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Power Semiconductor Devices

1. The operating state that distinguishes a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) from a diode is
(a) Forward conduction state (b) Forward blocking state
(c) Reverse conduction state (d) Reverse blocking state

2. Figure shows two thyristors each rated 500A (continuous) sharing a load current. Current
through thyristor Y is 120A. The current through thyristor X will be nearly _______A.
0.06

X
0.05

Y
120A
LOAD
+
E
_

3. If a diode is connected in anti –parallel with a thyristor, then

(a) Both turn-off power loss and turn –off time decrease
(b) Turn-off power loss decreases but turn-off time increases
(c) Turn-off power loss increases, but turn-off time decreases
(d) None of the above

4. Figure shown a MOSFET with an integral body diode. It is employed as a power switching
device in the ON and OFF states through appropriate control. The ON and OFF states of
the switch are given on the VDS – IS plane by
D

VDS

G
S

IS
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IS  IS 

  VDS  VDS


Fig. A Fig. B

IS IS

 VDS   VDS

 
Fig. C Fig. D

a) Fig.A b)Fig.B c)Fig.C d)Fig.D

5. The triggering circuit of a thyristor is shown in figure. The thyristor requires a gate current
of 10mA, for guaranteed turn –on. The value of R required for the thyristor to turn on
reliably under all conditions of Vb variation is
Load
Vb=12 4V
R 100V

(a) 10000 (b) 1600 (c) 1200 (d) 800

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6. A MOSFET rated for 15A, carries a periodic current as shown in figure. The ON state
resistance of the MOSFET is 0.15. The average ON state loss in the MOSFET is
I

10A

t
0  2 3

(a) 33.8W (b) 15.0W (c) 7.5W (d) 3.8W

7. Figure shows the voltage across a power semiconductor device and the current through the
device during a switching transition. Is the transition a turn ON transition or a turn OFF
transition? What is the energy lost during the transition?

v,i
I

i
V
v

t
t1 t2
VI
(a) Turn ON, t 1  t 2  (b) Turn OFF, VIt 1  t 2 
2
VI
(c) Turn ON, VIt 1  t 2  (d) Turn OFF, t 1  t 2 
2

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8. An electronic switch S is required to block voltages of either polarity during its OFF state
as shown in Figure a. This switch is required to conduct in only one direction during its ON
state as shown in Figure b.
S 1` 1 i 1`
1
S
(a) (b)
Which of the following are valid realizations of the switch S?

(P) (Q) 1
1 1` 1`

(R) 1 1` (S) 1 1`

(a) Only P (b) P and Q (c) P and R (d) R and S

9. A voltage commutation circuit is shown in figure. If the turn off time of the SCRs is 50
sec and safety margin of 2 is considered, then what will be the approximate minimum value
of capacitor required for proper commutation?

50Ω 50Ω

100V
Th1 Th2

(a) 2.88 F (b) 1.44F (c) 0.91 F (d) 0.72 F

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10. An SCR having a turn ON time of 5sec, latching current of 50mA and holding current of
40mA is triggered by a short duration pulse and is used in the circuit shown in figure. The
minimum pulse width required to turn the SCR ON will be

20Ω

100V 5KΩ

0.5H

(a) 251 sec (b) 150 sec (c) 100sec (d) 5sec

11. The circuit in the figure is a current commutated dc-dc chopper where. ThM is the main
SCR and ThAUX is the auxiliary SCR. The load current is constant at 10A. ThM is ON.
ThAUX is triggered at t = 0. ThM is turned OFF between
ThM

ThAUX L
O
A
230V D

10F,25.28H

(a) 0 s < t  25 s (b) 25 s < t  50 s

(c) 50 s < t  75 s (d) 75 s < t  100 s

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Common Data for Questions 12 & 13

A 1:1 pulse transformer (P.T) is used to trigger the SCR in the adjacent figure. The SCR is rated
at 1.5kV, 250A with IL=250mA, IH= 150mA and IGMAX=150mA. IGMIN=100mA. The SCR is
connected to an inductive load where L=150mH in series with a small resistance and the supply
voltage is 200V dc. The forward drops of all transistors/diodes and gate cathode junction during
ON state are 1.0V.

1.0

10V S L
 R
P.T C
R

+
200V

12. The resistance R should be

(a) 4.7 k (b) 470 k (c) 47 (d) 4.7

13. The minimum approximate volt-second rating of the pulse transformer suitable for
triggering the SCR should be (volt-second rating is the maximum of product of the voltage
and the width of the pulse that may be applied)
(a) 2000V-s (b) 200V-s (c) 20V-s (d) 2.0V-s

14. Figure shows a composite switch consisting of a power transistor (BJT) in series with a
diode. Assuming that the transistor switch and the diode are ideal, the V-I characteristics of
the composite switch is
+ V _
 
I

(a) I (b) I (c) I (d) I

V V V V

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15. Figure shows four electronic switches (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv). Which of the switches can
block voltages of either polarity (applied between terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’) when the active
device is in the OFF state?

a a a a

b b
b b

(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)

16. A steady dc current of 100A is flowing through a power module (S, D) as shown in Figure
(a). The V-I characteristics of the IGBT (S) and the diode (D) are shown in the figure (b) and (c),
respectively. The conduction power loss in the power module (S, D), in watts, is ________
Ia(A)
Ia(A)

dV/dI=0.01
S D dV/dI=0.02
V0 =0.7V
V0 =1V

Vs(Volt)
Vs(Volt)
100A
V-I Characteristic of Diode
V-I Characteristic of IGBT
(a) (c)
(b)

17. The voltage (Vs) across and the current (iS) through a semiconductor switch during a turn –
ON transition are shown in figure. The energy dissipated during the turn-ON transition, in
mJ, is ______.

