state method of design for slabs, beams, columns,
stairs and foundations. In the limit state method, the
structure is designed to withstand safely all loads liable to
act on it through its life and also to satisfy the
serviceability requirements, such as limitation to deflection
and cracking. The acceptable limit of safety and
serviceability requirements before failure is called limit
Fig. 8: Earthquake load distribution in X direction state. All the relevant limit states should be considered in
the design to ensure adequate degrees of safety and
serviceability. The structure should be designed on the
basis of most critical state and then checked for other limit
states. As per IS 456:2000, the value of partial safety
factor for dead and live load combination which is the
maximum is adopted for design of beams and columns.

8.1 Design of Column

A column is an important component of RC structure. A

column, in general, may be defined as a member carrying
direct axial load which causes compressive stresses of such
magnitude. Columns are of two types. A column may be
considered as short when slenderness ratios and
less than 12.Other wise it is a long column. Design of
Fig. 9: Earthquake load distribution in Z direction columns was done using IS456:2000 and SP 16:1980.M30
concrete and Fe 500 steel is adopted for design.

463
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
Rectangular column (300 x 600 mm) in the ground floor Muy = 17.4 kNm
level, which is found to be critical, is selected for design is
f) Moments due to minimum eccentricity
shown in Fig. 10.

M ux = Pu ×e x = 3046.85 ×0.0248 = 75.56 kNm

M uy = Pu × e y = 3046.85 × 0.02 = 60.937 kNm
Hence we choose M ux = 142.4 kNm and M uy = 60.937
kNm
g) Longitudinal reinforcement

Assume % of steel = 3%. = 0.1

(0.8% - 6 % is the range of minimum steel area of column
as per IS 456:2000)
Uni-axial moment capacity of the section about X-X axis

Assume 25 mm Φ bars with 40 mm clear cover

Fig. 10: Selected column for design
d’ = 40 +12.5 = 52.5 mm

a) Material constants = = 0.0875~ 0.1

Use M30 grade concrete and steel bars of grade Fe 500. For = 0.1 is used (Chart 48 SP16:1980)
For M30 concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2
For Fe 500 steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
b) Preliminary dimensioning = = 0.56
Depth of rectangular column, D = 600 mm
Width of rectangular column, b = 300 mm = 0.11
Support condition: Both ends hinged M ux1 = 0.11 × 30 × 6002 × 300 = 356.4kNm
Unsupported length, l o = 3000-600 = 2400 mm
Multiplication factor for effective length = 1 Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about Y-Y axis
(As per IS 456:2000, Table 28)
.·. Effective length, l e = 1 × 2.4 = 2.4m = = 0.175
c) Type of column
For = 0.2 is used
= = 4 < 12 – short column (Chart 50 SP16:1980)
= 0.09
= = 8 < 12 – short column
M uy1 = 0.09 × 30 × 3002 × 600 = 145.8 kNm
Calculation of P uz
d) Calculation of eccentricity
(Clause.25.4 of IS 456:2000)
= 25 N/mm2 (Chart 63 SP 16 1980)
Eccentricity in X direction, = = 24.8 > 20
mm Puz = 25 × 300 × 600 = 4500 kN

= = 0.67
Eccentricity in Y direction, = = 14.8 < 20
mm
e) Results from STAAD = = 0.4
Factored axial load, P u = 3046.85 kN
Factored moments, Mux = 142.4 kNm

464
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
Provide 200 mm thick slab with clear cover of 20 mm and
= = 0.417 use 16 mm Φ bars
Effective depth = 200 - 20 – 8 =172 mm
For = 0.417 and 0.67,

we get = 0.86

As the Permissible value of = 1 > 0.86

(Chart 64 of SP 16: 1980)
Therefore the assumed reinforcement of 3 % is
satisfactory.
Ast = × 300 ×600 = 5940 mm2

Number of 25 mm Φ bars = =11.9 ≈ 12 no.s

Provide 12@ 25 mm Φ bars distributed equally on two

sides as longitudinal reinforcement.

