Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Chapter 1
1 7 a volume = l × b × h [1]
= 80 × 40 × 15 [1]
Mass Length Volume Time
= 48 000 m3 [1]
balance metre rule measuring stopclock
b mass = volume × density [1]
cylinder
= 48 000 × 1.3 [1]
scales tape measure electronic = 62 400 kg [1]
timer
vernier calipers 8 a Half-fill a measuring cylinder with water;
record volume. [1]
micrometer
Place pebble in water, ensuring that it
screw gauge
is submerged. [1]
Record new volume. [1]
2 a density = mass Volume of pebble equals difference in
volume recorded volumes. [1]
b
Unit of Unit of Unit of b mass of pebble [1]
mass volume density
9 a V1 = 70 cm3 [1]
kg m3 kg/m3
g cm3 g/cm3 V2 = 95 cm3 [1]

3 a vernier callipers; micrometer screw gauge b V = 95 − 70 [1]

= 25 cm3 [1]
b Time, say, 40 drops and divide by 40. mass
c density = volume [1]
4 a volume = l × b × h [1]
= 8.4 × 8.0 × 5.5 [1] =
102
[1]
= 369.6 cm3 [1] 25
= 4.08 g/cm3 [1]
mass
b density = [1]
volume d
340
= [1] V2 [1] / V1 [1] / V / cm3 Density /
369.6 Sample m / g
= 0.92 g/cm3 [1] cm3 [1] cm3 [1] [1] g/cm3 [1]
B 144 80 44 36 [1] 4.0 [2]
5 a 70 – 15 [1]
= 55 cm3 [1] C 166 124 71 53 [1] 3.1 [2]

b 43 – 12 [1]
= 31 s [1] 10 a 30.98 − 30.72 [1]
= 0.26 g [1]
6 mass of liquid = 203 – 147 [1]
= 56 g [1] b density = mass [1]
volume
mass
density = [1]
volume = 0 26 [1]
56 200
= 59 [1]
= 0.0013 [1]
= 0.95 g/cm3 [1] g/cm3 [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 1 1
11 a water [1]
b volume (of water) or water level [1]
c the stone [1]
d volume (of water) [1]
e subtract or calculate the difference between [1]
first volume from (or and) second volume [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 1 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 2
1 a average speed = distance travelled 7 a 800
time taken
b m/s 600

Distance / m
c Graph is a horizontal straight line, showing that
400
speed does not change.
d distance travelled = area under graph 200
2 a graph A; speed = gradient (slope) of graph
0
b Graph is a straight line. 0 10 20 30 40
Time / s
c graph B; acceleration = gradient (slope) of graph
suitable scales chosen [1]
3 a, b horizontal axis and scale correct [1]
vertical axis and scale correct [1]
Quantity Description Examples
five points correctly plotted and straight
scalar has magnitude speed, distance line drawn [1]
only
b Graph is straight line, [1]
vector has magnitude velocity, acceleration, so constant speed. [1]
and direction weight
8 a point 1 or 5, [1]
graph is horizontal [1]
4 average speed = distance [1] b point 3, [1]
time
400 graph is steepest [1]
= [1]
50 c point 2, [1]
= 8.0 m/s [1] graph is becoming steeper
(gradient is increasing) [1]
5 Speed is uniform (constant) in both. [1]
The bus travels faster during B than A. [1] d point 4, [1]
graph is becoming less steep
6 distance = speed × time [1]
(gradient is decreasing) [1]
= 15 × 30 [1]
= 450 m [1] e point 6, [1]
distance is decreasing [1]
9 a speed of light [1]
b distance = speed × time [1]
10 Distance Time
Object Speed
travelled taken
bus 20 km 0.8 h 25 km/h [1]
taxi 6 km 200 s [1] 30 m/s
aircraft 4950 km [1] 5.5 h 900 km/h
snail 3 mm 10 s 0.3 mm/s [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 2 1
11 speed is constant [1] horizontal axis and scale correct [1]
acceleration = 0 [1] vertical axis and scale correct [1]
12 a six points correctly plotted [1]
graph drawn through points [1]
b acceleration = gradient of graph [1]
Speed

27
= [1]
30
= 0.9 m/s2 [1]
Time
c distance = area under speed
horizontal axis showing time [1] against time graph [1]
vertical axis showing speed [1] = area of triangle + area of rectangle [1]
rising straight-line graph starting at origin [1] = 12 × 30 × 27 + 20 × 27 [1]
b = 405 + 540 [1]
= 945 m [1]
17 a B, D [2]
Speed

b A, E [2]
c Acceleration is changing in the
Time other section, C. [2]
distance
horizontal and vertical axes showing 18 a speed = [1]
time
time and speed [1]
1425
horizontal straight-line graph above axis, [1] = [1]
75
then decreases down to zero [1]
= 19 m/s [1]
change in velocity
13 acceleration = [1] b the direction of its motion [1]
time taken
8.0 19 a 25 km [1]
= [1]
2.0 b i accelerating or increasing speed [1]
= 4.0 m/s 2
[1]
ii steady or constant speed [1]
14 initial speed = 0 m/s [1]
iii decelerating or slowing down [1]
change in speed = acceleration × time [1]
= 2.3 × 4.0 [1] c less than [1]
= 9.2 m/s [1] 20 a i constant/steady/uniform speed or
speed velocity or speed or velocity = 2.5 (m/s) [1]
15 time = [1] speed or velocity = 2.5 m/s [1]
acceleration
24 ii shape curving upward but not to vertical [1]
= [1]
5.6
b horizontal (straight) line (parallel to time /
= 4.3 s [1]
x-axis) [1]
16 a 30
c i horizontal straight line at 2.5 m/s from
0 to 2 s [1]
Speed / m/s

