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API 571 Exam Prep - Multiple Choice

Terms in this set (498)

The Best way to prevent 885°F C

embrittlement is to use low ____
alloys, or to avoid exposing the
susceptible material to the
embrittlement range.

A. Austenite
B. Martensite
C. Ferrite
D. Chromium

The amplitude and frequency C

of vibration as well as the ___ of
the components are critical
factors in vibration-induced
fatigue.

A. Velocity
B. Temperature
C. Fatigue resistance
D. Material properties

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Cavitation is best prevented by D

avoiding conditions that allow
the absolute pressure to fall
below the _____ of the liquid or
by changing the material
properties.

A. Minimum pressure
B. Pressure/Vapor ratio
C. Maximum pressure
D. Vapor pressure

Hardness levels above _________ B

are highly susceptible to
hydrogen stress cracking (HF).
Time-to-failure decreases as
the hardness increases.

A. 225 BHN
B. 237 BHN
C. 241 BHN
D. 247 BHN

_________ are the most common C

type of equipment susceptible
to carburization in the refining
industry.

A. Reactors
B. Heat exchanges
C. Heater tubes
D. Fin Fans

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Different organisms thrive on D

different nutrients including
inorganic substances (Sulfur,
H²S), and organic substances
(Hydrocarbons, Organic acids).
In addition, all organisms
require a source of carbon,
nitrogen and ____ for growth.

A. Oxygen
B. Water
C. Manganese
D. Phosphorous

In design and fabrication, it is A

advisable to avoid sharp
changes in cross section, such
as short radius fillets or
undercut that can give rise to
_________.

Long-seam welds are

particularly susceptible to
reheat cracking due to
mismatch caused by fit up
problems.

A. Stress concentrations
B. Cracking
C. Circumferential stress
D. All of the above

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The most important factors B

affecting graphitization are the
chemistry, stress, temperature
and ______.

A. Velocity
B. Time at exposure
C. Pressure
D. Ductility

Creep damage is found in high C

temperature equipment
operating above the ________.
Fired heater tubes and
components, Catalytic
reactors, FCC reactors and
FCC fractionator and
regenerator internals all
operate in or near this.

A. Transition range
B. MADT
C. Creep range
D. None of the above

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Amine stress corrosion C

cracking is most often
associated with lean amine
services. The pure
alkanolamine does not cause
cracking. Cracking in rich
amine services are most often
associated with _________
problems.

A. H²S
B. Stress
C. Wet H²S
D. Temperature

The loss in strength from A

spheroidization (Softening) is
usually accompanied by a(n)
_________ in ductility, which allows
for deformation at stress
concentration.

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Reduction
D. Yield

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Which of the following D

materials is not susceptible to
high temperature hydrogen
attack?

A. 300 Series SS
B. 5Cr-1Mo
C. 9Cr-1Mo
D. All of the above

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Which of these materials are D

susceptible to creep damage?

A. Carbon Steel
B. Stainless Steel
C. Low alloy steel
D. All of the above

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High temperature hydrogen C

attack results from exposure to
hydrogen at elevated
temperature and pressures. The
hydrogen react with _________ in
steel to produce _______, which
cannot diffuse through steel.
The loss of carbides causes an
overall loss in strength.

A. Carbides, oxygen
B. Alloys, hydrogen dioxide
C. Carbides, methane
D. Hydrogen dioxide, H²S

Ferritic stainless steels are B

usually not used in ________
applications.

A. Non-pressure boundary
B. Pressure boundary
C. High temperature
D. Low temperature

Stress ruptures are B

characterized by _________
failures and are usually
accompanied by thinning at the
fracture surface.

A. Rapid
B. Fish-mouth
C. Tensile
D. None of the above
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With hydrofluoric acid A

corrosion, corrosion rates
increase with ________
temperatures and ________ HF
concentrations.

