President Ramon Magsaysay State University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Department of Computer Engineering
MTN 6: Differential Equations
2ndSemester of A.Y. 2020-2021
MODULE NO. 05: Exact Differential Equations

I. Introduction

We will discuss in this module on how to solve exact differential equations. Because the method in
this section and many techniques for solving differential equations involve integration, you are
urged to refresh your memory on important formulas and techniques (such as integration by parts)
by consulting a calculus text.

II. Intended Learning Outcomes

A. Discuss and derive the test for exactness of differential equations; and
B. Solve exact differential equations.

III. Discussion
Exact Equations
There are differential equations whose methods in the previous chapters will not apply
such as the following examples:
3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 + sin 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Notice that the equations are not homogeneous and the variables are not separable.
However, for the next method of solving differential equations which we call as exact, the
above equations are solvable.

Test for Exactness of Equation

If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions and have continuous first partial derivative,
then a necessary and sufficient condition that the differential equation
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0
to be exact is that
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
To Derive the Test for Exactness of Differential Equation
Suppose that a function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 exists as the solution of the differential equation. Then
its total differential 𝑑𝐹 is
𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From the form of the differential equation 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = 0, we can take
 Course Module No. 05 MTN 6 – Differential Equations
Page 2 College of Engineering

𝜕𝐹 𝜕𝐹
𝑀= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Taking the partials, we have
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 2𝐹 𝜕𝑁 𝜕2𝐹
= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
From calculus,
𝜕2𝐹 𝜕2𝐹
=
𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Provided that these partial derivatives are continuous. Thus, we have the test for exact
equation
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Steps for Finding the Solution of Exact Equations

Solution 1:
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 be the solution of an exact differential equation.
𝜕𝐹
1. Set = 𝑀 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
where 𝑇(𝑦) is the constant of integration
𝜕𝐹
2. After solving for 𝐹, obtain .
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
3. Equate the equation obtained in Step 2 to N because =𝑁
𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝑇(𝑦)
4. The preceding step gives, 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = . Solve for 𝑇(𝑦).
𝑑𝑦

5. Substitute the value of 𝑇(𝑦) in Step 1.

6. Substitute the value of 𝐹 obtained in Step 5 in 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 to obtain the required
general solution.

Solution 2:
Let 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 be the solution of an exact differential equation.
𝜕𝐹
1. Set = 𝑁 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝐹 = ∫ 𝑁𝑑𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑥)
where 𝑇(𝑥) is the constant of integration
𝜕𝐹
2. After solving for 𝐹, obtain .
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
3. Equate the equation obtained in Step 2 to M because =𝑀
𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑇(𝑥)
4. The preceding step gives, 𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = . Solve for 𝑇(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥
 MTN 6 – Differential Equations Course Module No. 05
Department of Computer Engineering Page 3

5. Substitute the value of 𝑇(𝑥) in Step 1.

6. Substitute the value of 𝐹 obtained in Step 5 in 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐶 to obtain the required
general solution.

Alternative Method:
Grouping of Terms Method
You have to properly group the terms that gives an exact differential. After this, you
have to change the terms into its equivalent exact differential. Then, integrate to obtain
the required general solution.
This procedure is much easier but requires knowledge of differentials. You have also
to be keen enough in observing the proper grouping of terms to come out with the right
differential.

Example 1: Solve 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0

First, we need to test the exactness of the differential equation,
𝑀 = 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 3𝑥(2𝑦) = 6𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 3𝑦(2𝑥) + 0 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus, the differential equation is exact.
Solution 1:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑀 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥

𝑑𝐹 = ∫ 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = 3𝑦 2 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝐹 = 3𝑦 2 ( ) + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
3
𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑦

3
𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝜕𝐹 3
= ( 𝑥 2 ) (2𝑦) + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 2
𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
 Course Module No. 05 MTN 6 – Differential Equations
Page 4 College of Engineering

𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑁
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦
3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 4𝑦 3
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑦).
𝑑𝑇(𝑦)
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = = 4𝑦 3
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = ∫ 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦

𝑦4
𝑇(𝑦) = 4 ( ) = 𝑦4
4
Step 5:
3
𝐹 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
3
𝐹 = 𝑦 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4
2
Step 6:
3 2 2
𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

Solution 2:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑁 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝐹 = ∫(3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦

𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 4 ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦

𝑦2 𝑦4
𝐹 = 3𝑥 2 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 𝑇(𝑥)
2 4
3
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑥

3
𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
𝜕𝐹 3
= ( 𝑦 2 ) (2𝑥) + 0 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥 2
 MTN 6 – Differential Equations Course Module No. 05
Department of Computer Engineering Page 5

𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑀
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = 3𝑥𝑦 2
𝜕𝑥
3𝑦 2 𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑥) = 3𝑥𝑦 2
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = 0
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑥).
𝑑𝑇(𝑥)
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = 0

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = 0

𝑇(𝑥) = 0
Step 5:
3 2 2
𝐹= 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 4 + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
3
𝐹 = 𝑥2𝑦2 + 𝑦4
2
Step 6:
3 2 2
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

Alternative Method:
Solve 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 4𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
By having proper grouping of terms, we get
(3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3(𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦) + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1
But (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦) is equivalent to the exact differential 𝑑 ( 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 ). Thus,
2

