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Orthographic Views
By James D. Bethune

Date: Mar 10, 2017

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Learn how to create and interpret orthographic views. Views are created using third-angle projection in compliance with ANSI standards and conventions.
The differences between first-angle and third-angle projections are demonstrated. Five exercise problems are included to help students learn to work with
the two different standards. Also included are section views, auxiliary views, and broken views. Several of the projects require that a 3D solid model be
drawn from a given set of orthographic views to help students develop visualization skills.

Chapter Objectives

Learn about orthographic views

Learn ANSI standards and conventions

Learn how to draw section and auxiliary views

4-1 Introduction
Orthographic views are two-dimensional views used to define a three-dimensional model. More than one orthographic view is needed to define a model unless the model is of uniform
thickness. Standard practice calls for three orthographic views, a front, top, and side view, although more or fewer views may be used as needed.

There are two sets of standards used to define the projection and placement of orthographic views: the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO). The ANSI calls for orthographic views to be created using third-angle projection and is the accepted method for use in the United States. See the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers publication ASME Y14.3-2003. Some countries, other than the United States, use first-angle projection. See ISO publication 128-30.

This chapter will present orthographic views using third-angle projections as defined by ANSI. However, there is so much international commerce happening today that you should be able
to work in both conventions and in either inches or millimeters.

Figure 4-1 shows a three-dimensional model and three orthographic views created using third-angle projection and three orthographic views created using first-angle projection. Note the
differences and similarities. The front view in both projections is the same. The top views are the same but are in different locations. The third-angle projection presents a right-side view,
while the first-angle projection presents a left-side view.

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Figure 4-1

Figure 4-2 shows the drawing symbols for first- and third-angle projections. These symbols can be added to a drawing to help the reader understand which type of projection is being used.
These symbols were included in the projections presented in Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-2

4-2 Third- and First-Angle Projections

Figure 4-3 shows an object with front and top orthographic views created using third-angle and first-angle projections. For third-angle projections the orthographic view is projected on a
plane located between the viewer’s position and the object. For first-angle projections the orthographic view is projected on a plane located beyond the object. The front and top views for
third- and first-angle projections appear the same, but they are located in different positions relative to the front view.
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Figure 4-3

The side orthographic views are different for third- and first-angle projections. Third-angle projections use a right-side view. First-angle projections use a left-side view. Figures 4-4 and 4-5
show the side views for two different objects. For third-angle projections, the viewer is located on the right side of the object and creates the side orthographic view on a plane located
between the view position and the object. For first-angle projections the viewer is located on the left side of the object and creates the side orthographic view on a plane located beyond the
object.

Figure 4-4

Figure 4-5

To help understand the difference between side view orientations for third- and first-angle projections, locate your right hand with the heel facing down and the thumb facing up. Rotate your
hand so that the palm is facing up—this is the third-angle projection orientation. Return to the thumb-up position. Rotate your hand so that the palm is down—this is the first-angle view
orientation.

4-3 Fundamentals of Orthographic Views

Figure 4-6 shows an object with its front, top, and right-side orthographic views projected from the object. The views are two-dimensional, so they show no depth. Note that in the projected
right plane there are three rectangles. There is no way to determine which of the three is closest and which is farthest away if only the right-side view is considered. All views must be
studied to analyze the shape of the object.

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Figure 4-6

Figure 4-7 shows three orthographic views of a book. After the views are projected they are positioned as shown. The positioning of views relative to one another is critical. The views must
be aligned and positioned as shown.

Figure 4-7

Normal Surfaces
Normal surfaces are surfaces that are at 90° to each other. Figures 4-8, 4-9, and 4-10 show objects that include only normal surfaces and their orthographic views.

Figure 4-8

Figure 4-9

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Figure 4-10

Hidden Lines
Hidden lines are used to show surfaces that are not directly visible. All surfaces must be shown in all views. If an edge or surface is blocked from view by another feature, it is drawn using
a hidden line. Figures 4-11 and 4-12 show objects that require hidden lines in their orthographic views.

Figure 4-11

Figure 4-12

Figure 4-13 shows an object that contains an edge line, A-B. In the top view, line A-B is partially hidden and partially visible. The hidden portion of the line is drawn using a hidden-line
pattern, and the visible portion of the line is drawn using a solid line.

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Figure 4-13

Figures 4-14 and 4-15 show objects that require hidden lines in their orthographic views.

Figure 4-14

Figure 4-15

Precedence of Lines
It is not unusual for one type of line to be drawn over another type of line. Figure 4-16 shows two examples of overlap by different types of lines. Lines are shown on the views in a
prescribed order of precedence. A solid line (object or continuous) takes precedence over a hidden line, and a hidden line takes precedence over a centerline.