A. Increasing, decreasing
B. Decreasing, increasing
C. Increasing, increasing
D. Decreasing, decreasing

Which of the following A

materials is susceptible to CO²
corrosion?

A. Carbon steel
B. Stainless steel
C. Duplex stainless steel
D. Both B and C

Steel hardness, ________ and C

stress are critical factors in
causing hydrogen stress
cracking.

A. Temperature
B. Alloy composition
C. Strength
D. None of the above

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If the BHN is 400-500 it may B

indicate __________.

A. Carburization
B. Hydriding
C. Temper embrittlement
D. Caustic embrittlement

The graphitization rate ___________ A

with increasing temperature.

A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Stops
D. Proceeds

The level of creep damage is a C

function of the material and the
coincident _______ level at which
the creep deformation occurs.

A. Pressure/Temperature
B. Pressure/Stress
C. Temperature/Stress
D. None of the above

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Titanium should not be used in B

known hydriding services such
as ______ or _____.

A. Caustic, amine
B. Amine, sour water
C. Sour water, Alkylation
D. All of the above

Convert these temperature ---- C

156°C, 450°F.

A. 304°F, 151°C
B. 284°F, 218°C
C. 312°F, 232°C
D. 296°F, 246°C

Which of the following A

alkanolamine systems is the
most aggressive in causing
amine corrosion?

A. Monoethanolamine (MEA)
B. Diglycolamine (DGA)
C. Diethanolamine (DEA)
D. Methydiethanolamine
(MDEA)

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_________ is a loss in toughness C

due to metallurgical change
that can occur in alloys
containing a ferrite phase, as a
result of exposure in the
temperature range 600°F to
1000°F.

A. Caustic embrittlement
B. Notch toughness
C. 885°F embrittlement
D. Ductile embrittlement

Hydrochloric acid corrosion is C

a general and localized
corrosion and is very
aggressive to most common
materials on construction.
Damage in refineries is often
associated with dew point
corrosion in which vapors
containing _______ and hydrogen
chloride condense from the
overhead stream of a
distillation, fractionation, or
stripping tower.

A. O²
B. O
C. H²O
D. CO²

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When connected to a more B

anodic material, titanium may
suffer severe __________.

A. Corrosion
B. Hydriding
C. Stress
D. Notch toughness

___________ is a form of stress C

corrosion cracking normally
occurring during shutdowns,
startups or during operation
when air and moisture are
present. Cracking is due to
sulfur acids forming from
sulfide scale, air and moisture
on sensitized stainless steel.

A. Caustic SCC
B. Chloride SCC
C. Polythionic acid SCC
D. None of the above

__________ usually occurs when a C

colder liquid contact a warmer
metal surface.

A. Stress cracking
B. Thermal fatigue
C. Thermal shock
D. Stress shock

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Which of these materials is not D

susceptible to amine cracking?

A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. Both B and C

The presence of _______ in H²S B

streams increases the severity
of high temperature sulfide
corrosion at temperature
above about 500°F

A. Amine
B. Hydrogen
C. Sulfides
D. All of the above

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Increasing chromium content in C

the alloy improves resistance
to sulfidation. However, there is
little improvement with
increasing chromium content
until about ______ Cr.

A. 3-5
B. 5-7
C. 7-9
D. 9-12

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______ is the sudden rapid C

fracture under stress (residual
or applied) where the material
exhibits little or no evidence of
ductility or plastic deformation.

A. Thermal fatigue
B. Thermal shock
C. Brittle fracture
D. Stress fracture

Caustic embrittlement cracking B

can be effectively prevented
by means of PWHT at a
temperature of _______.

A. 1100°F
B. 1150°F
C. 1200°F
D. 1250°F

General or localized corrosion A

of carbon steels and other
metals caused by dissolved
salts, gases, organic
compounds or microbiological
activity is called ______.