20
ii straight line rising to the right as far as
10 the edge of the graph area [1]
Δv = 4 m/s or gradient clearly 2 m/s2 [1]
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 d horizontal straight line [1]
Time / s at 0 m/s [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 2 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 3
1 A force can make an object change direction, 11 a weight = mass × g [1]
decelerate, or accelerate. = 80 × 10 [1]
= 800 N [1]
2 resultant force
b the same [1]
3 weight
c less [1]
4 a force = mass × acceleration
12 a the two 5000 N forces [1]
b, c
They are equal in size but act in
Quantity Unit Scalar or vector? opposite directions. [1]
mass kg scalar b resultant force = 1300 – 1200 [1]
acceleration m/s2 vector = 100 N [1]
forwards (to the left) [1]
force N vector
c The lorry will speed up (accelerate). [1]
13 force = mass × acceleration [1]
5 90°
= 20 × 5 [1]
6 a weight downwards, air resistance upwards = 100 N [1]
force
b zero 14 acceleration = [1]
mass
c The resultant force on it is zero, so it does not 1 400 000
accelerate. = [1]
800 000
d terminal velocity = 1.75 m/s2 [1]
7 a impulse of force = change of momentum change in speed
15 acceleration = [1]
b F = force, t = time, m = mass, v = final velocity, time
u = initial velocity (20 – 12)
= [1]
c Momentum is a vector quantity. 6.4
= 1.25 m/s2 [1]
8 a kilogram (kg) or gram (g) [1]
force = mass × acceleration [1]
b newton (N) [1] = 1200 × 1.25 [1]
c metre per second per second (m/s2) [1] = 1500 N [1]

9 a Force is a vector quantity, that is, it has 16 weight = mass × g [1]

direction (like an arrow). [1] = 50 × 1.6 [1]
= 80 N [1]
b Mass is not a vector quantity (it is a
scalar), so it does not have direction. [1] 17 a resultant force = 680 – 600 [1]
= 80 N [1]
10 the bigger force acting on the smaller mass, [1] upwards [1]
that is, the 10 N force acting on the 5 kg mass [1]
b He will accelerate upwards. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 3 1
 (v − u)
18 a i (engine) thrust and (air) friction [1] 19 a i or v or 8 [1]
t t 3
ii force shown vertically upwards, = 2.7 m/s2 [1]
anywhere on plane [1] ii F = ma or 42 × 8/3 [1]
= 112 N [1]
b i speed = distance in any form [1]
time
iii distance in first 3 s = 12 m [1]
= 2200 [1] so distance in last 11.2 s = 88 m [1]
2 75
so final speed = 88 = 7.9 m/s [1]
= 800 (km/h) [1] 11.2
b Any two from: lower top speed, longer total
ii idea of headwind on outward journey time, less steep slope at first, etc. [2]
or tailwind on return journey or routes
of different lengths or less friction or
less weight [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 3 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 4
1 a increase 5 moment [1]
b increase 6 no resultant force (forces balanced) [1]
no resultant moment [1]
2 a resultant
7 See Activity 4.3.
b zero
Make three small pinholes around the
3 a, b for example edge of the lamina. [1]
Suspend the lamina freely from a pin
centre
through one hole. [1]
of Mark a vertical line below the pin
mass using a plumb-line. [1]
Repeat this process for the other
two pinholes. [1]
The centre of mass is where the
three lines intersect. [1]
stable object
8 contact
force centre
A of mass B
for example 1m
0.9 m

1.5 m
weight
of beam
centre
of a centre of mass correctly marked,
mass as in diagram [1]
b arrows and labels added correctly [2]
unstable object
c moment of weight = force × distance [1]
= 200 N × 0.5 m [1]
4 a x
= 100 N m [1]
moment of force F is F × 1.0 = 100 N m [1]
pivot
F so F = 100 N [1]
b moment = force × distance from pivot d upward contact force = sum of
c downward forces [1]
Quantity Unit = 200 N + 100 N [1]
force N = 300 N [1]
distance m
moment of force Nm

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 1
 9 a force and perpendicular distance (of force)
10 a mass = 1 5 × 12 [1]
from the point [1] 30
b i downward force arrow at centre of bar [1] = 0.60 kg [1]

ii 0.50 m or 50 cm [1] b (1.5 + 0.6) × 10 = 21 N [1]

iii moment of force = 40 × 1.2 = 48 N m [1] c i stays in position [1]

moment of weight = + 30 × 0.5 = 15 N m [1] ii as the parrot is rotated, both distances
total clockwise moment = 48 + 15 change in proportion [1]
= 63 N m [1] so clockwise moment = anticlockwise
iv F × 0.2 = 63 [1] moment [1]
63
F= = 315 N [1]
0.2
v make bar longer or move pivot/stone
to the left or move pivot to left or
increase mass of bar [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 4 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 5
1 a extension = length when stretched − original Student must measure:
length ◆ length of spring when weights added [1]
◆ unstretched length of spring [1]
b graph B
◆ repeated for at least five different weights. [1]
2 a The extension of a spring is proportional to the
load, provided the limit of proportionality is 8 a Load / N Length / cm Extension / cm
not exceeded. 0.0 83.0 0.0
b load = stiffness × extension 5.0 87.0 4.0 [1]
c See Figure 5.7a. 10.0 91.0 8.0 [1]
3 a increases 15.0 95.0 12.0 [1]

b decreases 20.0 99.0 16.0 [1]

c increases
b 2.0
d decreases

4 a pressure = force 1.5

area
Extension / cm

b P= F 1.0
A
c
Quantity Unit 0.5
force N
area m2 0
0 5 10 15 20
pressure Pa Load / N

horizontal axis and scale correct [1]

5 a A fluid is a liquid or a gas; any substance that
vertical axis and scale correct [1]
can flow.
five points correctly plotted and graph drawn
b g = 10 m/s2 through points [1]
c P = hρg 9 a See Figure 5.14.
6 extension = change in length [1] Diagram showing:
= 66 – 58 [1] ◆ vertical tube with closed upper end [1]
= 8.0 cm [1] ◆ open end submerged in
mercury reservoir [1]
7 See Activity 5.1.
◆ mercury in tube continuous from
Diagram or list indicating:
reservoir up to empty (vacuum)
◆ spring hanging vertically from clamp [1]
space near top [1]
◆ weights hanging from end of spring [1]
◆ ruler. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 5 1
 b An increase in atmospheric pressure causes
the level of mercury in the tube to rise / the
length of the mercury column to increase. [1]
10 If you stand upright, your weight is pressing
down on a small area. [1]
This gives a high pressure. [1]
If you use a ladder, the pressure is less because
your weight is spread over a greater area. [1]
11 extension for 5 N is 15 – 12 = 3.0 cm [1]
extension for 15 N is 3 × 3 cm = 9.0 cm [1]
length is 12 + 9 = 21 cm [1]
12 a
Load / N 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length / m 3.200 3.207 3.215 3.222 3.230 3.242 3.255 3.270
Extension / mm 0 7 15 22 30 42 55 70 [4]

b 80 14 pressure = height × density × g [1]