h)Lateral ties Fig. 11: Staircase plan

According to IS 456: 2000 clause 26.5.3.2

c ) Load calculation
 Diameter -
i.) The diameter of lateral ties shall not be less than Weight of slab on slope = 0.2 x 25 x 1 = 5 kN/m2
one- fourth of the largest longitudinal bar = 25 = Dead load of slab on horizontal span
6.25mm
ii.) It should not be less than 6 mm =
Provide 8 mm diameter lateral ties
 Pitch
= = 5.59 kN/m2
Pitch of the transverse reinforcement shall not be more
than the least of the following distances. The self weight of step is calculated by treating the step to
i. Least lateral dimension of compression member = be equivalent to horizontal slab of thickness equal to half
300 mm
ii. 16 times the smallest diameter of the longitudinal the rise ( )
reinforcement bar to be tied= 16 = 300 mm
iii. 300 mm Self weight of step = 0.5 x 0.15 x 25 = 1.875 kN/m2
Hence Adopt 300 mm Floor Finish = 1.67 kN/m2(As per IS 875 (Part II)-
1987 Table 1)
8.2 Design of Staircase Live Load = 3 kN/m2
Total service load per m run = 12.135 kN/m
Ultimate load = 1.5 x 11.645 = 18.2 kN/m
a) Material constants
d) Ultimate design moment
For M20 concrete, f ck = 20 N/mm2
For Fe 500 steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
b) Preliminary dimensioning Maximum bending moment = Mu =
Rise = 150mm
Tread = 300mm =
Effective span = 5.42 m (As per IS 456:2000, Clause 33.1)
= 66.83 kNm
Thickness of slab = = 169.37 mm

465
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
e) Check for depth of waist slab
= = 0.2709 N/mm2
2
Mu = 0.138 f ck bD
pt =
d=
= = 0.572

= = 151.26 mm c = 0.50304 N/mm2 (From IS 456:2000, Table 19)

Design shear strength = k × c

d required < d provided = 1.2 x 0.5034 = 0.6036 N/mm2
Hence the effective depth selected is sufficient to resist the = 3.5 N/mm2 (From IS 456:2000, Table 20)
c max
ultimate moment.
V < c < c ) max
f) Reinforcements Shear reinforcement is not required.

8.3 Design of Continuous Beam

= = 2.13

pt = 0.572 (SP 16:1980, Table 2) A beam is a structural member subjected to a system of

external forces at right angles to the axis. Beams are
A st required = 983.84 mm2 usually provided for supporting slabs and walls or
secondary beams. The beam in which the steel
Maximum spacing for 16 mm Φ bars = 204.36 mm reinforcement is provided only in tensile zone is known as
(SP 16: 1980, Table 62) singly reinforced beam. In case of doubly reinforced beam,
reinforcement is provided in compression zone also to
Provide 16 mm Φ bars @ 160 mm c/ c spacing carry compressive forces. Design of beams was done using
Check for spacing of main steel IS: 456: 2000 AND SP 16: 1980.M20 Concrete and Fe
As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.3.3(b) 500 steel are adopted for beam design. Beam with cross
section 300 × 600 mm which is found critical among other
beams are selected for design as shown in Fig 12. The
Maximum spacing = whichever is less bending moments and shear forces are found from the
analysis results are used for the design are shown in Fig 13
and 14.
Whichever is less

= 450 mm

Spacing provided is less than spacing required. Hence safe.

g) Check for shear

Vu =

= = 46.60 kN
Fig. 12: Beam layout - STAAD model

v = (As per IS 456:2000 clause 40.1)

466
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
Table 3: Reinforcement details of beam
Details Left end Mid Right Left end
support of span end support of
end span support adjacent
of end span
span

Fig. 13: Bending moment diagram Moment 302.313 345.86 485.912 441.065
kNm

3.242 3.716 5.21 4.73

pt(from 0.901 1.021 1.104 1.28

sp
16:1980)

pc(from 0.160 0.287 0.701 0.57

sp
Fig. 14: Shear force diagram 16:1980)

Ast(requir 1506.92 1707.6 1846.44 2140.8

a)Material constants ed) mm2 2
Use M20 concrete and Fe500 steel bars
Ast(provi 1759.28 2299.6 2714.33 2714.33
2 ded) mm2 3
For M20 concrete, f ck = 20 N/mm
(#3-25Φ) (#6-25Φ) (#6-25Φ)
2 (#3-
For Fe 500 steel, f y = 500 N/mm (#2-16Φ) 25Φ)
b)Preliminary dimensioning (#3-
Width of beam, b= 300 mm 20Φ)
Asc(requi 267.6 705.79 1172.42 953.32
Depth of beam D = 600 mm red) mm2

Assume 30 mm cover and 25 mm Φ bars Asc(provi (#2-25Φ) (#2- (#3-25Φ) (#3-25Φ)

ded) 25Φ)
Effective depth = 600 – 30 – 12.5 = 557.5 mm
mm2
c) Ultimate bending moment and shear force
f) Check for shear stress
Ultimate bending moment = M u = 485.912 kNm
τv = = 1.78 N/mm2
Ultimate shear force = V u =297.839 kN

d)Limiting moment of resistance pt = = 1.622

=
2
lim = 0.138 x f ck × b × d
τ c = 0.74 N/mm2 (As per IS 456:2000 Table 19)
2
= 0.138 × 20 × 300 × 557.5 = 257.34 kNm
τv > τc , Shear reinforcement should be provided.
Mu > lim, Hence doubly reinforced section
Strength of shear reinforcement = V us = V u – (τ c × b × d)
e) Main reinforcement (As per IS 456:2000 clause 40.4)