A. Cooling water corrosion

B. Oxidation
C. MIC
D. None of the above

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With CO² corrosion, increasing B

temperature ________ corrosion
rates up to the point where
CO² is vaporized.

A. Decrease
B. Increase
C. Eliminate
D. None of the above

Units where graphitization may B

be suspected are the FCCU
and the _______ unit.

A. Hydrotreater
B. Coker
C. Alky
D. None of the above

Where is PASCC normally A

located?

A. Adjacent to welds
B. On impellers
C. At stress risers
D. At flanges

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All _______ based materials and D

low alloy materials, 300 Series
SS and 400 Series SS are
susceptible Sulfidation.

A. Carbon
B. Steel
C. Chromium
D. Iron

Sulfuric acid promotes general C

and localized corrosion of
carbon steel. Carbon steel
heat affected zones may
experience severe corrosion.
Acid concentration,
temperature, alloy content and
_______ are critical factors
affecting sulfuric acid
corrosion.

A. Pressure
B. Stress
C. Velocity
D. Ductility

Which of these materials are D

susceptible to brittle fracture?

A. Carbon steels
B. Low alloy steels
C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above

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_______________ is a form of B
environmental cracking that
can initiate on the surface of
high strength low alloy steel
and carbon steels with highly
localized zones of high
hardness on the weld metal
and HAZ as a result of
exposure to aqueous HF acid
service.

A. Sulfide stress cracking

B. Hydrogen stress cracking
C. Caustic stress cracking
D. Hydrogen induced cracking

HCl acid corrosion is found in D

several units, especially _______
and _________ units,
hydroprocessing units and
catalytic reformer units.

A. Amine, crude
B. Crude, Alkylation
C. Vacuum, Amine
D. Crude, Vacuum

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Cracking can occur at low A

caustic levels if a concentrating
mechanism is present. In such
cases, caustic concentrations
of ______ ppm are sufficient to
cause cracking.

A. 50-100
B. 100-150
C. 150-200
D. 200-250

Which of these materials is D

susceptible to 885°F
embrittlement?

A. 400 Series SS
B. Duplex SS
C. 5Cr-1Mo
D. Both A and B

Spheroidization and B
graphitization are competing
mechanism that occur at
overlapping temperature
ranges. Spheroidization tends
to occur above _______ while
graphitization predominates
below this temperature.

A. 1000°F
B. 1025°F
C. 1050°F
D. 1100°F

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Sulfidation is primarily caused B

by _________ and other reactive
sulfur species as a result of the
thermal decomposition of
sulfur compounds at high
temperatures.

A. Sulfur dioxide
B. H²S
C. Sulfur trioxide
D. Sulfates

Damage from sigma phase C

appears in the form of _______.

A. Corrosion
B. Hardness
C. Cracking
D. Ductility

The extent and depth of C

decarburization is a function of
temperature and ________.

A. Pressure
B. Material properties
C. Exposure Time
D. Velocity

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Corrosion of the anode may be B

significantly higher ________ to the
connection to the cathode,
depending on the solution
conductivity.

A. Parallel
B. Adjacent
C. Diagonally
D. Perpendicular

Conditions favoring A
carburization include a high
gas phase carbon activity and
________ oxygen potential.

A. Low
B. High
C. Negative
D. Positive

Susceptibility to temper C
embrittlement is largely
determined by the presence of
the alloying elements
manganese and _______.

A. Chromium
B. Moly
C. Silicon
D. None of the above

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Improved resistance to erosion C

is usually achieved through
increasing substrate ________
using harder alloys, hard facing
or face-hardening treatment.

A. Composition
B. Stress
C. Hardness
D. None of the above

Alloys with Nickle content D

above ________ are highly
resistant to CI and SCC. The
greatest susceptibility is 8% to
12% nickel.

A. 15%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 35%

__________ corrosion rates are B

found in a gas oil desulfurizers
and hydrocrackers than
naphtha desulfurizers and
hydrocrackers by a factor of
almost "2".