Figure 4-16

Slanted Surfaces

6 of Slanted
62 surfaces are surfaces drawn at an angle to each other. Figure 4-17 shows an object that contains two slanted surfaces. Surface ABCD appears as a rectangle
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front views. Neither rectangle represents the true shape of the surface. Each is smaller than the actual surface. Also, none of the views shows enough of the object to enable the viewer to
accurately define the shape of the object. The views must be used together for a correct understanding of the object’s shape.

Figure 4-17

Figures 4-18 and 4-19 show objects that include slanted surfaces. Projection lines have been included to emphasize the importance of correct view location. Information is projected
between the front and top views using vertical lines and between the front and side views using horizontal lines.

Figure 4-18

Figure 4-19

Compound Lines
A compound line is formed when two slanted surfaces intersect. Figure 4-20 shows an object that includes a compound line.

Figure 4-20

Oblique Surfaces
An oblique surface is a surface that is slanted in two different directions. Figures 4-21 and 4-22 show objects that include oblique surfaces.

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Figure 4-21

Figure 4-22

Rounded Surfaces
Figure 4-23 shows an object with two rounded surfaces. Note that as with slanted surfaces, an individual view is insufficient to define the shape of a surface. More than one view is needed
to accurately define the surface’s shape.

Figure 4-23

Convention calls for a smooth transition between rounded and flat surfaces; that is, no lines are drawn to indicate the tangency. SolidWorks includes a line to indicate tangencies between
surfaces in the isometric drawings created using the multiview options but does not include them in the orthographic views. Tangency lines are also not included when models are
rendered.

Figure 4-24 shows the drawing conventions for including lines for rounded surfaces. If a surface includes no vertical portions or no tangency, no line is included.

Figure 4-24

Figure 4-25 shows an object that includes two tangencies. Each is represented by a line. Note in Figure 4-25 that SolidWorks will add tangent lines to the 3D model. These lines will not
appear in the orthographic views.

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Figure 4-25

Figure 4-26 shows two objects with similar configurations; however, the boxlike portion of the lower object blends into the rounded portion exactly on its widest point, so no line is required.

Figure 4-26

4-4 Drawing Orthographic Views Using SolidWorks

SolidWorks creates orthographic views using the drawing tools found on the New SolidWorks Document box. See Figure 4-27.

Figure 4-27

Start a new drawing by clicking the New tool.

Click the Drawing icon on the New SolidWorks Document box.

Click OK.

The Sheet Format/Size box will appear. See Figure 4-28. Accept the A (ANSI) Landscape format.

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Figure 4-28

TIP

Drawing sheets, that is, the paper drawings are printed on, are manufactured in standard sizes. For example, in the English unit system an A-size drawing sheet is 8.5 × 11 in.
In the metric unit system an A4-size drawing sheet is 210 × 297 mm.

A listing of standard sheet sizes is shown in Figure 4-28.

Click OK.

A drawing template will appear. See Figure 4-29. The template includes a title block, a release block, a tolerance block, and two other blocks. The template format can be
customized, but in this example the default template will be used. The title block will be explained in the next section.

Figure 4-29

Click the Objects tool.

Select the object option.

See Figure 4-30.

Figure 4-30

The Document Properties dialog box will appear. See Figure 4-31.

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Figure 4-31

Click OK.

Third-angle projection is the format preferred by U.S. companies in compliance with ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standards. First-angle projection is used by
countries that are in compliance with ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Figure 4-32 shows an L-bracket drawn in both first- and third-angle projection. Compare
the differences in the projected views.

Figure 4-32

Figure 4-32 also shows a dimensioned isometric drawing of the L-bracket. The bracket was drawn in Section 3-3. If you have not previously drawn the bracket, do so now and save
it as L-bracket.

Click the View Layout tab.

Click the Standard 3 View tool located on the View Layout panel.

See Figure 4-33. The Standard 3 View PropertyManager will appear on the left side of the screen.

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Figure 4-33

Click the Browse. . . box.

The Open box will appear. See Figure 4-34.

Figure 4-34

Select the L-BRACKET file. A rectangle will appear on the screen representing the views.

Select the L-bracket, and click Open.

Three orthographic views will appear on the screen. They include no hidden lines. The hidden lines must be added. See Figure 4-35.

Figure 4-35
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Figure 4-35a

Figure 4-35b

Click the top orthographic view and select the Hidden Lines Visible tool in the Display Style box of the Drawing View PropertyManager.

The hidden lines will appear in the top view.