= 0.760 × 13 600 × 10 [1]
60
= 103 400 N/m2 [1]
Extension / mm

15 a extension indicated between two broken

lines [1]
40
b i four points correctly plotted [2]
straight line through points and origin [1]
20
ii proportional [1]
0 iii 1 newton(s) [1]
0 20 40 60 80
2 extension = 25 − 26 mm [1]
Load / N
length = 75 − 76 mm [1]
horizontal axis and scale correct [1] 16 a wall A has bigger area [1]
vertical axis and scale correct [1] so lower pressure (on soil) [1]
eight points correctly plotted [1]
b i two from
graph drawn through points [1]
◆ depth/height of air/atmosphere
c Draw up from 25 N to intersect ◆ density of air/atmosphere
graph line, [1] ◆ acceleration due to gravity or weight
from this intersection, go across of air [2]
to axis, 19 mm [1]
ii 1 the same as [1]
d the point where the graph line 2 greater than or four times [2]
ceases to be straight [1]
40 N approximately [1]
13 a force = pressure × area [1]
= 100 000 × 2.0 × 1.25 [1]
= 250 000 N [1]
b There are equal forces on both
sides of the window. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 5 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 6
1 6 energy supplied = 100 J [1]
energy released = 93 + 7 = 100 J [1]
Name Description Energy before is equal to energy after,
kinetic energy energy of a moving object so energy is conserved. [1]
internal energy energy stored in a hot object 7 a gravitational potential energy
chemical energy energy stored in a fuel → kinetic energy [2]
light energy energy that we can see b kinetic energy
sound energy energy that we can hear → gravitational potential energy [2]

strain (elastic) energy stored in a squashed c Some energy is lost as heat due
energy spring to friction and/or air resistance, [1]
electrical energy energy carried by an electric so the final g.p.e. cannot equal
current the original g.p.e. [1]

nuclear energy energy stored in the nucleus of d She needs to supply energy, [1]
an atom by jumping up as she starts off. [1]
heat thermal energy escaping from a hot 8 a, b
energy object
Low-energy Filament
bulb bulbs

2 a heat energy cost of one bulb 400 p 50 p

b efficiency number of bulbs 1 10

required for 10 000
c conservation hours

3 a k.e. = 1 mv 2 (m = mass, v = speed) cost of electricity for 0.2 p 1.0 p

2 1 hour
b g.p.e. = mgh (m = mass, g = acceleration due to total cost of electricity 2 000 p [1] 10 000 p [1]
gravity, h = height) for 10 000 hours
4 a waste energy = energy input − useful energy total cost of bulbs and 2 400 p [1] 10 500 p [1]
output electricity
useful energy
gy output
p
b efficiency = × 100%
energy input
5 a chemical energy → light + heat [2] c money saved = 10 500 – 2400 [1]
b electrical energy → kinetic energy [2] = 8100 p [1]

c kinetic energy → electrical energy [2] d initial cost is high [1]

difficult to dispose of [1]
d kinetic energy → thermal (heat) energy [2]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 6 1
 9 a thermal (heat) energy, electrical energy [2] 12 work [1]
b thermal (heat) energy [1] potential / gravitational / p.e. / g.p.e. / position [1]
kinetic / k.e. / movement [1]
c Yes, because 90% of the energy is used, [1]
constant / the same / uniform [1]
and only 10% is wasted. [1]
joule(s) or J [1]
10 a k.e. of moving air → electrical energy [1]
13 a mgh = 0.5 × 10 × 1.1 [1]
electrical energy → k.e. of car [1]
= 5.5 J [1]
b Process is less than 100% efficient, [1]
so car will not gain speed. [1] b i 1.5 (J) [1]

11 a weight = mass × g [1] ii energy used to deform ball/ground

= 180 × 1.6 [1] or strain energy stored in (deformed)
= 288 N [1] ball/ground or
heat generated in deformed ball/ground [1]
b change in g.p.e. = weight × change
in height [1] c 9 + 5.5 = 14.5 J [1]
= 288 × 100 [1]
k.e. = 1 mv 2 [1]
= 28 800 J [1] 2
c g.p.e. increases [1] v = 7.6 m/s [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 6 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 7
1 a resource 6 a i fission [1]
ii uranium (or plutonium) [1]
b Sun
b i fusion [1]
c renewable
ii hydrogen [1]
d fossil fuels; non-renewable iii helium [1]
e wind, electricity 7 Renewable: two from hydroelectricity, solar,
2 a nuclear fusion tidal, wind [2]
Non-renewable: two from coal, oil, nuclear [2]
b nuclear fission (At least two correct in each column for 4 marks;
3 a Trees and plants grow [1] deduct 1 mark for any in incorrect column.)
using sunlight as their energy source. [1] 8 a oil [1]
b Sunlight causes evaporation, nuclear fission [1]
producing clouds; [1] b i gas lamp [1]
rain falls, and finally enters rivers, [1]
whose water is trapped behind a dam. [1] ii electric motor or loudspeaker [1]

4 a Sunlight is always available in space, and iii microphone [1]

not much power is needed on a spacecraft. [1]
But in cities, there are large numbers of
people in a small area, [1]
so there is not enough roof space for all the
solar cells that would be needed to generate
enough power. [1]
b (for example) In a desert for
roadside phones, [1]
because there is then no need to connect
the phone to the mains electricity supply. [1]
c A rechargeable battery can store
the energy produced by solar cells, [1]
and can therefore supply electricity
when the sun is not shining. [1]
5 a g.p.e. [1]
b k.e. [1]
c g.p.e. → k.e. → electrical energy [2]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 7 1
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 8
1 a more 8 a work done = force × distance moved [1]
= 250 × 12.0 [1]
b more
= 3000 J [1]
2 a energy
b gain in g.p.e. = weight × increase in height [1]
b work = 700 × 2.5 [1]
3 work done = energy transferred = 1750 J [1]