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Vs 600V
0 t

50A
is
100A
0 t

T1=1s T2=1s
18. For the power semiconductor devices IGBT, MOSFET, Diode and Thyristor, which one of
the following statements is TRUE?
(a) All the four are majority carrier devices
(b) All the four are minority carrier devices
(c) IGBT and MOSFET are majority carrier devices, whereas Diode and Thyristor are
minority carrier devices.
(d) MOSFET is majority carrier device, whereas IGBT, Diode, Thyristor are minority
carrier devices

19. Four power semiconductor devices are shown in the figure along with their relevant
terminals. The devices that can carry dc current continuously in the direction shown when
gated appropriately is (are)

A MT1 A D

K K S
G I G G I
I

MT2
Thyristor Triac GTO MOSFET

(a) Triac only (b) Triac and MOSFET

(c) Triac and GTO (d) Thyristor and Triac

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20. Assuming a linear fall of voltage across a transistor at turn ON, falling from V to zero in a
time t2, the expression for the snubber inductance L, which will delay the rise of current to its
ON state of I in a time of t1 is

V I

VT
i

0 t1 t2 Time t

D
A
L
VT
VL

i
V

Vt12 Vt 22 Vt12 Vt 22
(a) (b) (c) (d)
It 2 2It1 2It 2 It1

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21. During turn off of a thyristor idealized voltage and current waveforms are shown in figure
at a triggering frequency of 50Hz. The mean power loss due to turn off characteristics is
_____W.
Ia

4s t1 =2s
t

-300A

Va

-100V

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22. Two six pulse converters, used for a bipolar HVDC transmission system (shown in figure)
are rated at 1000MW,  200kV
The RMS current rating of each thyristor will be

+
+

V01

-
V0
+

V02

-
-

(a) 2500A (b) 1443.4A (c) 2041.2A (d) 0A

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dV
23. For the circuit shown in figure, rating of SCR is 350V/s and its junction capacitance
dt
is 20pF. Switch S is closed at t = 0. The value of Cs so that SCR T is not turn ON due to
dV
is ______ F.
dt

S 20Ω

D RS Cj

250V

CS

dV
24. In the circuit shown below. The maximum value of for the SCR is
0.15pF
dt
10Ω

15H

SCR

2Ω
~
2. 230Sin314t

(a) 164 V/ sec (b) 202 V/ sec

(c) 185 V/ sec (d) 216.85 V/ sec

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25. A power semiconductor device of thermal resistance 0.60 C/W has its heat sink at 900C in
case the junction drop is 1.5V, for a load current of 30A dc, the junction temperature would
be
(a) 630C (b) 1070C (c) 1170C (d) 1270C

26. A power diode is in the forward conduction mode and the forward current is now
decreased. The reverse recovery time of the diode is trr and the rate of fall of the diode
di
current is . What is the stored charge?
dt
 di  1  di   di  1  di 
(a)   t rr (b)   t rr (c) 2  t 2rr (d)   t 2rr
 dt  4  dt   dt  2  dt 

27. A power transistor has its switching waveforms as shown in Figure. If the average power
loss in the transistor is limited to 300W, find the switching frequency at which this
transistor can be operated
VCE,iC

VCE
200V IC

VCC = 200V
ICS = 100A

t
40s 60s
50s 75s
ton toff
28. For an SCR, the gate –cathode characteristic has a straight –line slope of 130. For trigger
source voltage of 15V and allowable gate power dissipation of 0.5 watts, compute the gate
–source resistance.

29. The trigger circuit of a thyristor has a source voltage of 15V and the load line has a slope of
-120 V per ampere. The minimum gate current to turn-on the SCR is 25mA. Compute:
(a) source resistance required in the gate circuit
(b) the trigger voltage and trigger current for an average gate power dissipation of 0.4 watts

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30. For an SCR, gate cathode characteristic is given by Vg =1 + 10 Ig. Gate source voltage is a
rectangular pulse of 15V with 20sec duration. For an average gate power dissipation of
0.3W and a peak gate- drive power of 5W, compute:
(a) the resistance to be connected in series with the SCR gate
(b) the triggering frequency, and
(c) the duty cycle of the triggering pulse.

31. During forward conduction, a thyristor has static 1-V characteristic as shown by a straight
line in Figure. Find the average power loss in the thyristor and its rms current rating for the
following load conditions:
(a) A constant current of 80A for one-half cycle
(b) A constant current of 30A for one-third cycle

Ia

100A

0.8V 2.0V Va

32. Thyristor shown in Figure has I2t rating of 20A2s. If terminal A gets short-circuited to
ground, calculate the fault clearance time so that SCR is not damaged.

1 1
 A
T

230 2 sin 314 t 10 R1 10

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33. For the circuit shown in figure:

10 0.15F

15 H
 
SCR

2 2

(a) calculate the maximum values of di/dt and dv/dt for the SCR.
(b) find the rms and average current ratings of the SCR for firing angle delays of 900 and
1500

34. SCRs with a rating of 1000V and 200A are available to be used in a string to handle 6 kV
and 1 kA. Calculate the number of series and parallel units required in case derating factor
is (a) 0.1 and (b) 0.2

35. It is required to operate 250A. SCR in parallel with 350-A SCR with their respective on-
state voltage drops of 1.6V and 1.2V. Calculate the value of resistance to be inserted in
series with each SCR so that they share the total load of 600A in proportion to their current
ratings.

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PHASE CONTROLLED CONVERTERS

01. When a line commutated converter operates in the inverter mode
(a) It draws both real and reactive power from the A.C supply
(b) It delivers both real and reactive power to the A.C supply
(c) It delivers real power to the A.C. supply
(d) It draws reactive power from the A.C. supply

02. Referring to the figure the type of load is

V0

V0

(a) Inductive load (b) resistive load

(c) dc motor (d) capacitive load

03. In a dual converter, the circulating current

(a) Allows smooth reversal of load current, but increases the response time
(b) Does not allow smooth reversal of load current, but reduces the response time
(c) Allows smooth reversal of load current with improved speed of response
(d)Flows only if there is no interconnecting inductor

04. An SCR is connected in series with a 300V ac supply and a 300 ohms load resistor.
Calculate for a firing angle of 450
(a) The reading of a moving coil ammeter connected in series with the load and
(b) The reading on a moving iron voltmeter connected across the SCR