= 297.835 – (0.74 × 300 × 557.5) = 174.67 kN

= 3.132 kN/cm

467
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
Use 8 mm Φ 2 legged stirrups are used
= = 0.4079 m
According to IS 456:2000, clause 26.5.1.5, the spacing of
stirrups in beams should not exceed the least of
However keep the depth to be 1 m to accommodate the
a)0.75d = 0.75 × 557.5 = 418.15 mm thickness of base wall below ground surface. The
dimensions of retaining wall are shown in Fig. 16.
b) 300 mm

Maximum spacing of 300 mm. Therefore provide 8 mm Φ

2 legged stirrups @ 120 mm c/c up to a distance of 0.25
L eff from the face of the support and provide 8 mm Φ 2
legged stirrups @ 300 mm c/c in all other places.

g) Check for deflection

(L/d) basic = 26

From figure 4 of IS 456:2000, for pt = 1.622 and pc =

0.701 and fs = 217.96 N/mm2
Modification factors, k1 = 0.95, k2 = 1.18
Reduction factor, k3 = 1
Therefore, (L/d) max = 0.95 × 1.18 × 1 × 26 = 29.146
(L/d) provided = 10460/557.5 = 19.47
(L/d) provided < (L/d) max,
Hence deflection control is satisfactory Fig. 15: Dimensioning of retaining wall

8.4 Design of Retaining Wall Height of wall above its base, H = 3+1 = 4 m
Thickness of base slab = = = 333.33 mm
Retaining walls are structures designed to restrain soil to
unnatural slopes. They are used to bound soils between Adopt the thickness of base slab = 350 mm
two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing Thickness of stem at base = 350 mm
undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to Height of stem = 4 – 0.35 = 3.65 m
be shaped severely and engineered for more specific Width of base slab, b = 0.5H – 0.6 H
purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. A Adopt 2.4 m width for base slab
retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to
resist the lateral pressure of soil when there is a desired c) Design of stem
change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of
repose of the soil. Here we are designing the retaining wall Height of stem = 4 - 0.35 = 3.65 m
as cantilever retaining wall. Here the height of soil is
3m.Angle of repose is 35o as per standard penetration test. Maximum working moment in stem, M =

a)Preliminary dimensioning
Cp = = = 0.2709
Height of embankment below ground level = 3 m
Density of fine sand = 18 kN/mm2
Angle of repose =35o M = 0.2709 × = 39.51kNm
Safe bearing capacity = 100 kN/mm2
Coefficient of friction = 0.5
Factored bending moment = 39.51 × 1.5 = 59.27 kNm
For M30 grade concrete f ck = 30 N/mm2
For Fe 500 grade steel f y = 500 N/mm2 Limiting thickness of stem at the base, d =
b) Dimensions of retaining wall
= 119.65 mm
Minimum depth of foundation =

468
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
Assumed thickness of 350 mm is more than limiting value. Table 4: Stability calculations for 1m run of wall
Hence section is under reinforced. Sl. Loads Magnitude Distance Moment
Adopt an effective depth of 350 mm at bottom and tapered No of load( kN) from a, kNm
to 200 mm at top. (m)

= = 0.48 1 W1= 0.2 × 3.65 × 18.25 1.15 20.987

25
6.84 1.325 9.063
Refer table 4 of SP 16 Design Tables corresponding to f ck = 0.5 × 0.15 ×
= 30 N/mm2 and read out the percentage of reinforcement 3.65 × 25
as 0.110
2 W2 = 2.4 × 0.35 × 21 1.2 28.8
A st = = = 385 mm2 25

Provide 12 mm Φ bars 3 W3= 1.05 × 3.65 68.985 0.53 36.562

× 18
Spacing = = = 283 mm ≈
4 Moment due to earth pressure =
200 mm
Provide 12 mm Φ bars at 200 mm spacing in vertical 39.519
direction at bottom of stem gradually increases to 300 mm
towards top. = ∑M =
Distribution reinforcement = 0.12% of cross sectional area 115.075 134.931

Distribution reinforcement = × 1000 × 350

= 420 mm2
Provide 10 mm Φ bars at a spacing of 150 mm on both
faces

d) Stability calculations
Heel projection = 2.4 – 3.5 = 1.05 mm

The stability calculations for 1 m run of wall is shown in

table 1

From that, Z = = = 1.17

Fig. 16: Pressure distribution at the base

Eccentricity = - x’ = - 1.17 = 0.03 Maximum pressure =

=
b/6 = 0.4

e < b/6 = 51.54 kN/mm2

Minimum pressure = = 44.35 kN/mm2

e) Design of heel slab

Maximum design ultimate bending moment in heel slab =
1.5 x 16.432 = 24.648 kNm

= = 0.2012

469
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
2
Design Tables corresponding to f ck = 30 N/mm and read g) Design of reinforcement
out the percentage of reinforcement as 0.070 from Table 4
of SP 16
= = 0.309
A st = pt = 0.070 (From table 4 of SP 16:1980)