Click the right-side view, then click the Hidden Lines Visible tool to add hidden lines to the right-side view.

Notice in the top and right-side views that there are no centerlines for the hole. Centerlines are added using the Centerline option found on the Annotation tab. See Figure 4-36.
The circular view of the hole will automatically generate a set of perpendicular centerlines.

Figure 4-36

Note the difference between center marks and centerline tools.

Click the arrow on the right side of the Annotation panel and select the Centerline option.

Click each of the two parallel lines in the top and side views that define the hole.

The centerlines will appear. See Figure 4-37.

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Figure 4-37

Figure 4-38 shows the orthographic views of another object. The dimensions for the object are given in Figure P4-23. Note the hidden lines in the side view that represent the Ø30 hole.
The right vertical line is continuously straight, whereas the left vertical line has a step. Why?

Figure 4-38

To Move Orthographic Views

Figure 4-39 shows the orthographic views of the L-bracket generated for Figure 4-37. The views can be moved closer together or farther apart.

Figure 4-39

Move the cursor into the area of the top view.

A red boundary line will appear.

Click and hold one of the boundary lines.

Drag the view to a new location.

To Create Other Views

The Standard 3 View tool will generate front, top, and right-side orthographic views of an object. These views are considered the standard three views. Other orthographic views and
isometric views can be generated.

Click the Projected View tool.

The Projected View tool is one of the View Layout tools.

Click the front view and move the cursor to the left of the front view, creating a new orthographic view.
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In this example a left-side view was created. Add hidden lines and centerlines as needed.

Click the left view in its new location.

Press the <Esc> key or click the green OK check mark.

See Figure 4-40.

Figure 4-40

Use the Centerline tool to add a centerline to the hole in the left-side view.

Click the Projected View tool and click the front view again.

Move the cursor to the right and upward.

An isometric view will appear.

Click the isometric view in its new location.

Press the <Esc> key or click the green OK check mark.

4-5 Section Views

Some objects have internal surfaces that are not directly visible in normal orthographic views. Section views are used to expose these surfaces. Section views do not include hidden lines.

Any material cut when a section view is defined is hatched using section lines. There are many different styles of hatching, but the general style is evenly spaced 45° lines. This style is
defined as ANSI 31 and will be applied automatically by SolidWorks.

Figure 4-41 shows a three-dimensional view of an object. The object is cut by a cutting plane. Cutting planes are used to define the location of the section view. Material to one side of the
cutting plane is removed, exposing the section view.

Figure 4-41

Figure 4-42 shows the same object presented in Figure 4-41 using two orthographic views and a section view. The cutting plane is represented by a cutting plane line. The cutting plane
line is defined as A-A, and the section view is defined as view A-A.

Figure 4-42

All surfaces directly visible must be shown in a section view. In Figure 4-43 the back portion of the object is not affected by the section view and is directly visible from the cutting plane. The
section view must include these surfaces. Note how the rectangular section blocks out part of the large hole. No hidden lines are used on section views.

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Figure 4-43

4-6 Drawing a Section View Using SolidWorks

This section will show how to draw a section view of an existing model. In this example, the model presented as P4-22 in the Chapter Projects was used to demonstrate the concepts.

Start a new drawing using the Drawing format.

See the previous section on how to create orthographic views using SolidWorks. Select the A (ANSI) Landscape format and select the ANSI standards.

NOTE

See Figures 4-29 to 4-32 for an explanation of how to specify the third-angle format.

Click the Model View tool on the View Layout panel.

TIP

The Model View tool is similar to the Standard 3 View tool but creates only one orthographic view rather than three views.

In the Part/Assembly to Insert box click Browse.. . .

See Figure 4-44. The Open box will appear. See Figure 4-45.

Figure 4-44

Figure 4-45

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Click the model to be used to draw orthographic views, and click Open.

In this example the model is called BLOCK, 3 HOLES. The dimensions for the BLOCK, 3 HOLES can be found in Figure P4-22.

A rectangular outline will appear defining the boundaries of the orthographic view. By default, this will be a front view. In this example we want a top view.

Click the Top view tool.

See Figure 4-46.

Figure 4-46

Locate the top orthographic view on the drawing screen and click the mouse.

Add a center mark to the Ø30 hole.

See Figure 4-47.

Figure 4-47

Click the View Layout tab and click the Section View tool.

The orthographic view will be outlined by a dotted line.

NOTE

If more than one view was present on the screen, you would first have to select which view you wanted to be used to create the section view.

Select a horizontal cutting plane line.

Define the location of the cutting plane line by moving the cursor to the approximate midpoint of the left vertical line of the orthographic view.