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05. When the firing angle  of a single phase, fully controlled rectifier feeding constant d.c.
current into a load is 300, the displacement power factor of the rectifier is:
1 3
(a) 1 (b)0.5 (c) (d)
3 2

06. A 3- phase fully controlled, converter is feeding power into a d.c. load at a constant current
of 150A. The rms current through each thyristor of the converter is:
150 2 150
(a) 50 A (b) 100 A (c) (d)
3 3

07. A three phase semi- converter feeds the armature of a separately excited dc motor,
supplying a non- zero torque. For steady state operation, the motor armature current is
found to drop to zero at certain instances of time. At such instances, the voltage assumes a
value that is
(a) Equal to the instantaneous value of the ac phase voltage
(b) Equal to the instantaneous value of the motor back emf
(c) Arbitrary
(d) Zero

08. A thyristor, three phase, fully controlled converter feeds a dc load that draws a constant
current. Then the input ac line current to the converter has
(a) An rms value equal to the dc load current
(b) An average value equal to the dc load current
(c) A peak value equal to dc load current
(d) A fundamental frequency component, whose rms value is equal to the dc load current

09. AC-to-DC circulating current dual converters is operated with the following relationship
between their triggering angles (1 and 2).
(a) 1 +2= 1800 (b) 1+ 2 = 3600
0
(c) 1- 2= 180 (d) 1 + 2= 900

10. A half – wave thyristor converter supplies a purely inductive load, as shown in figure. If
the triggering angle of the thyristor is 1200, the extinction angle will be

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+
L
_
Vm sin t

(a) 2400 (b) 1800 (c) 2000 (d) 1200

11. A fully controlled natural commuted 3- phase bridge rectifier is operating with a firing
angle = 300. The peak to peak voltage ripple expressed as a ratio of the peak output dc
voltage at the output of the converter bridge is
3  3
(a) 0.5 (b) (c) 1   
 (d) 3  1
2  2 
12. A 3- phase fully controlled bridge converter with freewheeling diode fed from
400V,50HZ AC source and is operating at a firing angle of 600. The load current is assumed
constant at 10A due to high load inductance. The input displacement factor (IDF) and the input
power factor (IPF) of the converter will be
(a) IDF = 0.867 IPF = 0.828
(b) IDF = 0.867 IPF = 0.552
(c) IDF =0.5 IPF = 0.478
(d) IDF =0.5 IPF =0.318

13. A solar cell of 350 V is feeding power to an ac supply of 440V, 50 Hz through a 3- phase
fully controlled bridge converter. A large inductance is connected in the dc circuit to
maintain the dc current at 20A. If the solar cell resistance is 0.5, then each thyristor will
be reverse biased for a period of
(a) 1250 (b) 1200 (c) 600 (d) 550

14. A single- phase bridge converter is used to charge a battery of 200V having an internal
resistance of 2 as shown in figure. The SCR’s are triggered by a constant dc signal. If
SCR 2 gets open circuited, then what will be average charging current?
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200V
Battery

SCR1 SCR2
230V
50Hz
SCR3 SCR4

(a)23.8 A (b) 15A (c) 11.9A (d) 3.54 A

15. A single- phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac- dc converter is operating at a firing
angle of 250 and an overlap angle of 100 with constant dc output current of 20A. The
fundamental power factor (displacement factor) input ac main is
(a)0.78 (b) 0.827 (c) 0.866 (d) 0.9

16. In the circuit of adjacent figure the diode connects the ac source to a pure inductance L.
The diode conducts for D

AC Pure L

(a) 900 (b) 1800 (c) 2700 (d) 3600

17. A single phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies a load drawing constant and ripple
free load current. If the triggering angle is 300, the input power factor will be
(a) 0.65 (b) 0.78 (c) 0.85 (d) 0.866

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18. A single phase fully controlled converter bridge is used for electrical braking of a
separately excited dc motor. The dc motor load is represented by an equivalent circuit as
shown in the figure. Assume that the load inductance is sufficient to ensure continuous and
ripple free load current. The firing angle of the bridge for a load current I0= 10A will be
I0

2
230V,
50Hz 150V


(a) 440 (b) 510 (c) 1290 (d) 1360

Common Data for Questions19and 20

The input voltage given to a converter is
V = 100 2 sin(100t)V
The current drawn by the converter is

10 2 sin(100t   / 3)  5 2 sin(300t   / 4)  2 2Sin(500t   / 6) A 
19. The input power factor of the converter is
(a) 0.31 (b) 0.44 (c) 0.5 (c) 0.71

20. The active power drawn by the converter is

(a) 181W (b) 500W (c) 707W (d) 887W

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 21 and 22:

A solar energy installation utilizes a three – phase bridge converter to feed energy into
power system through a transformer of 400V/400V, as shown below
Filter choke

Battery

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The energy is collected in a bank of 400V batteries and is connected to converter through a
large filter choke of resistance 10.
21. The maximum current through the battery will be
(a) 14A (b) 40A (c) 80A (d) 94A

22. The kVA rating of the input transformer is

(a) 53.2kVA (b) 46.0kVA (c) 22.6kVA (d) 19.6kVA

23. A half-controlled single-phase bridge rectifier is supplying an R-L load. It is operated at a

firing angle  and the load current is continuous. The fraction of cycle that the
freewheeling diode conducts is
   
(a) ½ (b) 1   (c) (d)
  2 

24. Thyristor Tin the figure below is initially off and is triggered with a single pulse of width
 100   100 
10s. It is given that L   H and C   F. Assuming latching and holding
     
currents of the thyristor are both zero and the initial charge on C is zero, T conducts for

+ L
T
15V C

(a) 10s (b) 50s (c) 100s (d) 200s

25. The figure shows the circuit of a rectifier fed from a 230-V (rms), 50-Hz sinusoidal voltage
source. If we want to replace the current source with a resistor so that the rms value of the
current supplied by the voltage source remains unchanged, the value of the resistance (in
ohms) is _______ (Assume diodes to be ideal)

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10A
230V, 50Hz

26. The figure shows the circuit diagram of the rectifier. The load consists of a reactance 10
and an inductance 0.05H connected in series. Assuming ideal thyristor and ideal diode, the
thyristor firing angle (in degree) needed to obtain an average load voltage of 70V is
______.