A st = 100 × 350 × 1000 × 0.070 = 245 mm2

= = 245 mm2 Minimum reinforcement = 0.12% of cross sectional area
= × 1000 × 350
Provide 10 mm bars @ 300 mm c/c
= 420 mm2
Provide 12 mm Φ bars
Table 5: Stability calculations for 1m run of heel slab
Spacing = = 269 mm2 ≈ 200 mm
Loads Load Distance Moment
(kN) from a (kNm)
h) Check for safety against sliding

W3 = 1.05 × 68.985 0.53 36.562

3.65 × 18 Total horizontal earth pressure =

Self weight of 9.1875 0.53 4.869 = = 39 kN

heel slab
Maximum possible frictional force = μ × W
Total 41.431
= 0.5 × 115.075 = 57.535 kN
Deduct for 46.124 0.53 24.44
upward pressure
Factor of safety against sliding = = 1.47 < 1.5
1.04 × 44.35
Hence a shear key has to be designed.
Upward pressure 1.6172 0.346 0.559
(ghj) 0.5 × 3.11 i) Design of shear key
× 1.04
If Pp is the passive earth pressure developed just in front
Maximum 16.432 of shear key the value of
bending moment
in heel slab p p = kp × P
f) Design of toe slab
kp = = 3.69
Maximum bending moment in toe slab is determined by
taking moments of forces about point c
P =48.51 kN/mm2

Total shear force at c = ×h= ×1 p p = 48.51 × 3.69 = 179 kN/mm2

= 50.025 kN If depth of shear key be 350 mm

Total passive pressure = P p = p p × a = 179 × 0.35 =

X’ = × = × = 0.504 80.55kN
Bending moment = 50.025 × 0.504 = 25.524 kNm
Factored bending moment = 1.5 × 25.524 = 37.882 kNm Factor of safety against sliding = = 2.846 >1.5
Mu = 0.138 × f ck × b ×
Hence the retaining wall is safe against failure due to
sliding. The Reinforcement in Stem is extended up to
d= = 95.65 mm Shear Key.

470
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

j) Check for stresses at junction of stem and base slab

Net working shear force = V= 1.5 × P – (mW)

1.5 × 39 – 57.537 = 0.963 kN

Factored shear force = 1.445 kN

Nominal shear stress = v =

= = 4.127 × 10-3

pt = = = 0.1614

Permissible shear stress = c= 0.37 kN/mm2

(From table 19 of IS
456:2000)
Fig. 17: Plan of two-way slab
v > c , Hence shear stress are within permissible limits.
d)Effective span
8.5 Design of Two Way Slab
As per IS 456:2000 clause 22(a)
Slabs are elements having their depth much smaller than Effective span along short and longer direction are
the other two dimensions .They usually carry a uniformly computed as
distributed load from the floors and roof of the building. Lex = clear span + effective depth = 4.185 m
Design of reinforced concrete slab was done using IS Ley = clear span + effective depth = 5.565 m
456:2000 and SP 16:1980.Slabs of thickness 130 mm were e)Load calculation
used in the building and were designed as one way or two
way slab as the case may be .M20 grade concrete is Dead load of slab = 0.13 × 25 = 3.25 kN/m2
assumed for slab design. Plan of slab is shown in Fig. 18. Floor finish = 1.67 kN/m2
Typical slab designs are shown below. Live Load = 2 kN/m2 (As per IS 875(Part II): 1987 table 1)
a)Material constants Total service load = 2 +3.25 + 1.67 = 6.92 kN/m2
Design ultimate load, Wu = 1.5 x 6.92 = 10.38 kN/m2
Use M20 Concrete and steel bars of grade Fe 500
For M20 concrete, f ck = 20 N/mm2 f) Design Ultimate Moment
For Fe 500 steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
b) Type of slab Slab considered here belongs to one long edge
discontinuous (As per Table 26 IS 456:2000)
Centre to centre distance of longer span = Ly =5.46 m
= 1.338
Centre to centre distance of shorter span = Lx =4.08 m
= = 1.338 < 2, Hence it is a two way slab Short span moment coefficients :
Negative moment coefficient = 0.06728
Positive moment coefficient = 0.05052
c)Preliminary dimensioning Long span moment coefficients:
Negative moment coefficient= 0.047
Thickness of slab = = = 127.5 mm
Positive moment coefficient = 0.035
M ux (- ve) = × ×
Provide 130 mm thick slab = 0.06728 × 10.38 × 4.1852 = 11.047 kNm
Assume 20 mm thick clear cover and 10 mm Φ bars
M ux (+ ve) = × ×
Effective depth = 130 – 20 – 5 = 105 mm
= 0.05052 × 10.38 × 4.1852 = 8.295 kNm

471
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

M uy (- ve) = × × A st provided >A st minimum.