The system will automatically jump to the line’s midpoint. A filled square icon will appear.

Click the green OK check mark.

Move the cursor downward.

The section view will appear and move with the cursor. See Figure 4-48.

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Figure 4-48

Select an appropriate location and click the mouse.

Click the Flip direction box if necessary.

See Figure 4-49.

Figure 4-49

Add centerlines.

Click the green OK check mark.

NOTE

Section views are always located behind the arrows; that is, the arrows point away from the section view. Think of the arrows as your eyes looking at the section view.

More than one section view may be taken from the same model. See Figure 4-50.

Figure 4-50

The section views shown in Figure 4-50 use a hatching pattern made from evenly spaced 45° lines. This is the most commonly used hatch pattern for section views and is designated as
ANSI 31 in the ANSI hatch patterns. SolidWorks can also draw section views using one of five different styles. See Figure 4-51.

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Figure 4-51

To Change the Style of a Section View

Move the cursor into the area of the section view and right-click the mouse.

A listing of tools will appear, and the Display Style box will appear.

Click the mouse again in the section view area to remove the list of tools.

Click one of the boxes in the Display Style box.

Figure 4-52 shows two of the styles available: shaded with edge lines, and shaded. The hidden lines removed style is used for all other illustrations in this chapter.

Figure 4-52

4-7 Aligned Section Views

Figure 4-53 shows an example of an aligned section view. Aligned section views are most often used on circular objects and use an angled cutting plane line to include more features in the
section view. Note in Figure 4-48 how section view A-A was created by rotating the cutting plane into a vertical position before projecting the section view.

Figure 4-53

Figure 4-53 shows an aligned section view created using SolidWorks. The aligned section view was created as follows.

Start a new drawing using the Drawing format and open the model for the aligned section view.

The model was drawn using the given dimensions given in Figure 4-53.

Access the Section View tool.

The Aligned Section View tool is a flyout from the Section View tool.

See Figure 4-54.

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Figure 4-54

Click the object’s centerpoint.

Click the centerpoint of two Ø10 holes as shown.

Click the green OK check mark.

Move the cursor away from the object.

The aligned section will appear as the cursor is moved.

Add centerlines; click the green OK checkmark.

4-8 Broken Views

It is often convenient to break long continuous shapes so that they take up less drawing space. Figure 4-55 shows a long L-bracket that has a continuous shape; that is, its shape is
constant throughout its length.

Figure 4-55

To Create a Broken View

Draw a model of the long L-bracket using the dimensions shown in Figure 4-55. Save the model.

Start a new drawing using the Drawing format and click on the long L-bracket.

Click the View Layout tab, and click the Break tool.

See Figure 4-56.

Figure 4-56

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Set the Gap size for 0.25in and select the Zig Zag Cut style.

Move the cursor onto the long L-bracket and click a location for the first break line.

Click a location for the second break line.

The area between the break lines will be removed.

Click the green OK check mark.

If the break is not satisfactory, undo the break and insert a new one.

4-9 Detail Views

A detail view is used to clarify specific areas of a drawing. Usually, an area is enlarged so that small details are easier to see.

To Draw a Detail View

Create a Part drawing for the model shown in Figure P4-23. Save the model.

Start a new drawing using the Drawing format and create a front section view, and a top orthographic view of a model. Use third-angle projection.

Click the Detail View tool located on the View Layout panel.

See Figure 4-57.

Figure 4-57

Locate the centerpoint for a circle that will be used to define the area for the detail view by clicking a point.

In this example the intersection of the top view’s front edge line and the right edge line of the slot were selected.

Move the cursor away from the point.

A detail view will appear.

When the circle is big enough to enclose all the area you wish to display in the detail view, click the mouse.

Move the cursor away from the views.

Select a location for the detail view and click the mouse.

The scale of the detail view can be changed by changing the values in the Scale box in the Manager column. The callout letters are changed using the Detail Circle box.

4-10 Auxiliary Views

Auxiliary views are orthographic views used to present true-shaped views of a slanted surface. In Figure 4-58 neither the front nor the side view shows a true shape of the slanted surface.
A top view would show a foreshortened view. Only a view taken 90° to the surface will show its true shape.

Figure 4-58
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To Draw an Auxiliary View

Draw the model with a slanted surface shown in Figure 4-58.

Start a new drawing using the Drawing format and create orthographic views of the model.

In this example a front and a right-side view were drawn. See Figure 4-59.

Figure 4-59

Click the View Layout tab, then click the Auxiliary View tool.

Click the slanted edge line in the front view.

Move the cursor away from the slanted edge line.