+
325 sin (314t)V Load
_

27. A fully controlled converter bridge feeds a highly inductive load with ripple free load
current. The input supply (Vs) to the bridge is a sinusoidal source. Triggering angle of the
bridge converter is  = 300. The input power factor of the bridge is ______.

iS
+ Load
VS
_ 

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28. In the given rectifier, the delay angle of the thyristor T1 measured from the positive going
zero crossing of Vs is 300. If the input voltage Vs is 100 sin (100t) V, the average voltage
across R (in Volt) under steady – state is ________.

T1 D3
VS +
R V0
_

D4 D2

29. A single – phase thyristor – bridge rectifier is fed from a 230V, 50Hz, single – phase AC
mains. If it is delivering a constant DC current of 10A, at firing angle of 300, then value of
the power factor at AC mains is
(a0 0.87 (b)0.9 (c) 0.78 (d) 0.45

30. A three-phase diode bridge rectifier is feeding a constant DC current of 100A to a highly
inductive load. If three-phase, 415V, 50Hz AC source is supplying to this bridge rectifier
then the rms value of the current in each diode, in ampere, is _______

31. A full bridge converter supplying an RLE load is shown in figure. The firing angle of the
bridge converter is 1200. The supply voltage Vm(t) = 200 sin(100t)V. R = 20, E =
800V. The inductor L is large enough to make the output current IL a smooth dc current .
Switches are lossless.The real power fed back to the source,in kW,is __________

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Load
i

T1 T3

Bridge R=20
Vs
T4 T2 _
E=800V
+

32. A single – phase bi-directional voltage source converter (VSC) is shown in the figure
below. All devices are ideal. It is used to charge a battery at 400V with power of 5kW from
a source Vs = 220V(rms). 50Hz sinusoidal AC mains at unity p.f. If its AC side interfacing
inductor is 5mH and the switches are operated at 20kHz, then the phase shift () between
AC mains voltage (VS) and fundamental AC rms VSC voltage (VC1), in degrees, is
_______.

5mH
Xs +
1mF 400V Is
Is _ Vs
220V AC 
Vci I s Xs

33. The figure below shows an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier supplied from a 220V, 50Hz,
1-phase ac source. The load draws a constant current I0 = 14A. The conduction angle of the
diode D1 in degrees (rounded off to two decimal places) is ________.

D1 D3
Ls =10mH

220V,
I0=14A
50Hz

D4 D2
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34. The waveform of the current drawn by a semi- converter from a sinusoidal AC voltage
&current source is shown in the figure. If I0= 20A, the MIS value of fundamental
component of the current is ……….. A (up to 2 decimal places).
Voltage and
Current

V0 sin (t)

I0
I0 t
0
300 1800
2100

35. A single phase fully controlled rectifier is supplying a load with an anti- parallel diode as
shown in the figure. All switches and diodes are ideal. Which one of the following is true
for instantaneous load voltage and current?

i0
+
L
O
A V0
D _

(a) V0 0 & i0<0 (b) V0< 0 & i0<0

(c) V0 0 & i0 0 (d) V0< 0 & i0 0

36. A phase controlled single phase rectifier, supplied by an AC source, feeds power to an R-L-
v
E . The reflector output voltage has an average value given by V0  M 3  cos   , where
2
Vm= 80 V and  is the firing angle. If the power delivered to the loss less battery is
1600W ,  in degrees is ______ (up to 2 decimal places).

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37. A single –phase full bridge diode rectifier is supplied from 230 V, 50 Hzsource. The load
consists of R = 10Ω and a large inductance so as to render the load current constant.
Determine:
(a) Average values of output voltage and output current,
(b) Average and rms values of diode currents,
(c) rms values of output and input currents, and supply pf.

38. A single phase transformer, with secondary voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz, delivers power to
load R = 10Ω through a half-wave controlled rectifier circuit. For a firing-angle delay of
600, determine.
(a) The rectification efficiency
(b) Form factor
(c) Voltage ripple factor
(d) Transformer utilization factor
(e) PIV of thyristor

39. A single-phase full converter bridge is connected to RLE load. The source voltage is 230
V,50 Hz . The average load current of 10 A is constant over the working range. For R
=0.4Ω and L = 2 mH, compute:
(a) Firing angle delay for E = 120 V
(b) Firing angle delay for E = -120 V
40. A 3-phase half-wave controlled converter is fed from 3-phase, 400V, 50 Hzsource and is
connected to load taking a constant current of 36 A.Thyristors have a voltage drop of 1.4 V.
(a) Calculate average value of load voltage for a firing angle of 300and 600.
(b) Determine average and rms current ratings as well as PIV of thyristors.
(c) Find the average power dissipated in each thyristor.

41. A 3-phase full-converter, fed from 3-phase, 400 V, 50HZ source, is connected to load R
=10Ω, E = 350 V and large inductance so that output current is ripple free. Calculate the
power delivered to load and input pf for (a) firing angle of 300 and (b) firing advance angle
of 600 .

42. A 3-phase full-converter bridge is connected to supply voltage of 230V per phase and a
frequency of 50 Hz. The source inductance is 4 mH. The load current on dc side is constant
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at 20 A. If the load consists of a dc source of internal emf 400V with internal resistance of
1Ω,then calculate:
(a) Firing angle delay and (b) Overlap angle in degrees.

43. A 3- phase fully-controlled bridge converter with 415V supply, 0.04 resistance per phase
and 0.25 reactance per phase is operating in the inverting mode at a firing advance angle
of 350. Calculate the mean generator voltage when the current level at 80A. The thryristor
voltage drop is 1.5V.

44. A semiconductor switch is used to connect a load of 5 ,0.05H to a 240V, 50Hz supply..
indicate the initial triggering angle for the worst transient.