A. Lower
B. Higher
C. Sulfidization
D. Hydrogen corrosion

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The accepted way to test for A

temper embrittlement is
__________.

A. Impact testing
B. Metallographic
C. RT
D. UT shear wave

__________ eliminates the C

susceptibility of most common
steels to SCC.

A. Preheat
B. High temperature
C. PWHT
D. All of the above

Changing to a more corrosion D

resistant and/or higher
hardness material _______
improve cavitation resistance.

A. Will
B. May
C. Will Not
D. May Not

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Dew point corrosion can occur A

if the metal temperature is
below the dew point. The dew
point of sulfuric acid is _______.

A. 280°F
B. 220°F
C. 310°F
D. 190°F

All piping and equipment D

exposed to HF acid at any
concentration with hardness
levels above ________ are subject
to hydrogen stress cracking.

A. 200 BHN
B. 210 BHN
C. 227 BHN
D. 237 BHN

Cooling water corrosion and C

_________ are closely related and
should be considered
together.

A. Stress
B. Velocity
C. Fouling
D. Erosion

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Which of the following D

materials is not susceptible to
SCC?

A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. Low alloy steel
D. Both A and C

Graphitization can be D
prevented by using chromium
containing low alloys steels for
long-term exposure above
__________.

A. 650°F
B. 700°F
C. 750°F
D. 800°F

Welds joining dissimilar B

materials (ferritic and
austenetic) may suffer ___________
related damage at high
temperature due to thermal
expansion stresses.

A. Stress
B. Creep
C. Fatigue
D. Thermal stress

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Carbon steel and low alloy D

steels are subject to excessive
hydrochloric acid corrosion
when exposed to any
concentration of HCI acid that
produces pH below _____.

A. 6.0
B. 5.5
C. 5.0
D. 4.5

Amine corrosion depends on B

the design, operating
practices, the type of amine,
amine concentration,
temperature and ________.

A. Pressure
B. Velocity
C. Stress
D. None of the above

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___________ is the main concern D

during start-up, shutdown
and/or hydro testing for
equipment/piping operating at
elevated temperatures. This
event can also occur in an auto
refrigeration event in units
processing light hydrocarbons.

A. Stress fracture
B. Carburization
C. Spheroidization
D. Brittle fracture

If wet electrodes or high C

moisture content flux weld
electrodes are used to weld
carbon steel, hydrogen can be
charged into steel resulting in
________________.

A. Reduced tensile strength

B. Loss of ductility
C. Delayed cracking
D. All of the above

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Thermal fatigue cracks usually A

initiate on the _______ of the
component. They are generally
wide and filled with oxides due
to the elevated temperatures.

A. Surface
B. ID
C. Welds
D. None of the above

___________ caustic concentrations D

and ________ temperature
increase the likelihood and
severity f cracking with caustic
embrittlement.

A. Increasing, Decreasing
B. Decreasing, Increasing
C. Decreasing, Decreasing
D. Increasing, Increasing

For pressure vessels, A

inspection should focus on
welds of ________ operating in the
creep range.

A. CrMo alloys
B. Carbon steel
C. Stainless steel
D. Low hydrogen electrodes

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With CI SCC, _________ levels of C

chloride _______ the likelihood of
cracking.

A. Decreasing, Increases
B. Increasing, Decreases
C. Increasing, Increases
D. Increasing, Eliminates

Dissimilar weld metal cracking A

forms at the toe of the weld in
the heat affected zone of the
_______ material.

A. Ferritic
B. Austenitic
C. Martensitic
D. Both B and C

The major factors affecting A

high temperature sulfidation
are the temperature, the
presence of hydrogen, the
concentration of H²S and the
__________.

A. Alloy content
B. Velocity
C. Pressure
D. Water content

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Stainless steels have higher B

coefficients of thermal
expansion than carbon steel or
low alloy steel or nickel based
alloys and are more likely to
see ________.