4 a work done = force × distance moved (in the 9 a weight = mass × g [1]
direction of the force) = 45 × 10
= 450 N [1]
b
Quantity Unit
b gain in g.p.e. = weight × increase in height [1]
ΔW joule, J = 450 × 0.20 × 36 [1]
F newton, N = 3240 J [1]

x metre, m work done

c power = [1]
time taken
3240
c ΔE = energy transferred = [1]
4.2
5 a power = work done = 770 W [1]
time taken
= 0.77 kW [1]
b
Quantity Unit 10 a work done = force × distance moved [1]
P watt, W = 780 × 100 [1]
= 78 000 J [1]
ΔW joule, J
t second, s b work done = force × distance moved [1]
= 240 × 100 [1]
= 24 000 J [1]
6 Ahmed [1]
He lifts them to a greater height. [1] c k.e. = 12 × 750 × 122 [1]

25 = 54 000 J [1]
7 a Millie: speed = = 0.50 m/s [1]
50 d work done by engine = work done against
100 friction + k.e. [1]
Lily: speed = = 0.40 m/s [1]
250 78 000 = 24 000 + 54 000 [1]
b Millie [1] so energy is conserved [1]
Because they are identical, the one with the
greater speed has the greater power. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 8 1
11 a i gravitational potential energy (g.p.e.) [1] 12 a M = V × D = 103 × 10−3 [1]
= 1.0 kg [1]
ii force/mass/weight of (basket of) rocks [1]
and height of cliff [1] b mgh = 1 × 10 × 0.8 [1]
= 8.0 J (or 8.0 N m) [1]
b chemical energy [1]
c time taken [1] c P = E = 8 × 90 [1]
t 60
to raise basket up cliff [1]
= 12 W (or 12 J/s or 12 N m/s) [1]
d P = ρgh [1]
8000 Pa (or 8000 N/m2) [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 8 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 9
1 See Figure 9.2. 11 a Molecules of ethanol leave the surface
of the liquid [1]
2 See Figure 9.5.
so that its mass decreases. [1]
3 a energy
b The more energetic molecules of ethanol
b temperature are more likely to leave the liquid, [1]
4 a evaporation so the average energy of the molecules
remaining decreases. [1]
b faster-moving or more energetic; decrease or Hence its temperature decreases. [1]
fall/drop
12 a The pressure will increase. [1]
5 a smoke particles
b The pressure will decrease. [1]
b molecules of the air
13 a evaporation (or vaporisation) [1]
6 a slowly
b In the liquid, forces between the
b quickly particles hold them together. [1]
c quickly If it is to become a gas, energy must be
supplied to overcome these forces and
7 a pressure × volume = constant
separate the particles. [1]
b pV = constant
14 p1V1 = p2V2 [1]
p1V1 = p2V2
p∝ 1 120 000 × 20 = 160 000 × V2 [1]
V
8 a gas [1] V2 = 15 m3 [1]
b solid [1] 15
c liquid [1] Shape Molecules
9 a solid [1] a Solid fixed shape vibrate about a
b The particles are well separated and fixed position [2]
can move about within the volume b Liquid shape fills the move around,
of their container, [1] container from close together [1]
colliding with its walls and with the bottom
each other. [1] c Gas completely fills move around,
10 a particles of smoke [1] the container far apart [1]