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CHOPPERS

1. A step down chopper operates from a dc voltage source Vs and feeds a dc motor armature
with a back emf Eb. From oscilloscope traces, it is found that the current increases for
timetr, falls to zero over time tF , and remains zero for time t0 , in every chopping cycle.
Then the average dc voltage across the freewheeling diode is:
(a)
Vs t r V t  E b t F 
(b) s r
V t  E b t 0 
(c) s r
V t  E b t r  t 0 
(d) s r
(t r  t F  t 0 ) (t r  t F  t 0 ) (t r t F  t 0 ) (t r  t F  t 0 )

2. In the chopper circuit shown in Figure the input dc voltage has a constant value Vs, the
output voltage Vo is assumed ripple-free. The switch S is operated with a switching time
period T and a duty ratio D. what is the value of D at the boundary of continuous and
discontinuous conduction of the inductor current iL? L
S +

iL
+ +
VI C
_ _ R
V0

Vs 2L 2L RT
(a) D  1  (b) D  (c) D  1  (d) D 
V0 RT RT L

3. A chopper is employed to charge a battery as shown in Figure. The charging current is 5A.
The duty ratio is 0.2. The chopper output voltage is also shown in Figure. The peak to peak
ripple current in the charging current is

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5A
L=20mH
Voc 60V

CHOPPER t
12V

VDC
200s

1ms

(a) 0.48 A (b) 1.2 A (c) 2.4 A (d) 1 A

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 4 and 5:

A voltage commutated chopper operating at 1 kHz is used to control the speed of dc moor
as shown in figure. The load current is assumed to be constant at 10A.
M
+
IL
1F
A
V = 250 V

2mH

4. The minimum time in sec for which the SCR M should be ON is

(a) 280 (b) 140 (c) 70 (d) 0

5. The average output voltage of the chopper will be

(a) 70V (b) 47.5V (c) 35V (d) 0V

6. In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is operated at a duty cycle of 0.5. A large
capacitor is connected across the load. The inductor current is assumed to be continuous.
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The average voltage across the load and the average current through the diode will
respectively be
IL=4A L ID D

LOAD
20V Vo
S

(a) 10V, 2A (b) 10V, 8A (c) 40V, 2A (d) 40V, 8A

7. In the chopper circuit shown, the main thyristor (TM) is operated at a duty ratio of 0.8.
which is much larger than the commutation interval. If the maximum allowable reapplied
dv/dt on TM is 50 V/s. What should be the theoretical minimum value of C1? Assume
current ripple through L0 to be negligible . The value of resistance is 8ohms.

+
TM

L1

100V
C1 TA Lo

C0
D0

D1
_

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(a) 0.2F (b) 0.02F (c) 2 F (d) 20F

8. The power electronic converter shown in the figure has a single-pole double-throw switch.
The pole P of the switch is connected alternately to throws A and B. The converter shown
is a A
L
P

VIN +

B VOUT
_

(A) step-down chopper (buck converter)

(B) half-wave rectifier
(C) step-up chopper (boost converter)
(D) full-wave rectifier

9. A voltage commutated chopper circuit, operated at 500Hz, is shown below.

M
IM IL = 10
+   

0.1F
A
IA L
200V  
O
A
D
1mH

_

If the maximum value of load current is 10A, then the maximum current through the main
(M) and auxiliary (A) thyristors will be
(a) iMMax = 12A and iAMax = 10A (b) iMMax = 12A and iAMax = 2A
(c) iMMax = 10A and iAMax = 12A (d) iMMax = 10A and iA Max = 8A

10. In the circuit shown an ideal switch S is operated at 100kHz with a duty ratio of 50%.
Given that ic is 1.6A peak-to-peak and I0 is 5A dc, the peak current in S is.

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S
L
+
i0
ic

V0
24V
D C R

-
(a) 6.6A (b) 5.0A (c) 5.8A (d) 4.2A

11. The separately excited dc motor in the figure below has a rated armature current of 20A
and a rated armature voltage of 150V. An ideal chopper switching at 5 kHz is used to
control the armature voltage. If La= 0.1mH, Ra =1Ω , neglecting armature reaction, the
duty ratio of the chopper to obtain 50% of the rated torque at the rated speed and the rated
field current is

+ LaRa
- 200V

(A) 0.4 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.6 (D) 0.7

Common Data for Question 12 and 13.

In the figure shown below, the chopper feeds a resistive load from a battery source.
MOSFET Q is switched at 250 kHz, with a duty ratio of 0.4. All elements of the circuit are
assumed to be ideal
100F

470F
+ 12V Q 20
-

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12. The average source current in Amps in steady-state is

(A) 3/2 (B) 5/3 (C) 5/2 (D) 15/4

13. The PEAK TO PEAK source current ripple in amps is

(A) 0.96 (B) 0.144 (C) 0.192 (D) 0.288

14. In the following chopper, the duty ratio of switch S is 0.4. If the inductor and capacitor are
sufficiently large to ensure continuous inductor current and ripple free capacitor voltage,
the charging current (in Ampere) of the 5V battery, under steady – state, is ______.
L
S

+
20 V 3
_ C
+
5V
_

15. The circuit shown is meant to supply a resistive load RL from separate DC voltage sources.
The switches S1 and S2 are controlled so that only one of them is ON at any instant. S1 is
turned on for 0.2 ms and S2 is turned on for 0.3 ms in a 0.5 ms switching cycle time period.
Assuming continuous conduction of the inductor current and negligible ripple on the
capacitor voltage, the output voltage V0 (in volt) across RL is _________.
S1 L

S2 +
+ + C RL V0
10V
_ _ 5V
-

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16. A self commutating switch SW, operated at duty cycle  is used to control the load voltage
as shown in the figure. Under steady state operating conditions, the average voltage across
the inductor and the capacitor respectively, are
VL
D