Click the arrow box in the Auxiliary View manager box.

Because there is only one auxiliary view and its origin is obvious, no defining cutting plane line is needed.

Select a location for the auxiliary view and click the mouse.

If needed, adjust the font size for the view callout.

In this example the horizontal/vertical center mark for the hole in the auxiliary view was hidden and replaced with an aligned center mark.

Figures 4-60 and 4-61 show additional examples of auxiliary views.

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Figure 4-60

Figure 4-61

Chapter Projects
Draw a front, top, and right-side orthographic view of each of the objects in Figures P4-1 through P4-94. Do not include dimensions.

Figure P4-01 INCHES

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Figure P4-02 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-03 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-04 INCHES

Figure P4-05 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-06 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-07 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-08 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-09 INCHES

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Figure P4-10 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-11 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-12 INCHES

Figure P4-13 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-14 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-15 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-16 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-17 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-18 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-19 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-20 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-21 INCHES

Figure P4-22 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-23 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-24 INCHES

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Figure P4-25 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-26 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-27 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-28 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-29 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-30 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-31 INCHES

Figure P4-32 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-33 INCHES

Figure P4-34 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-35 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-36 INCHES

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Figure P4-37 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-38 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-39 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-40 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-41 INCHES

Figure P4-42 INCHES

Figure P4-43 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-44 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-45 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-46 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-47 INCHES

Figure P4-48 INCHES

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Figure P4-49 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-50 INCHES

Figure P4-51 INCHES

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Figure P4-52 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-53 INCHES

Figure P4-54 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-55 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-56 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-57 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-58 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-59 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-60 INCHES

Figure P4-61 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-62 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-63 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-64 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-65 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-66 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-67 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-68 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-69 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-70 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-71 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-72 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-73 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-74 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-75 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-76 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-77 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-78 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-79 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-80 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-81 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-82 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-83 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-84 INCHES

Figure P4-85 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-86 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-87 INCHES

Figure P4-88 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-89 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-90 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-91 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-92 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-93 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-94 MILLIMETERS

For Figures P4-95 through P4-100:

A. Sketch the given orthographic views, and add the top view so that the final sketch includes a front, top, and right-side view.
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B. Prepare a three-dimensional sketch of the object.

Figure P4-95

Figure P4-96

Figure P4-97

Figure P4-98

Figure P4-99

Figure P4-100

For Figures P4-101 through P4-128:

A. Redraw the given views, and draw the third view.

B. Prepare a three-dimensional sketch of the object.

Figure P4-101 INCHES

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Figure P4-102 INCHES

Figure P4-103 INCHES

Figure P4-104 INCHES

Figure P4-105 INCHES

Figure P4-106 INCHES

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Figure P4-107 INCHES

Figure P4-108 INCHES

Figure P4-109 INCHES

Figure P4-110 INCHES

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Figure P4-111 INCHES

Figure P4-112 INCHES

Figure P4-113

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Figure P4-114

Figures P4-113 through P4-128 are drawn with grid backgrounds. The grid may be either 0.50 × 0.50 inches or 10 × 10 millimeters.

Figure P4-115

Figure P4-116

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Figure P4-117

Figure P4-118

Figure P4-119

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Figure P4-120

Figure P4-121

Figure P4-122

Figure P4-123

Figure P4-124

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Figure P4-125

Figure P4-126

Figure P4-127

Figure P4-128

Draw the complete front, top, and side views of the two intersecting objects given in Figures P4-129 through P4-134 on the basis of the given complete and partially complete orthographic
views.

Figure P4-129 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-130 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-131 INCHES

Figure P4-132 INCHES

Figure P4-133 INCHES

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Figure P4-134 MILLIMETERS

Draw the front, top, and side orthographic views of the objects given in Figures P4-135 through P4-138 on the basis of the partially complete isometric drawings.

Figure P4-135 MILLIMETERS

Figure P4-136 MILLIMETERS

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Figure P4-137 INCHES

Figure P4-138 INCHES (SCALE: 5=1)

Draw the following as 3D models using the given dimensions.

Figure P4-139

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Figure P4-140

Figure P4-141

Figures P4-142 through P4-149 are presented using first-angle projection per ISO standards.

Draw the objects as

a. 3D models

b. Orthographic views using third-angle projections per ANSI standards.

Figure P4-142

Figure P4-143

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Figure P4-144

Figure P4-145

Figure P4-146

Figure P4-147A

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Figure P4-147B

Figure P4-148A

Figure P4-148B

Figure P4-149A

Figure P4-149B

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Figure P4-149C

Figure P4-149D

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