b The smoke particles are moving

because the particles of the air are
continually colliding with them, [1]
changing their speed and direction
of motion. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 9 1
16 a i bombardment/collisions with air b i increases [1]
molecules/particles [1] ii air molecules/particles/atoms
ii any two from bombard/hit walls [1]
lighter / very small / smaller than smoke molecules faster / higher energy when
particles / too small to be seen temperature raised [1]
fast-moving / high kinetic energy (not vibrate faster)
random movement / movement in all greater force (per unit area) or more
directions [2] collisions per second [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 9 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 10
1 a Liquid in bulb absorbs energy; gets hotter; 7 a Mercury expands as its temperature
expands; pushes up tube. increases. [1]
b melting point of pure ice (0 °C); boiling b Definition Value
point of pure water (100 °C)
lower melting point 0 °C [1]
2 a A has greater range (120 °C, from −10 °C to fixed point of pure ice
+110 °C).
upper boiling point of 100 °C
(B’s range is only 60 °C, from −10 °C
fixed point pure water [1]
to +50 °C.)
b B is more sensitive. Each degree is a wider
c (for example) the resistance of a
interval on the scale, so smaller changes
resistor or thermistor [1]
can be measured.
8 a internal energy [1]
3 solids, liquids, gases
b the steel block [1]
4 more, greater
It takes more energy to raise the
or less, smaller
temperature of the steel block by a
5 a specific heat capacity – the energy required certain amount than that of the
per kilogram and per degree celsius to raise copper block. [1]
the temperature of a substance.
9 a the thermocouple thermometer [1]
b specific latent heat of fusion – the energy
b 100 °C [1]
per kilogram required to cause a substance
This is a fixed point on the Celsius scale. [1]
to change state from solid to liquid at its
melting point. c the liquid-in-glass thermometer [1]
It can measure to 0.5 °C (or better);
c specific latent heat of vaporisation – the
the other measures to the nearest 1 °C. [1]
energy per kilogram required to cause a
substance to change state from liquid to d The properties of the two materials
gas at its boiling point. used in the thermometers do not
vary linearly with temperature. [1]
6 a energy = mass × specific heat capacity
The voltage of the thermocouple
× change in temperature
does not increase at a steady rate as
energy in J, mass in kg, s.h.c. in J/(kg °C),
the temperature goes up. [1]
change in temperature in °C
10 a the final temperature of the block [1]
b energy = mass × specific latent heat
the mass of the block [1]
energy in J, mass in kg, specific latent
heat in J/kg b If poorly insulated, some energy
will be lost. [1]
c too high (because the heater will have
to supply more energy to make the
temperature rise by 1 °C) [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 10 1
11 a 0 and 100 (°C) [1] b i Q = mcθ [1]
= 100.6 − 12.0 = 88.6 [1]
b i expands [1]
= 0.80 × 3900 × 88.6 [1]
ii moves along the tube/up/to the right [1] = 276 432 J [1]
stops at/near 100 mark [1]
ii Q = Wt so t = 276 432 [1]
620
c arrow slightly to left of −10 mark [1] = 446 s [1]
12 a i electrical method – 3 marks for all 6 points
(deduct 1 mark for each point omitted)
lagged container + lid
liquid (allow water)
heater in liquid
heater connected to electrical supply
voltmeter and ammeter appropriately
connected
thermometer [3]
or mixtures method – 3 marks for all 6 points
(deduct 1 mark for each point omitted)
lagged container
liquid
hot solid/hot liquid
means of heating hot solid/liquid (seen or
stated)
means of weighing hot solid/liquid/use of
known mass (seen or stated)
thermometer [3]
ii electrical method – 3 marks for all 5 points
(deduct 1 mark for each point omitted)
initial and final temperatures of liquid or
temperature rise
voltmeter reading
ammeter reading
heating time
mass of liquid [3]
or mixtures method – 3 marks for all 5 points
(deduct 1 mark for each point omitted)
initial and final temperatures of liquid or
temperature rise
initial and final temperatures of added solid/
liquid or temperature drop
mass of added solid/liquid
mass of liquid
s.h.c. of added solid/liquid [3]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 10 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 11
1 a temperature; higher; lower 7 a As the air is heated, it expands. [1]
Its density decreases. [1]
b metal; non-metal
It is lighter than the surrounding air,
2 so it floats upwards. [1]
convection Warm fluid moves, carrying energy b The surrounding air is cooler and
with it. so less dense. [1]
radiation Energy travels as infrared waves. It sinks and replaces the warm air rising
above the flame. [1]
conduction Energy travels through a material
without the material moving. 8 a Particles at the hot end have greater
energy, so vibrate more. [1]
They collide with neighbours,
3 Particles in hotter region vibrate more; collide
sharing energy with them. [1]
with cooler neighbours and share energy; these
Energy is thus transferred from
vibrate more, pass energy on to their neighbours;
the hot end to the cold end. [1]
and so on.
Electrons collide with particles in hotter region, b The temperature of the cold end of
gain energy; move randomly to cooler region, the rod would rise more rapidly, [1]
collide with particles there, give them energy. because metals are better conductors
than plastics. [1]
4 expands; greater; less; lighter; rises; more;
gravity; convection c electrons [1]
5 9 a walls made of glass – poor conductor [2]
vacuum between walls – no
Good absorber Good emitter Good reflector
conduction or convection [2]
matt matt shiny silvering – reflects away
black black white infrared radiation [2]
lid – prevents convection losses
(but see part b) [2]
6 a Air is a good insulator, so less heat
is lost by conduction. [1] b A liquid that is colder than its
Cold air from the window cannot surroundings does not heat
flow into the room, so convection the air above it, [1]
current losses are reduced. [1] so no convection current rises
above it. Hence a lid is not essential. [1]
b Infrared (heat) radiation from below is
reflected back into the house, [1] 10 a i conduction [1]
so that less escapes from the house. [1]
ii convection [1]
c The glass wool prevents the movement
b heat lost at same rate as heat supplied [1]
of air in the gap, so it is difficult for a
convection current to be set up, [1] c i boiling [1]
which would transfer energy from ii steam [1]
the inner wall to the outer wall. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 11 1
11 a i conduction [1]
ii atoms/free electrons at hot end vibrate
more/have more energy [1]
share energy with others by collisions [1]
b copper is a better conductor or iron is a
worse conductor [1]
c iron conducts heat slowly [1]
so gas above gauze is hot enough to burn [1]
copper conducts heat rapidly [1]
so gas above gauze is not hot enough
to burn [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 11 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 12
1 a source 7 a trace A [1]
The amplitude of trace A is the greatest. [1]
b vibrations
b trace C [1]
c echo
The frequency of trace C is the greatest
d frequency; second (because more waves are contained in
e hertz the same time interval). [1]

f gases; vacuum 8 You need a source of sound, [1]

and two detectors in line with the sound. [1]
2 a greater frequency You need to measure the distance between
b greater amplitude the two detectors, [1]
and the time interval between the sound
3 a B A
reaching them. [1]
distance
Then use speed =
time
to calculate the speed of sound. [1]
b D
9 a solid [1]
C b (for example) Place ear against table,
tap table at a distance [1]
and hear the sound through the wood. [1]
c distance travelled = 2 times length
4 a shaded from 20 Hz to 20 kHz of rod
b region beyond 20 kHz = 800 m [1]

5 distance
rarefaction where particles of the medium are speed = [1]
time
spread out
800 m
compression where particles of the medium are = [1]
0.16 s
squashed together
= 5000 m/s [1]

6 a the air inside the instrument [1]

10 a i reflection or wave bounces back [1]
from large object/sea bed [1]
b the strings of the instrument [1]
ii distance = speed × time [1]
c The vibrations of the instrument cause = 1500 × 0.80 [1]
the air near the instrument to vibrate. [1] = 1200 (m) [1]
Compressions and rarefactions
iii 1200/2 = 600 (m) [1]
are formed, [1]
and these propagate through the air b graph should show
to the listener’s ear. [1] uniformly sloping line [1]
with positive gradient [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 12 1
11 a any large surface, e.g. wall/cliff/mountain [1]
b i when hears bang/sees flash [1]
ii when hears echo [1]
c i reading = 2.25 s [1]

speed = distance [1]