= 0.047 × 10.38 × 4.1852 = 7.717 kNm Hence safe.
M uy (+ ve) = × × k)Distribution steel
= 0.035 × 10.38 × 4.1852 = 5.746 kNm
g) Check for depth Area of distribution steel = 0.12 % of cross sectional area
= 156 mm2
M ulim = 0.138 × f ck × b × d 2 Provide 10 mm Φ bars @ 300 mm c/c spacing as
distribution steel.
d= = 63.26 mm l) Check for deflection
A st provided = 392.05 mm2
d required < d provided. Hence the effective depth is A st required = 348.1 mm2
sufficient to resist the design ultimate moment.
fs = From IS 456:2000 Fig.4)
h)Reinforcement along short and long span direction
= = 257.49N/mm2
The area of reinforcement is calculated using the relation:

M u = 0.87 × f y × A st × pt = = 0.373

Spacing of selected bars are computed using the relation: Modification factor = 1.45 (From IS 456:2000, Fig 4)
As per IS 456:2000 clause 23.2.1
Spacing = × 1000 Permissible l/d ratio = 32 1.45 = 46.4
Actual l/d = (4080/105) = 38 < 46.4
So deflection is safe with provided depth.
Table 6: Reinforcement details of two way slab m) Check for shear
Location Ast(required) Spacing A st (provided)
Vu =
1)Short span 348.1 mm2 200 mm 392.05 mm2
Edge section = = 34.43 kN
Mid section 255.52 mm2 300 mm 261.72 mm2
2)Long span 236.3 mm2 300 mm 261.76 mm2
Edge section τv = = 0.3279 N/mm2
Mid section 173.2 mm2 300 mm 231.76 mm2
(IS 456:2000 clause 40.1)
i) Check for spacing
pt = = = 0.331
As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.3.3(b)
τ c = 0.38 N/mm2 (From Table19 IS 456:2000)
Maximum spacing = whichever is less Design shear strength = k × τ c (IS 456:2000 clause 40.2.1)
= 1.3 × 0.38= 0.494 kN/mm2
(τ c ) max = 2.8 N/mm (From Table 20 IS 456:2000)
2

τv τ c < (τ c ) max
= 300 mm
Shear reinforcement is not required.
Spacing < Spacing Hence safe. n) Check for cracking (As per IS 456:2000 Clause 43.11)
provided required

j) Check for area of steel 1. Steel provided is more than 0.12%

2. Spacing of main steel < 3d = 3 105 = 315 mm
As per IS 456:2000 clause 26.3.3(b) 3. Diameter of reinforcement < = = 16.25 mm
A st min = 0.12% of cross sectional area
= 0.12 × 1000 × 130 = 156 mm2 Hence slab will resist the cracks.

472
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

8.6 Design of Shear Wall Or if the wall thickness exceeds 200 mm, reinforcement
shall be provided in two curtains, each having bars running
a)Material constants in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plane of
the wall.
Use M30 Concrete and steel bars of grade Fe 500 Factored shear force, V u = 142.24 kN
For M30 concrete, f ck = 30 N/mm2 Nominal shear stress, τ v =
For Fe 500 steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
(As per IS 13920:1993, clause 9.2.1)
b) Preliminary dimensions Effective depth of wall, d w = 0.8 × = 0.8 × 2570
= 2056 mm
Horizontal length of wall,l w = 2570 mm
Thickness of wall t w = 230 mm τv = = = 0.3 N/mm2 < 0.25 ×
As per IS 13920: 1993, clause 9.1.2, thickness of wall
should not be less than 150 mm. = 1.369 N/mm2
Provided thickness of web is ok. Since the thickness of wall exceeds 200 mm provide two
layers of steel.
c)Results from STAAD
f) Check for maximum shear stress
Factored axial load, P u = 2986 kN
Factored shear force V u = 142.24 kN As per 13920:1993, clause 9.2.3 the nominal shear stress
Factored moment, M u = 23.85 kNm in the wall, τ v shall not exceed τ cmax , as per Table 20 of IS
456:2000
d) Check for boundary elements Maximum shear stress = τ cmax = 4 N/mm2
τ cmax > τ v , Hence safe.
As per IS 13920:1993,clause 9.4.1,where the extreme fibre
compressive stress in the wall due to factored gravity load g) Calculation of shear reinforcement
plus factored earthquake forces exceed 0.2 f ck boundary
elements shall be provided along the vertical boundaries of The minimum reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0025 of the
wall. gross area in each direction. (As per IS 13920:1993 clause
9.1.4)
Assume 0.5% steel in vertical direction
Extreme fibre compressive stress, f c = A st = 0.0050 × 230 × 1000 = 1150 mm2 in two layers