1
3 {𝑑 ( 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 )} + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
Integrate,
1
3 ∫ 𝑑 ( 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 ) + 4 ∫ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2
1 𝑦4
3 ( 𝑦 2𝑥 2) + 4 ( ) = 𝐶
2 4
3 2 2
𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2
 Course Module No. 05 MTN 6 – Differential Equations
Page 6 College of Engineering

Example 2: Solve (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

First, we need to test the exactness of the differential equation,
𝑀 = 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = cos 𝑦 − 0 = cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus, the differential equation is exact.
Solution 1:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑀 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝑑𝐹 = ∫(𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑥

𝑥2
𝐹=( ) + (sin 𝑦)𝑥 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝑥2
𝐹= + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑦

𝑥2
𝐹= + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝜕𝐹
= 0 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑁
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = −2𝑦
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑦).
𝑑𝑇(𝑦)
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = = −2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = −2𝑦𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = −2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
 MTN 6 – Differential Equations Course Module No. 05
Department of Computer Engineering Page 7

𝑦2
𝑇(𝑦) = −2 ( ) = −𝑦 2
2
Step 5:
𝑥2
𝐹= + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
2
𝑥2
𝐹= + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2
2
Step 6:
𝑥2
+ 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

Solution 2:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑁 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝐹 = ∫(𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐹 = 𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑦2
𝐹 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2 ( ) + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
𝐹 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝜕𝐹
= sin 𝑦 − 0 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= sin 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑀
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= sin 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = 𝑥 + sin 𝑦
𝜕𝑥
sin 𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥) = 𝑥 + sin 𝑦
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑥).
𝑑𝑇(𝑥)
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
 Course Module No. 05 MTN 6 – Differential Equations
Page 8 College of Engineering

𝑥2
𝑇(𝑥) =
2
Step 5:
𝐹 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝑥2
𝐹 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 +
2
Step 6:
𝑥2
𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 + = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

Alternative Method:
Solve (𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
By having proper grouping of terms, we get
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦) − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
But sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is equivalent to the exact differential 𝑑(𝑥 sin 𝑦). Thus,
𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑(𝑥 sin 𝑦) − 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrate,

∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑(𝑥 sin 𝑦) − 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 2 ( ) = 𝐶
2 2
𝑥2
+ 𝑥 sin 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2

Example 3: Solve (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

First, we need to test the exactness of the differential equation,
𝑀 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦(− sin 𝑥𝑦)(𝑥) − (cos 𝑥𝑦)(1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥(− sin 𝑥𝑦)(𝑦) − (cos 𝑥𝑦)(1) + 0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2𝑒 2𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 − cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus, the differential equation is exact.
Solution 1:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑀 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥

𝑑𝐹 = ∫(𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥

 MTN 6 – Differential Equations Course Module No. 05
Department of Computer Engineering Page 9

𝐹 = 𝑒 2𝑦 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥

𝐹 = (𝑒 2𝑦 )𝑥 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑦

𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑥(2𝑒 2𝑦 ) − (cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑥 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑁
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦
2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = 2𝑦
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑦).
𝑑𝑇(𝑦)
𝑇 ′ (𝑦) = = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑦) = 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦

𝑦2
𝑇(𝑦) = 2 ( ) = 𝑦2
2
Step 5:
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇(𝑦)
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Step 6:
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Solution 2:
𝜕𝐹
Step 1: Set = 𝑁 and solve for 𝐹
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝐹
= 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦

𝑑𝐹 = ∫(2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝐹 = 𝑥 ∫ 2𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦
 Course Module No. 05 MTN 6 – Differential Equations
Page 10 College of Engineering

𝑦2
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 2 ( ) + 𝑇(𝑥)
2
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝜕𝐹
Step 2: Obtain ,
𝜕𝑥

𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑒 2𝑦 − (cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑦 + 0 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
= 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥)
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝐹
Step 3: =𝑀
𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝐹
= 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑇′(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦
Combine like terms,
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = 0
Step 4: Solve for 𝑇(𝑥).
𝑑𝑇(𝑥)
𝑇 ′ (𝑥) = =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = 0

∫ 𝑑𝑇(𝑥) = 0

𝑇(𝑥) = 0
Step 5:
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑇(𝑥)
𝐹 = 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
Step 6:
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Alternative Method:
Solve (𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
Expand,
𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
By having proper grouping of terms, we get
(𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦) − (𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦) + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
But 𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is equivalent to the exact differential 𝑑(𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 ) and 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 is equivalent to the exact differential 𝑑(sin 𝑥𝑦). Thus,
𝑑(𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 ) − 𝑑(sin 𝑥𝑦) + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
Integrate,
 MTN 6 – Differential Equations Course Module No. 05
Department of Computer Engineering Page 11

∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 ) − ∫ 𝑑(sin 𝑥𝑦) + 2 ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦2
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 2 ( )=𝐶
2
𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 ← 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

IV. Resources and Additional Resources

 Lara, D.M., Ymas, S.E. Differential Equations, 2008 Edition. Ymas Publishing House.

Additional Resources:

 Nagle, R., Saff, E., & Snider, A., (2012). Fundamentals of Differential Equations, 8th
Edition. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.
 Rainville, E. D., & Bedient, P. E. (1989). Elementary Differential Equation, 7th Edition.
Quezon: EDCA Publishing and Distributing Corporation.
 Zill, D. G., Wright, W.S., & Cullen M.R. (2012). Differential Equations with Boundary-
Value Problems, 8th Edition. Cengage Learning.
 Bronson, R., & Costa, G., (2006). Differential Equations, 3rd Edition. United States of
America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.