time

= 720 [1]
2.25
= 320 (m/s) [1]
ii one from
inaccurate distance from firework
reaction time
wind [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 12 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 13
1 a See Figure 13.5. 9 a Ray diagram correctly drawn showing
that the ray passes through both surfaces
b angle of incidence = angle of reflection
undeflected, that is, the ray remains
i=r
straight. [2]
2 a virtual
b
b the same size as
c object
d left–right inverted
3 See Figure 13.9a.
speed of light in a vacuum
4 a n= ray bends towards normal [1]
speed of light in the material
then away again [1]
so that it ends up parallel to original path [1]
b n = sin i
sin r c Parallel rays remain parallel. [1]
n = refractive index, i = angle of incidence,
10 a
r = angle of refraction 30° 30°
50° 50°
5 See Figure 13.12a. A B
6 See Figure 13.16a.
7 a converging
b closer than
In block A, reflected ray at equal angle [1]
c virtual; magnified
and refracted ray bent away from normal. [1]
8 normal In block B, reflected ray only, [1]
at equal angle. [1]
mirror b When the angle of incidence is greater
angle of angle of
than the critical angle, [1]
incidence i reflection r
there is only an internally reflected ray; [1]
incident ray reflected ray all of the ray is totally internally reflected. [1]

incident and reflected rays

correctly drawn [1]
normal correctly drawn [1]
angle of incidence correctly marked [1]
angle of reflection correctly marked [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 13 1
11 a image 13 a i image behind mirror [1]
image same distance from mirror,
along line perpendicular to mirror [1]
ii reflected ray reaching eye [1]
mirror
direction of reflected ray coming
from image [1]

object b HIS, because S is not its own mirror image [1]

c both rays straight on at first surface [1]
Two rays in different directions
30° prism ray refracted down in air at
from a single point on the lamp [1]
second surface [1]
reflect off the mirror correctly [1]
45° prism ray reflected down in glass at
and are extrapolated back behind
second surface [1]
the mirror, [1]
90° reflection [1]
so that the image is at the point
straight on at third surface [1]
where they cross. [1]
b Each ray is reflected [1]
14 a i any two of these three rays from top
of object:
so that angle of incidence equals
parallel to axis to lens and on through
angle of reflection. [1]
focal point
c Light appears to come from a point undeviated through centre of lens
behind the mirror [1] as if from focal point to lens and then
but no light actually travels behind parallel to axis [2]
the mirror. [1] traced back to locate image [1]
12 a ray 2 ii any two of:
I F ray 1 virtual / upright / magnified / further
F O from lens / dimmer [1]
b i 3.4–3.6 cm [1]

Ray 1 continues straight through the ii magnifying glass [1]

centre of the lens, [1]
ray 2 bends at the lens [1]
and passes through the principal
focus F, [1]
so that the image is at the point
where they cross. [1]
b The image is real [1]
because it is formed where rays
of light meet. [1]
c The image is diminished [1]
because it is shorter than the object. [1]
d The image is inverted because it is
below the axis. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 13 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 14
1 energy; matter 7
2
transverse describes a wave that varies from side to
side, at right angles to the direction of
travel
longitudinal describes a wave that varies back and
forth along the direction of travel

3 Symbol Quantity Unit waves correctly reflected at barrier [1]

v speed m/s separation remains as before [1]

f frequency Hz 8 a decreases [1]

λ wavelength m b stays the same [1]
c decreases [1]
4 a bounces off 9 a speed = frequency × wavelength, v = f λ [1]
b speed b v = f λ = 6 × 1014 × 3.75 × 10−7 [1]
5 reflection, refraction, diffraction (in any order) = 2.25 × 108 m/s [1]

6 a 4.0 cm [1] 10

b 3.0 cm [1]
c one wave = 4 cm so 10 cm = 2.5 waves [1]
so 2.5 waves pass in 1 s [1]
frequency = 2.5 Hz [1]
d
2

1
waves are curved in space beyond barrier [1]
y / cm

0 separation remains as before [1]

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x / cm
–1

–2

correct value of amplitude [1]

correct value of wavelength [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 14 1
11 a i amplitude [1]
ii wavelength [1]
b i string moves air [1]
backwards and forwards or up and
down or produces compressions and
rarefactions [1]
ii gets quieter/softer/less loud [1]
12 a i R in correct position, by eye [1]
ii three reflected waves correctly
meeting mirror [1]
three reflected waves equidistant
and centred on R [1]
b first ray plus reflection correct [1]
second ray plus reflection correct [1]
reflected rays projected back, to meet
behind mirror or labelled I and in
correct position [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 14 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 15
1 a red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet 8 White light is dispersed because it is a
mixture of different colours/wavelengths, [1]
b red = lowest frequency, longest wavelength
which travel at different speeds in glass. [1]
violet = highest frequency, shortest wavelength
Laser light is a single wavelength
2 a radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible (monochromatic) and so cannot
light, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays be dispersed. [1]
b radio waves = lowest frequency, longest 9 a i refraction [1]
wavelength
ii dispersion [1]
gamma rays = highest frequency, shortest
wavelength b i A (red, at top) [1]
ii C (yellow, third from top) [1]
3 300 000 000 m/s or 3.0 × 108 m/s
c any two from:
4 monochromatic; frequency (or wavelength)
gamma, cosmic, X-rays, UV, IR,
5 a microwaves, radio, TV [2]

spectrum
10 a electromagnetic [1]
red orange short [1]
white light yellow
green b film or photographic film or electronic
prism blue detector or charge-coupled device (CCD) [1]
violet indigo
ray broadens on entering prism, c absorbed/stopped by bone (not deflected/
and again on leaving [1] reflected) [1]
red and violet ends of spectrum less absorption by flesh or penetrates/passes
correctly indicated [1] through flesh [1]

b violet [1] d any one of:

photographic film badges, behind screen
c Different colours travel at different when operating X-ray machine, protective
speeds in glass. [1] clothing, minimise exposure [1]
The slowest colour is the most
strongly dispersed. [1]
6 a false
b true
c true
7 300 000 000 m/s = 3.0 × 108 m/s [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 15 1
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 16
1 a i repel b
N S
ii attract
S N
b See Figure 16.3.
2 a i soft
ii hard
b i for example: steel N S

ii for example: soft iron S N

3 stroking with one pole of a permanent magnet

magnets in a square
place in electromagnet connected to d.c. supply
arranged N–S–N–S–N–S–N–S [1]
4 hammer it with attractive forces shown [1]
place in electromagnet connected to a.c. supply
8 a bigger current [1]
5 a See Figure 16.7a. more turns of wire or turns of wire
b See Figure 16.7b. closer together [1]
add an iron core [1]
6 a one of the following:
electromagnet can be switched on and off b (for example) in a scrapyard crane or an
strength can be varied by changing current electromagnetic door bolt [1]
poles can be reversed by reversing current 9 a A soft magnetic material is easy
b one of the following: to magnetise [1]
N and S poles at opposite ends and to demagnetise. [1]
field lines have same pattern A hard magnetic material is difficult to
magnetise and demagnetise. [1]
7 a 2
b A hard material [1]
repel N S attract
because it retains its magnetisation well. [1]
1 N N 3 c A soft material [1]
because its magnetisation can
change easily. [1]