Area of cross section = Ag = 2570 x 230 = 591100 mm2 Area of one layer of steel = 575 mm2

Moment of inertia of the section, I y = Provide 12 mm Φ bars at 180 mm c/c in two layers
(Vertical)
As per IS 13920:1993, clause 9.1.5, Maximum spacing is
= = 3.253 × 1011 mm4 lesser of
Extreme fibre compressive stress, fc =
i.
ii. 3 tw
5.145 N/mm2 and 4.95 N/mm2 iii. 450 mm

Limiting value of stress = 0.2 f ck = 0.2 × 30 = 6 N/mm2 Spacing provided < maximum spacing .Hence safe
As extreme stresses are less than the limiting value, Nominal shear stress, τ v = 0.300 N/mm2
boundary elements are not required. Percentage of steel pt = 0.5 %
e) Checking whether two layers of steel are required Permissible shear stress of concrete, τ c = 0.51 N/mm2
(As per Table 19 of IS 456:2000)
As per IS 13920:1993, clause 9.1.5, if the factored shear τ c > τ v, Hence no need to provide shear reinforcement.
stress in the wall exceeds 0.25

473
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
h) Calculation of moment of resistance of rectangular i. Larger lateral dimension of member = 2570 mm
shear wall section ii. One- sixth of clear height of member = 2570/6 =
428.33
As per IS 13920:1993, Annex- A
iii. 450 mm
Vertical reinforcement ratio = p = 0.005
Φ= Hence adopt = 500 mm
According to IS 13920:1993 clause 7.4.6 spacing of hoops
used as special confining reinforcement:
= = 0.0725
i. × minimum member dimension = × 230 =

λ= 57.5 mm
ii. 75 mm
iii.
= = 0.168 Hence adopt spacing of hoops = 75 mm.

Elastic modulus of steel, Es = 2 x 105 N/mm2 8.7 Design of Pile

ᵝ= = 0.62 a)Material constants

For M25 Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2

For Fe500 Steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
=
b) Pile Capacities
Depending upon the load coming on the column, single or
= = 0.476 group piles were provided. From the soil report the load
carrying capacity of piles are as follows.
piles are as follows
= = 0.616
Table 7: Pile capacities
Sl No. Pile diameter(cm) Pile capacity (kN)
< 1 50 900
2 60 1200
3 70 1600
=Φ × c) Design of 700mm diameter pile

Factored column reaction = 3046.85 kN

Safe pile capacity = 1600 kN
=0.0725× Number of piles = =2
Load on each pile = = 1523.42 kN

= 0.067 Ultimate load on each pile, P u =1.5 × 1523.42

=2285.13 kN
= 0.067 × 30 × 25702 = 3053.44 kNm
Factored moment Mu = 23.85 kNm (From STAAD) Horizontal force, H = 77.15 kN(from STAAD)
> Mu Horizontal force on one pile, H = =38.57 kN
Section is safe in flexure and we can avoid the separate
boundary element with confining reinforcement. As per IS Depth of pile = 24 m
13920:1993 –clause 9.4.6, boundary elements need not be d) Determination of depth of fixity
provided, if entire wall section is provided with special ἠ h =0.775 (As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) – 1979-
confining reinforcement. According to IS 13920:1993 Appendix C Table 1)
clause 7.4.1, Special confining reinforcement should be
provided over a length shall not be less than

474
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
L/d =8 (As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Section-2) – 1979- 8.8 Design of Pile Cap
Appendix C Figure: 2)
Fixity depth = 8 x d= 8 x 0.7 = 5.6 m 700mm Diameter – 2 pile group
Moment due to horizontal force, M u = 38.5785 a) Material constants
5.6 = 216.03 kNm
Axial load on pile, P u =2285.13 kN For M25 Concrete, f ck = 25 N/mm2
= = 0.186 For Fe500 Steel, f y = 500 N/mm2
As per IS 2911(Part 1-Sec 1)-1979, Clause 5.6,
Spacing between 2 piles = 2.5 diameter of pile = 1750
= = 0.025 mm. As per IS: 2911 (Part-1 / Sec 1) – 1979 Clause 5.12.5,
the clear overhang of the pile cap beyond the outermost
Assuming 20 mm diameter bars and 50 mm clear cover
pile in the group shall normally be 100 to 150mm.
d’ = cover + = 50 + = 60mm