A. Higher temperatures
B. Higher stresses
C. Higher pressure
D. None of the above

What standard refers to Risk- A

Based-Inspection?

A. RP 581
B. RP 579
C. RP 588
D. RP 568

Carburization can be A
confirmed by a substantial
increase hardness and a ________
in ductility.

A. Loss
B. Gain
C. Change
D. None of the above

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In vessels and piping, creep B

cracking can occur where high
metal temperatures and ________
occur together.

A. Pressures
B. Stress Concentrations
C. Velocities
D. None of the above

Temper embrittlement ____________ B

be prevented if the material
contains critical levels of
embrittling impurity elements
and is exposed in the
embrittlement range.

A. Can
B. Cannot
C. Will
D. None of the above

Cl SCC usually occurs at metal C

temperatures above _________.

A. 125°F
B. 175°F
C. 140°F
D. 200°F

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Corrosion rates of the anode A

will be less affected if there is a
_________ anode to cathode ratio.

A. Large
B. Small
C. Severe
D. None of the above

Hydrogen permeation or D
diffusion rates have been
found to be minimal at pH
__________ and increase at both
higher and lower pH's.

A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 7

Cooling water corrosion can A

result in many different forms
of damage including general
corrosion, pitting corrosion,
_________, stress corrosion
cracking and fouling.

A. MIC
B. HIC
C. SOHIC
D. All of the above

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Ammonium chloride salts may B

be whitish, greenish or _______.

A. Reddish
B. Brownish
C. Yellowish
D. Bluish

Stainless steel cyclones, piping B

ductwork and valves in high
temperature FCC regeneration
service are susceptible areas
for ____________.

A. Brittle fracture
B. Sigma phase
C. Cavitation
D. Corrosion fatigue

Non-stressed relieved _________ is B

susceptible to stress corrosion
cracking when in contact with
moist HF vapors in the
presence of oxygen.

A. Carbon steel
B. Alloy 400
C. 300 Series SS
D. 400 Series SS

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Higher _________ containing alloys C

are used for improved
resistance to naphthenic acid
corrosion.

A. Chromium
B. Carbon
C. Molybdenum
D. All of the above

Which material below is not B

susceptible to caustic
corrosion?

A. Carbon steel
B. 400 Series SS
C. 300 Series SS
D. Low alloy steel

If weld repairs are required, the B

effects of temper
embrittlement can be
temporarily reversed (de-
embrittled) by heating at
__________ for 2 hours per inch of
thickness and rapidly cooling
to room temperature.

A. 1000°F
B. 1150°F
C. 1200°F
D. 1250°F

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For carbon steel, common D

velocity limits are generally
limited to ________ fps for rich
amine and _________fps for lean
amine.

A. 8-10, 30
B. 6-9, 15
C. 4-8, 10
D. 3-6, 20

Heat treatment can have a A

significant effect on the
toughness and hence fatigue
resistance of a metal. In
general, _________ grained
microstructures tend to
perform better then _________
grained.

A. Fine, Course
B. Austenetic, Martensitic
C. Course, Fine
D. Martensitic, Austenetic

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Short term overheating is a A

permanent deformation
occurring at relatively ________
stress levels as a result of
localized overheating. This
usually Results in bulging and
failure by stress rupture.

A. Low
B. High
C. Even
D. None of the above

Temperature, ___________ and C

stress are critical factors of
stress rupture. This is usually
found in furnaces with cooking
tendencies and fired heater
tubes.

A. Pressure
B. Ductility
C. Time
D. Tensile strength

The effects of hydrogen D

embrittlement __________ with
_________ temperatures.

A. Increase, increasing
B. Decrease, decreasing
C. Increase, decreasing
D. Decrease, increasing

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Temper embrittlement can be A

identified by a(n) ________ shift in
the ductile-to-brittle transition
temperature measured in a
Charpy impact test.