S S
10
attract N S repel
4 N S
N
S
each correct pair of attractive or
repulsive forces [4]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 16 1
 a left-hand end of solenoid N [1] ii attractive force [1]
right-hand end of solenoid S [1]
iii with soft iron core [1]
b lines of force out of N poles and
iv can be switched on and off
into S poles [1]
(or can be stronger) [1]
lines close together at poles, farther
apart elsewhere [1] 12 a can be switched off [1]
similar pattern for both magnet can vary the strength [1]
and solenoid [1] b i 1000 turns
repulsion indicated by distortion
of pattern [1] ii iron

11 a (S) N S N [1] iii 3.0 A [2]

b i
Switch
Switch open
closed
Soft magnetised loses its
iron magnetism
Steel magnetised keeps its [2]
magnetism

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 16 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 17
1 a rubbed, friction, opposite
Because the electrons have negative
b repel, attract
charge, this gives the balloon a
2 a electrons negative charge. [1]
b negative b The balloon repels electrons in
the paper, [1]
c positively
so that there is a positive charge on
3 charged, attract, attract, attract, induction the area of paper closest to the balloon. [1]
4 a This positive charge and the negative
charge of the balloon attract each other. [1]
electric force 8 a i iron or ferromagnetic [1]
+ unmagnetised (before being brought
near magnet) [1]
(not non-magnetic)

b The field is in same direction as the force on a ii magnet [1]

positive charge. b attracts (at first) [1]
5 repels after touching or angle of thread
Symbol for
Quantity Unit increases as XY decreases [1]
unit
force newton N 9 a rub/rubbing [1]
with dry cloth [1]
electric charge coulomb C
b i negative (−) [1]
6 a positive [1]
ii opposite charges attract [1]
b They are equal. [1]
c horizontal arrow to L, starting or ending
c Suspend one so that it can turn freely. [1] on sphere [1]
Bring the other close to one end and
d swings to R / moves away / is repelled [1]
observe repulsion. [1]
7 a The force of friction [1]
causes electrons to be transferred
from atoms in the wool to atoms in
the balloon. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 17 1
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 18
1 a charge 7 cell

b positive, negative
2 a ammeter, series
switch current
b voltmeter, parallel
3 a
lamp

A a series circuit correctly drawn [1]

correct symbols with labels [3]
b at least two arrows around circuit [1]
from positive of cell [1]
c voltmeter [1]
V
d volt (V) [1]

b R=V 8 + –
I
4
Symbol
Unit
for unit
Potential difference volt V A

Current ampere A
Resistance ohm Ω R

5 a positive, charge
b negative, positive
V
6

Equation In words In units

Q = It charge = current × time coulomb = ampere × second
(C = A s)
ohm = volt/ampere
R=V resistance =
p.d.
I current (Ω = V/A)

P = IV power = current × p.d. watt = ampere × volt

(W = A V)
E = IVt energy = current × p.d. × time joule = ampere × volt × second
(J = A V s)

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 18 1
 a correct symbols for resistor, battery/cell, ammeter, coil in series [1]
ammeter and power supply [3] voltmeter in parallel with coil [1]
connected in series [1] standard symbols used for battery/cell,
with voltmeter in parallel with resistor [1] voltmeter and ammeter [1]
b current [1] ii R = V [1]
I
c potential difference (p.d.) [1] iii any two of:
V length (of wire)
d R= [1]
I diameter/cross-section/area (of wire)
6.5 resistivity/type of material
= [1]
1.25 temperature [2]
= 5.2 Ω [1]
b R=60 [1]
15
9 a light [1]
= 4.0 Ω [1]
b heat [1] resistance of AB = 1.0 Ω [1]
c power = 36 W [1] resistance per metre = 0.50 Ω/m [1]

d energy = power × time [1] 12 a increases as current increases [1]

= 36 × 60 [1] at an increasing rate [1]
= 2160 J [1] b i 25 Ω [1]
P
e I= [1] ii V = I R = 0.070 × 25 [1]
V
36 = 1.8 V [1]
= [1]
12
iii P = I V (or P = I 2 R etc.) [1]
= 3A [1]
= 0.12 W [1]
Q
10 a I = [1] c i 1.8 V (same as answer to b ii) [1]
t
=
30
[1] ii 1 = 1 + 1 [1]
20 R R1 R2
= 1.5 A [1] R = 12.5 Ω [1]
b E = Pt [1]
= IVt [1]
= 1.5 × 10 × 20 [1]
= 300 J [1]
11 a i

A
coil of
wire

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 18 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 19
1 b i See Figure 19.15c.
Name of
Circuit symbol Description
device ii See Figure 19.15a.
light- resistance iii See Figure 19.15b.
dependent decreases when
resistor light falls on it iv See Figure 19.18a.
(LDR) v See Figure 19.18b.
thermistor resistance 6 a melting, burning, fumes
changes when
temperature b wire melts, breaks circuit
changes c circuit breaker
relay an d Fuse will not break for normal current, but will
electromagnetic break when current rises above this value.
switch
7
2 a current
b sum
3 a voltage (or p.d.)
each symbol correctly drawn [4]
b shared
8 a 6V
c more (greater)
4 a series
b parallel
c series
d parallel
5 a i series circuit [1]
correct symbols for resistor, switch
and power supply [3]
ii b 10 + 40 [1]
= 50 Ω [1]

iii c 0.12 A [1]

d 0.12 A [1]

iv 9 a capacitor [1]
b light-dependent resistor [1]