= = 0.085 ~ 0.1

= 0.08
(As per chart 60 of SP 16:1980)
But, p min =0.8% total c/s area
(As per IS 456:2000, Clause 26.5.3.1)
Area of longitudinal steel, A s = 3078.76 mm2
Hence provide 10 numbers of 20 mm bars as
longitudinal reinforcement and Fig. 18: Dimensions of the pile cap (All dimensions are in mm)
Provide 8 mm diameter circular links at 180 mm c/c. This
is to be provided up to fixity depth 8D = 5.6m. For depth Length of pile cap = (spacing between the piles + diameter
after 5.6m, provide minimum longitudinal reinforcement of pile + 2 × 150 mm overhang)
p min = 0.4% (As per IS: 2911(Part 1/Sec 1)-1979, Clause
5.11.1) = 1750+700+300 = 2750mm
Breadth of pile cap = diameter of pile + (2× 150 mm
Area of longitudinal steel, A s = overhang) = 700 + (2 × 150) = 1000mm
Provide a breadth of 1000mm
Depth of pile cap = Development length of column bar +
= = 1539.38 mm2 Cover
Hence provide 5 numbers of 20 mm bars as For 25 mm diameter bars, development length,
longitudinal reinforcement. Ld = 1214 m (From Table 66 of SP 16)
e) Lateral reinforcement Assume a clear cover of 75mm (As per IS 2911 (Part 1/
Section 1) Clause 5.12.6, and 25mm Diameter bars, the
From IS: 2911(Part 1/Sec 1)-1979 [clause 5.11.3] clear cover for main reinforcement in the cap slab shall not
The laterals of a reinforcing cage may be in the form of be less than 60mm)
links or spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is Depth of pile cap = 1214 + 75 = 1289mm
chosen to impart adequate rigidity of the reinforcing cage Provide a depth of 1290mm
during its handling and installations. The minimum Size of Pile Cap: 2.75 × 1.0 × 1.29m
diameter of the links or spirals shall be 6 mm and the Double pile cap was designed as simply supported beam.
spacing of the links or spirals shall not be less than 150
mm. So provide 8 mm diameter circular links at 180 mm Effective depth, d = 1290 – 75 – = 1202.5 mm
c/c. Breadth, b = 1000mm
Factored axial load on column = 6312.045 kN
Factored axial load on pile, P u = 2104.015kN
Ultimate moment, = = 1656.9 kNm

= = 1.146

475
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968
= 0.279 (From Table - 3 of SP 16) The foundation provided is raft foundation. The
2
reinforcement of raft foundation is shown in Fig. 21 and
A st = = 3354.975 mm 22. Large slab supporting a number of columns and walls
Hence, provide 7 numbers of 25 mm diameter bars for under the entire structure or a large part of the structure to
tension reinforcement. lower the contact pressure compared to spread footing. It is
Area of steel provided = 3436.12 mm2 recommended because bearing capacity of soil is low and
b) Reinforcements the walls of structure are so close that individual footing
will overlap.
Top Reinforcement
Nominal steel to be provided
Area of steel required = = 2092.35

Provide 19 numbers of 12mm diameter bars.

Minimum shear reinforcement is to be provided.
Provide 10mm diameter bars,
Spacing = = 242.5mm
Provide 10mm diameter 4 legged stirrups @ 200mm c/c.
As per IS 456:2000, Clause 26.5.1.3, since depth of pile
cap is greater than 750mm side reinforcement need to be
provided.
Fig: 19: Shuttering for retaining wall

Side face reinforcement = 0.1% Web area

= × 1000 × 1290 = 1290
Side face reinforcement on one face = = 645
Providing 12mm diameter bars,
Spacing = = 205mm
Hence, provide 12mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c on
each side face.

9. Site Visits
9.1 Visits to an Apartment Building, Palakkad

Visit to the construction site of an apartment building was

carried out. The site was located at Sulthanpet, Palakkad. Fig. 20: Reinforcement provided for raft foundation
The work was undertaken by Jay raj Properties Palakkad.
It is basically a B+G+10 Apartment building. Sewage
treatment plant is provided at the basement. It has car
parking in both basement and ground level. The floor area
for each typical 1- 10 floor consists of four units of single
apartment i.e. two units of 3 BHK apartment and 2 two
units of 2 BHK apartment. The concrete used is M30 for
columns and M25 for beams and slabs. Steel used is of
grade Fe500. The retaining wall is provided at the
basement, it’s shuttering is shown in Fig. 20. A shear wall
of 20 mm thickness is present, reinforcement details are
shown in Fig. 23. The reinforcement comprises of 8mm
diameter stirrups 32, 25 and 20 mm diameter main bars.
Fig. 21: Raft Foundation at Basement

476
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

Fig. 24: Provision for sunken slab

Fig. 22: Reinforcement details of shear wall

9.2 Site Visit 2: Federal Fort, Palakkad

As a part of the industrial training, a site visit was

conducted to construction site to Structures India,
Palakkad. It is a 11 storey building with pile foundation.80
to 120 cm diameter piles are used. M25 concrete mix is
used for columns and M20 for all other concrete works. Fe
500 grade steel is used for reinforcement of all works. The
shuttering for beams and slab is shown in Fig. 24. Column
size consist of 90 cm x 30cm, 50cm x 50cm, 80cm x 30cm.
Basement is for car parking facilities which consist of
retaining wall all over the boundary. The retaining wall is
Fig. 25: Concealed beam is provided
of 25 cm thick. Sunken slab of 10 cm is also provided as
shown in Fig. 27. Clear cover of 2.5cm is provided for
beams and columns and 1.5cm for slab. Since there is large
spacing between two beams in the beam column layout
provided by structural engineer, a concealed beam is
provided with the thickness same as that of slab as shown
in Fig. 26.