A. Upward
B. Downward
C. Abrupt
D. None of the above

Cooling water corrosion is a D

concern with water-cooled
_________ and cooling towers in all
applications across all
industries.

A. Pumps
B. Vessels
C. Piping
D. Exchangers

___________ is a change on the B

microstructure of steels after
exposure in the 850°F to
1400°F range, where the
carbide phases in carbon
steels are unstable and may
agglomerate from their normal
plate-like appearance.

A. Carburization
B. Spheroidization
C. Graphiding
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Corrosion rates of the anode B

can be high if there is a _______
anode to cathode ratio.

A. Large
B. Small
C. Severe
D. None of the above

Application of post-fabrication B
stress relieving heat treatment
of about ___________ is a proven
method of preventing
carbonate cracking.

A. 1100°F
B. 1150°F
C. 1200°F
D. 1250°F

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Ammonium chloride corrosion C

is the general or localized
corrosion, often pitting,
normally occurring under
ammonium chloride or amine
salt deposits. All commonly
used materials are susceptible
to ammonium chloride
corrosion. A small amount of
_________ can lead to very
aggressive corrosion.

A. Ammonium chloride
B. Amine
C. Water
D. Salt

____________ is a mechanical form B

of degradation that occurs
when a component is exposed
to cyclical stresses for a
extended period, often
resulting in sudden
unexpected failure.

A. Stress fatigue
B. Mechanical fatigue
C. Thermal fatigue
D. Cyclic fatigue.

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_________ and _________ damage D

develop without applied or
residual stress so that PWHT
will not prevent them from
occurring.

A. SOHIC, Blistering
B. SCC, SOHIC
C. HIC, SCC
D. Blistering, HIC

Corrosion protection in the B

boiler is accomplished by
laying down and continuously
maintaining a layer of _________.

A. Manganese
B. Magnetite
C. Carbon monoxide
D. Carbonate

Susceptibility to hydrogen D
stress cracking __________ with
_________ hardness.

A. Increases, increasing
B. Decreases, increasing
C. Decreases, Decreasing
D. Both A and C

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Which of these materials are C

not susceptible to
Spheroidization?

A. Carbon Steel
B. 9Cr-1Mo
C. 316 SS
D. Both A and B

Naphthenic acid corrosion is B

most severe in __________ flow; in
areas of high velocity or
turbulence and in distillation
towers where hot vapors
condense to form liquid
droplets.

A. Single phase
B. Two phase
C. Three phase
D. Negative phase

Nitriding begins above _________ B

and becomes severe above
________.

A. 500°F, 800°F
B. 600°F, 900°F
C. 800°F, 1000°F
D. 700°F, 1100°F

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In fired heater tubes, dissimilar A

weld metal cracking forms
primarily on the _________ of the
material.

A. Outside
B. Inside
C. Welds
D. All of the above

Which of these materials A

exhibit an endurance limit
below which fatigue cracking
will not occur?

A. Carbon Steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. None of the above

Soil corrosion of carbon steel A

can be minimized through the
use of special backfill, coating
and _________.

A. Cathodic protection
B. Resistivity
C. Temperature
D. None of the above

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Which of the following D

materials are generally not
suitable for HF service?

A. 300 Series SS
B. Carbon Steel
C. 400 Series SS
D. Both A and C

In piping and equipment, creep B

cracking can occur where high
metal temperatures and _________
occur together. Creep
cracking, once initiated, can
progress rapidly.

A. Pressures
B. Stress risers
C. Velocities
D. None of the above

At elevated temperatures, C
dissimilar weld metal cracking
is aggravated by the diffusion
of carbon out of weld metal
and into the base metal. The
temperature at which carbon
diffusion becomes a concern is
above ___________.

A. 700°F
B. 750°F
C. 800°F
D. 900°F
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Exposure to high solution B

caustic can result in general
corrosion or high corrosion
rates above ___________.