S
SW C Vc Rc
VDC

1  1
(a) VL  0 and VC  Vdc (b) VL  Vdc and VC  Vdc
1  2 1 
  
(c) VL  0 and VC  Vdc (d) VL  Vdc and VC  Vdc
1  2 1 

17. A buck converter feeding a variable load is shown in the figure. The switching frequency
of the switch is 100 kHz and the duty ratio is 0.6. The output voltage V0 is 36V. Assume
that all the components are ideal, and that the output voltage is ripple-free. The value of
R(in Ohm) that will make the inductor current (iL) just continuous is ______.
5mH
S iL

+
+
60V 36V_ V0 R
_

18. For switching converter shown in the following figure, assume steady – state operation.
Also assume that the components are ideal, the inductor current is always positive and
continuous and switching period is Ts. If the voltage VL is as shown, the duty cycle of the switch
S is ________
_
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V - V

15
+ + t
S C R
Vin - _ T
V
-
45V

19. A buck converter, as shown in Figure (a) below, is working in steady state. The output
voltage and the inductor current can be assumed to be ripple free Figure (b) shows the inductor
voltage VL during a complete switching interval.Assuming all devices are ideal,the duty of the
buck converter is ____________
M VL

+ - + 30V
VL
TON TOFF
+ C R 0
D V0
Vg t
-
-20V
-
TS
(a)
(b)
20. A buck- boost DC-DC converter shown in the figure below, is used to convert 24V battery
voltage to 36V DC voltage to feed a load of 72W. It is operated at 20kHz with an inductor
of 2mH and output capcitor of 1000F. All devices are considered to be ideal. The peak
voltage across the solid – state switch (S), in volt, is ______.

S -
+ Load
2mH
- 24V
+ 36V

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21. A DC-DC boost converter, as shown in the figure below, is used to boost 360V to 400V, at
a power of a 4kW. All devices are ideal, considering continuous inductor currrent, the rms
current in the solid state switch (S), in ampere, is _______.
10mH

+

Load +
S
360V 1mF 400V
-

- 

22. The input voltage VDC of the buck-boost converter shown below varies from 32V to 72V.
Assume that all components are ideal, inductor current is continuous, and output voltage is
ripple free. The range of duty ratio D of the converter for which the magnitude of the
steady state output voltage remains constant at 48 V is
S1

-
R
+ Vo
VDC L C
- +

2 3 2 3 1 2
(a) D (b) D (c) 0  D 1 (d) D
5 5 3 4 3 3

23. In the circuit shown all elements are ideal and the switch S is operated at 10kHz and 60%
duty ratio. The capacitor is large enough so that the ripple across it is negligible and at
steady state acquires a voltage as shown. The peak current in amperes drawn from the 50V
DC source is ________ (Give the answer up to one decimal place).

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+
-
50 V 75 V
0.6 mH 5
- +

24. The figure shows two buck converters connected in parallel. The common input dc voltage
for the converters has a value of 100V. The converters have inductors of identical value.
The load resistance is 1 . The capacitor voltage has negligible ripple. Both converters
operate in the continuous conduction mode. The switching frequency is 1kHz, and the
switch control signals are as shown. The circuit operates in the steady state. Assuming that
the converters share the load equally, the average value of iS1, the current of switch S1 (in
Ampere), is ______ (up to 2 decimal places).

+ S1 L

100V
C 1
-

S2 S1

S2
t
0 0.5ms 1ms

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25. A dc to dc converter shown in the figure is charging a battery bank. B2 whose voltage is
constant at 150 V. B1 is another battery bank whose voltage is constant at 50V. The value of the
inductor, L is 5mH and the ideal switch, S is operated with a switching frequency of 5kHz with a
duty ratio of 0.4. Once the circuit has attained steady state and assuming the diode D to be ideal,
the power transferred from B1 to B2 (in Watt) is ___________ (up to 2 decimal places).

L=5mH
iL D

S +
50V B1 B2_ 150V

26. A DC-DC buck converter operates in continuous conduction mode. It has 48V input
voltage, and it feed a resistive load of 24. The switching frequency of the converter is 250
Hz. If switch-on duration is 1 ms, the load power is
(A) 48W (B) 12W (C) 24W (D) 6W

27. In a DC-DC boost converter, the duty ratio is controlled to regulate the output voltage at
48V. The input DC voltage is 24V. The output power is 120W. The switching frequency is
50kHz. Assume ideal components and a very large output filter capacitor. The converter
operates at the boundary between continuous and discontinuous conduction modes. The
value of the boost inductor (in μH) is _________.

28. The gain of the converter shown is _________. Switch connected to 1 & 1` while 0 < t <
 T 
Ton and moved to 2 & 2` when Ton< t < T. D  on 
 T 
L

Vg
+_ 1 2`
2 + V _
1`

D 1
(a) (b) (c) 2D-1 (d) 0
2D  1 2D  1

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29. In a DC-DC converter the inductor current for two values of L is shown below. The
relation between L1 and L2 is
iL L1
L2

t
Ts

L2
(a) L1> L2 (b) L1< L2 (c) L1 = L2 (d) L1 
2

30. A power converter is shown in the figure has two power switching devices namely X and
Y. The source voltage is 50V. The inductor current is steady 5A without any ripple.
X L

iL
Y
+ +
50V C
_ _ Vo

On V-I plane, identify the correct operating points of switches from the given options.

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x y
I I

5A 5A

(a) Vo Vo
-50V -50V

y
x

I I

(b)
5A 5A

Vo Vo
50V -50V

(c) y
x
I I

5A 5A

Vo Vo
50V 50V
-5A

(d) None
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31. The semi converter switch shown in Figure-1 is operated at a frequency of 20kHz and duty
ratio of 0.5. The circuit operates in steady state, V1 = 100V and V2 = 275V. The diagram of
inductor current IL is shown in figure -2. The value of T is ______ s.
V1 V2

IL

100H

t(s)
DT βT
S
TS

32. A boost converter is operated from a source voltage 100V. The load resistance is 200.
The internal resistance of inductor is 0.8 then the average output voltage is ______V.
(D = 0.4)
(a) 165.35 (b) 167.50 (c) 162.57 (d) 164.83

33. A boost converter is shown in the figure. The DC source voltage is 100V and load
resistance is 15. Assume that the inductor has an internal resistance of 0.8. The
maximum value of duty cycle which can give the stable operation of the converter circuit is

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L D

+
Vdc C R V0
SW
_

(a) 0.769 (b) 0.972 (c) 0.891 (d) 0.789

34. A step up chopper has input voltage of 220V and output voltage of 660V. If the conducting
time of thyristor chopper is 100 s, compute the pulse width of output voltage.
In case output voltage pulse width is halved for constant frequency operation, find the
average value of new output voltage.