Fig. 26: Sunken slab is provided

Fig. 23: Props and shuttering for slabs and beams

477
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

9.3 Site Visit 3: Commercial Building, Elamkulam

A visit was conducted to the construction site of

commercial building, Elamkulam, Vytilla .Structural
design was done by associated structural consultancy. It is
an R.C.C framed structure having G+4 stories with an
additional basement for car parking. Shear walls are
provided around lift pits. The plot is of triangular shape.
The structure is under construction.M25 grade concrete
and Fe 500 steel is used. Each floor is of different height
i.e. 3.20 m, 3.30, 2.80, 2.80, 2.80 and 2.80 respectively.
Slab thickness is 13cm.Filler blocks are used for
construction of size 12 x 6 x 8. Pile foundation is used for Fig. 29: Reinforcement of waist slab
the structure. The piles are driven to a depth of 50 m. The
pile diameters are 70 cm to 100 cm. The reinforcement is
provided by using 16-20 mm diameter bars for beams and
columns and 8-10 mm diameter bars for slabs. Beam
column joint is shown in Fig. 9.9. The slab reinforcement
is shown in Fig. 29. The thickness of waist slab provided
for staircase is 120 mm, its reinforcement details are
shown in Fig. 30. Fine aggregate used is M-sand.
Thickness of slab provided is 150 mm and its concreting is
shown in Fig. 31.

Fig. 30: Concreting of slab

10. Conclusions

The analysis and design of an Apartment Building at

Warriam road, Ernakulam was done as a part of the
industrial training. It was a B + G + 4 storied building with
Fig. 27: Beam column joint parking in basement and also small portion in first floor.
The analysis was done using the software package STAAD
Pro.V8i. All the structural components were designed
manually and detailed using AutoCAD 2014. The analysis
and design were done according to standard specifications.
The slab, column, beam and pile cap layouts were
prepared. The site visits gave me knowledge regarding the
execution of design into a structure. The industrial training
provided an opportunity to identify, observe and practice
how engineering is applicable in the real industry. As well
as getting experience on technical practice, it was also
possible to learn the importance of punctuality,
commitment and team spirit.

Fig. 28: Slab reinforcement

478
 IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 3 Issue 3, March 2016.
www.ijiset.com
ISSN 2348 – 7968

References

[1] B.C Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun

Kumar Jain, Reinforced Concrete Design,
New Delhi, Laxmi publications Private
Limited.
[2] Krishna Raju N, Advanced Reinforced
Concrete Design, New Delhi, C.B.S
Publishers and Distributers
[3] Ramamruthum S, Design of Reinforced
Concrete Structures, New Delhi, Dhanpat Rai
Publishing Company (P) Ltd,
[4] Unnikrishna Pillai, S. and Devadas Menon
(2003), Reinforced Concrete Design, New
Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited.
[5] IS 2911(Part 1/Section 2):1979, Code of
Practice for the design and construction of
piled foundations, New Delhi, Bureau of
Indian Standards.
[6] SP 16: 1980, Design Aids for Reinforced
Concrete to IS: 456-1978, New Delhi,
Bureau of Indian Standards.
[7] IS: 875 (Part I)-1987, Indian Standard Code
of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
earthquake) for Building and Structures, New
Delhi, Bureau of Indian Standards.
[8] IS: 875 (Part II)-1987, Indian Standard Code
of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
earthquake) for Building and Structures, New
Delhi, Bureau of Indian Standards.
[9] IS: 875 (Part III)-1987, Indian Standard
Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other
than earthquake) for Building and Structures,
New Delhi, Bureau of Indian Standards.
[10] SP 34: 1987, Hand Book on Concrete
Reinforcement and Detailing, New Delhi,
Bureau of Indian Standards
[11] IS: 13920:1993, Ductile detailing of
reinforced concrete structures subjected to
seismic forces, New Delhi, Bureau of Indian
Standards.
[12] IS: 456:2000, Indian standard Plain and
reinforced concrete – Code of Practice, New
Delhi, Bureau of Indian standard, 2000
[13] IS: 1893 (Part 1) 2002- Indian Standard
Criteria for earthquake resistant design of
structures, New Delhi, Bureau of Indian
Standards.

479