A. 175°F
B. 150°F
C. 125°F
D. 100°F

Typical HF Alkylation units D

operate with 1% to 3% water in
the acid, equivalent to an HF-
in-water concentration of 97%
to 99% and the temperatures
are generally below __________.

A. 300°F
B. 250°F
C. 200°F
D. 150°F

With decarburization, the C

decarburized layer will be free
of carbide phases. Carbon
steel will be _________.

A. Annealed
B. Quenched
C. Pure Iron
D. None of the above

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What is the chemical symbol A

for ethane or ethylene?

A. C²
B. C3
C. C4
D. CH4

Naphthenic acid corrosion is a D

form of high temperature
corrosion that occurs primarily
in crude and vacuum units and
downstream units that process
certain fractions that contain
naphthenic acid. Which of the
following materials is
susceptible to naphthenic acid
corrosion?

A. Carbon steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above

A form of corrosion caused by C

living organism such as
bacteria, algea or fungi is
___________.

A. HIC
B. SOHIC
C. MIC
D. None of the above

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___________ are characterized by a D

localized loss on thickness in
the form of pits, grooves,
gullies, waves, rounded holes
valleys. These losses often
exhibit directional pattern.

A. Erosion
B. Corrosion/Erosion
C. Environmental corrosion
D. Both A and B

The best method to inspect for A

SCC is _________.

A. WFMT
B. UT Shear Wave
C. AET
D. All of the above

Stainless steels with sigma can C

normally withstand normal
operating stresses but upon
cooling to temperatures below
______ may show a complete lack
of fracture toughness as
measured by a Charpy impact
test.

A. 800°F
B. 600°F
C. 500°F
D. 400°F

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Regular and controlled carbon B

grades of stainless steels such
as types 304/304H and
316/316H are particularly
susceptible to sensitization in
the weld HAZ. Low carbon "L"
grades are less susceptible and
usually can be welded without
sensitizing. The "L" grades will
not sensitize provided long
term operating temperatures
do not exceed about ________.

A. 700°F
B. 750°F
C. 800°F
D. 900°F

Increasing the chromium in B

steels offers no major
improvement in resistance to
CO² corrosion until a minimum
of _________ is reached.

A. 9%
B. 12%
C. 5%
D. 7%

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___________ significantly increases C

the probability and severity of
blistering, HIC and SOHIC.

A. Hydrogen
B. Oxygen
C. Cyanide
D. Caustic

Annealed steels are more B

resistant to Spheroidization
than normalized steel. _________
grained steels are more
resistant that ________ grained
steels.

A. Fine, Course
B. Course, Fine
C. PWHT, Non-PWHT
D. Non-PWHT, PWHT

High strength, low alloy steels B

such as A193-B7 bolts and
compressor parts are
susceptible to hydrogen stress
cracking. A193-B7M Bolts are
susceptible if __________.

A. Exposed
B. Overtorqued
C. Double nutted
D. None of the above

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Which of the following A

materials is not susceptible to
CI SCC?

A. 400 Series SS
B. Duplex SS
C. Nickel based alloys
D. All of the above

Caustic embrittlement is a form B

of stress corrosion cracking
characterized by surface-
initiated cracks that occur in
piping and equipment exposed
to caustic, primarily adjacent to
non-PWHT welds. Which of the
following materials is the most
resistant to embrittlement?

A. Carbon steel
B. Nickle based alloys
C. Low alloy steels
D. 400 Series SS

___________ is the result of cyclic D

stresses caused by variation in
temperature.

A. Cyclic cracking
B. Stress cracking
C. Stress fatigue
D. Thermal fatigue

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Corrosion due to acidic sour A

water containing H²S at a pH
between 4.5 and 7.0 is called
sour water corrosion. Carbon
dioxide (CO²) may also be
present. Which of the following
materials is susceptible to sour
water corrosion?