35. A step – up/step down chopper has input dc voltage of 220V and output voltage of 660V.
If the conduction time of thyristor chopper is 120 s. compute the pulse width of load
voltage. In case pulse width of load voltage is increased to three times its previous width,
for constant frequency operation, calculate the new value of average output voltage.

36. An RLE load is a operating in a chopper circuit from a 500 volt dc source. For the load, L =
0.06H, R = 10 and constant E. For a duty cycle of 0.2, find the chopping frequency to limit
the amplitude of load current excursion to 10A.

37. A series motor used for a rapid transit system is fed through a dc chopper. The series motor
has total circuit resistance of 2 and inductance of 2 mH. What external inductance should
be inserted in series with the armature circuit in order to limit the per unit ripple in
armature current to 10% for a duty cycle of 0.5. The chopping frequency is 1 kHz.

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INVERTER

1. A PWM switching scheme is used with a three phase inverter to

(a) Reduce the total harmonic distortion with modest filtering
(b) Minimize the load on the DC side
(c) Increase the life of the batteries
(d) Reduce low order harmonics and increase high order harmonics

2. Triangular PWM control, when applied to a three phase, BJT based voltage source
inverter, introduces
(a) Low order harmonic voltages on the dc side
(b) Very high order harmonic voltage on the dc side
(c) Low order harmonic voltages on the ac side
(d) Very high order harmonic voltage on the ac side

3. A three phase voltage source inverter supplies a purely inductive three phase load. Upon
Fourier analysis , the output voltage waveform is found to have an n-th order harmonic of
magnitude n times that of the fundamental frequency component (n<1). The load
current would then have an n-th order harmonic of magnitude
(a) zero
(b) n times the fundamental frequency component
(c) nn times the fundamental frequency component
(d) n/n times the fundamental frequency component

4. An inverter has a periodic output voltage with the output waveform as shown in Fig.
when the conduction angle = 1200, the RMS fundamental component of the output
voltage is

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V
2d

3/2

/2  2

-V
2d

(a) 0.78 V (b) 1.10V (c) 0.90 V (d) 1.27 V

5. A single phase inverter is operated in PWM mode generating a single- pulse of width 2d
in the center of each half cycle as shown in figure. It is found that the output voltage is
free from 5th harmonic for pulse width 1440. What will be percentage of 3rd harmonic
 V 
present in the output voltage  03  ?
 V01 max 
1

2

0 

-1

(a) 0.0 % (b)20.6% (c)31.7% (d)53.9%

6. A 3- phase voltage source inverter is operated in 1800 conduction mode. Which one of
the following statements is true?
(a) Both pole- voltage and line- voltage will have 3rd harmonic components

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(b) pole- voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but line- voltage will be free from 3rd
harmonic
(c) Line – voltage will have 3rd harmonic component but pole- voltage will be free from
3rd harmonic
(d) Both pole- voltage and line- voltage will be free from 3rd harmonic components

7. A three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) as shown in the figure is feeding a delta
connected resistive load of 30/ phase. If it is fed from a 600V battery with 1800
conduction of solid-state devices, the power consumed by the load, in kW is……….

30 30
600V
30

8. A 3- phase voltages source inverter is supplied from a 600V DC source as shown in the
figure below. For a star connected resistive load of 20  per phase, the load power for
1200 device conduction, in kW, is ……….

20

+  
600V 
_ 20
20

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9. In the converter circuit shown below, the switches are controlled such that the load
voltage V0 (t) is a 400Hz square wave

S1 S3

+
220V LOAD
_
+ Vo(t) _

S4 S2

The RMS value of the fundamental component of v0 (t) in volts is …………

10. A three-phase voltage source inverter with ideal devices operating in 1800 conduction
mode is feeding a balanced star – connected resistive load. The DC voltage input is Vdc.
The peak of the fundamental component of the phase voltage is
V 2Vdc 3Vdc 4 Vdc
(a) dc (b) (c) (d)
   

11. The figure below shows a half-bridge voltage source inverter supplying an RL- load with
 0.3 
R=40 and L=   H. The desired fundamental frequency of the load voltage is 50Hz.
  
The switch control signal of the converter are generated using sinusoidal pulse width
modulation with modulation index M= 0.6 is50Hz, the RL- load draws an active power
of 144. The value of DC source voltage VDC in volts is

+
VDC S1
-
R L

VDC +
- S2

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(a) 300 2 (b) 500 (c) 500 2 (d) 1000 2

12. The output voltage of a single- phase full bridge voltage source inverter is controlled by
unipolar PWM with one pulse per half cycle for the fundamental component rms of
output voltage to be 75% of DC voltage, the required pulse width in degrees (rounded up
to one decimal place) is ………

13. A single – phase bridge inverter delivers power to a series connected RLC load with R =
2 and L = 10. The periodic time T = 0.1 msec. What value of C should the load
have in order to obtain load commutation for the SCRs. The thyristor turn-off time is 10
sec. Take circuit turn off time as 1.5 tq. Assume that load current contains only
fundamental component.

14. A single –phase full-bridge inverter, using transistors and diodes is feeding a load of R =
3 with input dc voltage of 60V. Calculate:
(a) rms value of (i) output voltage and (ii) fundamental component of output voltage
(b) output power
(c) fundamental frequency output power
(d) average and peak currents of each transistor
(e) peak reverse blocking voltage of each transistor
(f) harmonic factor for third harmonic and
(g) THD

15. A three-phase bridge inverter delivers power to a resistive load from a 450V dc source.
For a star-connected load of 10 per phase, determine for both (a) 1800 mode and (b)
1200 mode,
(i) rms value of load current
(ii) rms value of thyristor current
(iii) load power

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16. A single phase- bridge inverter, fed from 230V dc, is connected to load R = 10 and L =
0.03 H. Determine the power delivered to load in case the inverter is operating at 50Hz
with
(a) square wave output
(b) quasi-square wave output with an on period of 0.5 of a cycle and
(c) two symmetrically spaced pulses per cycle with an on period of 0.5 of a cycle.