A. Carbon Steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. Both B and C

__________ of a component is the A

most important factor in
determining a components
resistance to mechanical
fatigue.

A. Design
B. Temperature
C. Stress
D. Pressure

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A condition where steel loses B

strength due to the removal of
carbon and carbides leaving
only an iron matrix is called
decarburization. This occurs
during high temperatures,
during PWHT and from
exposure to fires. Which of the
following materials is not
affected by this?

A. Low alloy steel

B. Duplex SS
C. Carbon Steel
D. None of the above

Dissimilar metal welds with a B

300 Series stainless steel weld
metal on a ferritic steel may
also result in narrow region of
_______ at the toe of the weld,
near the fusion line on the
ferritic side.

A. Ductility
B. Hardness
C. Cracking
D. None of the above

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Stress levels and ________ are the C

critical factors causing
carbonate stress corrosion
cracking.

A. Temperature
B. Velocity
C. Water chemistry
D. None of the above

Cracking of dissimilar weld B

metals occurs in the ________ side
of a weld joining 300 Series SS
and carbon steel.

A. Austenitic
B. Ferritic
C. Both of the above
D. None of the above

Wet H²S services or ___________ A

acid services are process
where hydrogen diffuses into
the steel and hydrogen
embrittlement (HE) is an issue.

A. HF
B. Sulfuric
C. Caustic
D. HCL

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Which of the following C

materials is susceptible to
sigma phase embrittlement?

A. Carbon Steel
B. Low alloy
C. 300 Series SS
D. Both A and B

A quick test for embrittlement A

from _________ is a bend test or
crush test. Unaffected material
will be crushed in a ductile
fashion while embrittled
components will crack with no
signs of ductility.

A. Titanium Hydriding
B. Temper embrittlement
C. Caustic embrittlement
D. None of the above

Refractory anchors must be D

resistant to _________ in high
temperature services.

A. Thermal fatigue
B. Thermal cracking
C. Stress cracking
D. Oxidation

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For a specific material, HTHA is A

dependent on temperature,
hydrogen partial pressure, time
and _____________.

A. Stress
B. Pressure
C. Velocity
D. Alloy composition

The severity of hydrochloric B

acid corrosion _______ with _______
HCI concentration and
increasing temperatures.

A. Decreases, decreasing
B. Increases, increasing
C. Decreases, increasing
D. Increases, decreasing

Corrosion from oxygen tends C

to be _________ type damage and
can show up anywhere even if
only very small amounts break
through the scavenging
system.

A. General
B. Localized
C. Pitting
D. Cracking

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Vessels constructed after D

December, 1987 are subject to
the requirements of _________ of
ASME Section VIII, Division 1.

A. UW-26
B. UG-31
C. UB-54
D. UCS-66

In most cases, brittle fracture C

occurs only at temperatures
below the Charpy impact
transition temperature. Steel
cleanliness and __________ have a
significant influence on
toughness and resistance to
brittle fracture.

A. Alloy composition
B. Tensile strength
C. Grain Size
D. Pressure

Which of the following D

materials is affected by high
temperature corrosion?

A. Carbon Steel
B. 300 Series SS
C. 400 Series SS
D. All of the above

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For some materials such as B

titanium, carbon steel and low
alloy steel, the number of
cycles to fatigue fracture
decreases with __________ until an
endurance limit is reached.
Below this endurance limit,
fatigue cracking will not occur,
regardless of the number of
cycles.

A. Temperature increases
B. Stress amplitude
C. Pressure decreases
D None of the above

In HF service, carbon steel C

forms a protective fluoride
scale in dry concentrated acid.
Loss of the protective scale
through high _________ or
turbulence will result in greatly
accelerated corrosion rates.

A. Temperature
B. Pressure
C. Velocities
D. None of the above

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Oxidation of carbon steel C

begins to become significant
above ________.

A. 800°F
B. 900°F
C. 1000°F
D. 1100°F

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