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ELECTRIC DRIVE
1. In case of an armature controlled separately excited dc motor drive with closed loop speed
control, an inner current loop is useful because it
(a) Limits the speed of the motor to a safe value
(b) Helps in improving the drive energy efficiency
(c) Limits the peak current of the motor to the permissible value
(d) Reduced the steady state speed error

2. A separately excited dc motor is controlled by varying its armature voltage using a single
phase full converter bridge as shown in figure; the field current is kept constant at the rated
value. The motor has an armature resistance of 0.2, and the motor voltage constant is
2.5V (rad/sec). The motor is driving a mechanical load having a constant torque of 140Nm.
The triggering angle of the converter is 600. The armature current can be assumed to be
continuous and ripple free
I0

250V(rms)
50Hz R0 = 0.2

If constant

+
(a) Calculate the motor armature current
(b) Evaluate the motor speed in rad/sec
(c) Calculate the RMS value of the fundamental component of the input current to the
bridge

3. A variable speed drive rated for 1500 rpm, 40 Nm is reversing under no load. Figure shows
the reversing torque and the speed during the transient. The moment of inertia of the drive
is

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Speed
Torque
+500 rpm

+20Nm t

t
0.5sec 1500 rpm

(a) 0.048 kg m2 (b) 0.064 kg m2 (c) 0.096 kg m2 (d) 0.128 kg m2

4. An electric motor, developing a starting torque of 15Nm, starts with a load torque of 7 Nm
on its shaft. If the acceleration at start is 2 rad/sec2, the moment of inertia of the systems
must be (neglecting viscous and Coulomb/friction).
(a) 0.25 kg m2 (b) 0.25 Nm2 (c) 4 kg m2 (d) 4 Nm2

5. A 220V, 20A, 1000 rpm, separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 2.5.
The motor is controlled by a step down chopper with a frequency of 1 kHz. The input dc
voltage to the chopper is 250V. The duty cycle of the chopper for the motor to operate at a
speed of 600 rpm delivering the rated torque will be
(a) 0.518 (b) 0.608 (c) 0.852 (d) 0.902

6. A 220V, 1400 rpm, 40A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.4.
The motor is fed from a single phase circulating current dual converter with an input ac line
voltage of 220V (RMS). The approximate firing angles of the dual converter for motoring
operation at 50% of rated torque and 1000 rpm will be
(a) 430, 1370 (b) 430, 470 (c) 390, 1410 (d) 390, 510

7. A 200V, 875 rpm, 150A separately excited dc motor has an armature resistance of 0.06.
It is fed from a single phase fully controlled rectifier with an ac source voltage of 220V,
50Hz. Assuming continuous conduction, calculate
(i) firing angle for rated motor torque and 750 rpm
(ii) Firing angle for rated motor torque and (-500) rpm
(iii) motor speed for  = 1600 and rated torque

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8. A 220V, 960rpm, 12.8A separately excited dc motor has armature circuit resistance and
inductance of 2 ohm and 150 mH respectively. It is fed from a single phase half-controlled
rectifier with an ac source voltage of 230V, 50Hz. Calculate
(i) Motor torque for  = 600 and speed = 600 rpm
(ii) Motor speed for  = 600 and T = 20 N-m

9. A 220V, 1500 rpm, 50A separately excited motor with armature resistance of 0.5, is fed
from a 3-phase fully- controlled rectifier. Available ac source has a line voltage of 440V,
50Hz. A star delta connected transformer is used to feed the armature so that motor
terminal voltage equals rated voltage when converter firing angle is zero.
(i) Calculate transformer turns ratio
(ii) Determine the value of firing angle when:
(a) motor is running at 1200 rpm and rated torque
(b) when motor is running at -800 rpm and twice the rated torque
Assume continuous conduction

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Miscellaneous
1. Consider the converter given below:
L
N3: N1 N1: N2
D2

+
DF C V0
R
VS  _

D3
SW

Given N1 = 10, N3 = 15, VS = 300V

The maximum voltage stress of switch SW is
(a) -500V (b) 500V (c) 300V (d) 750V

2. The boost converter of fig. below has parameters

Vs = 20V,
D = 0.6
L = 100H
R = 50
C = 100F
f = 15 kHz
The value of output voltage is _____ Volts

L
iC
+  +
Vs V0
_

_

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3. The Given circuit topology represents

L1
 
S1
+
+ Vs V0
_
_

L2
 
S2

(a) Boost converter (b) Buck converter

(c) Buck Boost converter (d) None

4. A flyback converter shown in figure below has the following circuit parameters
Vs =24V R = 5
N1/N2 = 3.0 C = 200F
Lm = 500H f = 40 kHz
V0 = 5V
  N1: N2

+ - +
Lm V1 V2 C R V0
+ _
+ _

VS _
 
 +
 _

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The required value of duty ratio ‘D’ is ________.

5. The triac circuit shown in figure controls the ac output power to the resistive load. The
peak power dissipation in the load is




230 2 sin t  R=10
4



(a) 3968 W (b) 5290W (c) 7935 W (d) 10580 W

6. A single – phase SCR based ac regulator is feeding power to a load consisting of 5

resistance and 16mH inductance. The input supply is 230V, 50Hz ac. The maximum firing
angle at which the voltage across the device becomes zero all throughout and the rms value
of current through SCR, under this operating condition are
(a) 300 and 46A (b) 300 and 23A (c)450 and 23A (d) 450 and 32A

7. Two six pulse converters, used for bipolar HVDC transmission system, are rated at 1000
MW,  200kV. Calculate the rms current and peak reverse voltage ratings for each of the
thyristor values.

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