v c relay [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 19 1
10 a wires overheat (risk of fire) [1] c AND gate [1]
NOT gate [1]
b fuse, trip switch [2]
d OFF (0) [1]
c Use thicker wires, [1]
which have lower resistance, [1] 14 a
so there is less heating. [1]
11 a in parallel [1]
b 6.0 V [1]
across each resistor [1]
c The 2 Ω resistor, [1]
because the resistance is lower. [1]
circuit diagram with two lamps in parallel [1]
1 1 1
d = + [1] switch alongside power supply [1]
R 2 3 correct symbols for lamps and switch used [1]
3 2 5
= + = [1]
6 6 6 b R=V [1]
I
6
R= = 1.2 Ω [1] = 12 [1]
5 16
V 6 = 7.5 [1]
I= = [1]
R 1.2 ohm(s) or Ω [1]
= 5.0 A [1] c L2 has blown or is missing [1]
12 A B d i blows [1]
ii nothing / does not light / off
electrons (not turns off ) [1]
iii nothing / does not light / off
(not turns off ) [1]
15 a i 4.0 V [1]
ii 12 V [1]

diode b i 6Ω [1]
ii 1 = 1 + 1 [1]
a diode correctly labelled [1] R 3 6
R = 2Ω [1]
b cell correct way round [1]
c I=V [1]
c arrow in correct direction [1] R
= 6.0 A [1]
13 a AND gate [1]
Output is ON only if both inputs are ON. [1] d i stays the same [1]

b Input 1 Input 2 Output ii decreases [1]

0 0 0 [1]
1 0 1 [1]
0 1 1 [1]
1 1 0 [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 19 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 20
1 relays, motors, electric bells (any order) 9 a i magnetised [1]
ii attracted or magnetised [1]
2 current, magnetic, turning, rotate
iii close [1]
3 a force (motion)
b any two from:
b magnetic field armature becomes permanently magnetised
c current would not release from core
contacts always closed [2]
4 a charged, field, force
10 a i current clockwise when viewed from top [1]
b electrons, cathode ray (or television)
ii anticlockwise or down on left and/or up
5 Someone presses the bell push. [1] on right [1]
A current flows through the electromagnet. [1]
The electromagnet attracts the iron armature. [1] b i faster or greater turning effect [1]
The hammer strikes the gong. [1] ii faster or greater turning effect [1]
At the same time, the circuit is broken
iii faster or greater turning effect [1]
at point A. [1]
The springy metal pulls the hammer back. [1]
The circuit is completed again at A. [1]
6 a The wire will swing the other way. [1]
b The wire will swing the other way. [1]
7 a downwards [1]
b to the right, [1]
by Fleming’s left-hand rule [1]
8 a downwards [1]
b upwards [1]
c The forces are unbalanced, [1]
and so provide a turning effect. [1]
d The force is zero, [1]
because the current does not cut
across the magnetic field (it is parallel
to the field). [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 20 1
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 21
1 conductor, magnetic, induced, circuit, current c Use the primary coil as the secondary
and the secondary as the primary. [1]
2 (answers from the top) d.c.; a.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c.; d.c.; a.c.
11 a i X: coil [1]
3 coil, rotate/turn, magnetic, e.m.f., current
ii Y: slip rings [1]
4 a movement iii Z: brushes [1]
b field b A.c. flows back and forth,
c current changing direction. [1]
D.c. flows in one direction only. [1]
5 high, smaller, less
+
6 a primary, core, secondary d.c.
b step-up, e.m.f./voltage
Current

c step-down, e.m.f./voltage 0
Time
7 Vp = p.d. across primary coil a.c.
Vs = p.d. across secondary coil
Np = number of turns on primary coil –
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
correct (labelled) diagram [1]
8 Ip = current in primary coil
Vp = p.d. across primary coil 12 a more turns [1]
Is = current in secondary coil bigger area [1]
Vs = p.d. across secondary coil b stronger magnetic field [1]
9 a The magnetic field around the wire is turn the coil faster [1]
changing (it is cutting across field lines). [1] Vp Np
13 a = [1]
Vs Ns
b It will change sign / direction (from positive
to negative, or the other way round). [1] 5000 × 12
Ns = [1]
230
c She should move the wire more quickly. [1]
= 261 [1]
d No, [1]
because it is not cutting across the field b Ip × Vp = Is × Vs [1]
lines / the magnetic field is not changing. [1] 0.40 × 12
Ip = [1]
230
10 a So that less energy is lost during
transmission. [1] = 0.021 A [1]
Vp Np
b = [1] 14 a i deflection to one side [1]
Vs Ns
then goes back to zero again [1]
Ns
Vs =Vp × [1] ii same as i but opposite direction [1]
Np
3 × 200 b larger [1]
= = 60 V [1]
10

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 21 1
 c smaller [1] iii deflection on voltmeter
(in same direction as in ii) [1]
d nothing (or small oscillations about zero
position or blurred light spot) [1] b use a stronger magnet [1]
move coil or magnet faster [1]
15 a i no deflection on voltmeter [1]
add more turns to coil [1]
ii deflection on voltmeter [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 21 2
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 22
1 9 a i alpha, positive [1]
electron gold nucleus, positive [1]
nucleus electron, negative [1]
proton
ii electron, alpha particle, gold nucleus [3]
b Electrons (the ‘plums’) are distributed
through [1]
neutron a sphere of positive charge (the ‘pudding’). [1]

4
c gold nucleus
2 He
alpha

2
Symbol Name What it tells us
X chemical symbol name of element
Z proton number number of protons alpha particle smaller than gold
in nucleus nucleus, with positive charges marked [1]
track of alpha particle correctly shown [1]
A nucleon number number of nucleons
in nucleus d Most of the gold atom is empty space / the
nucleus makes up a small
fraction of the volume of the atom, [1]
3 proton number + neutron number = nucleon so the chance of a head-on collision
number between an alpha particle and a gold
4 a different numbers nucleus is very small. [1]

b the same number 10 a i 3 [1]

c different numbers ii 3 [1]

5 alpha, deflected, thin, mass, positive, centre iii 4 [1]

6 a 6 protons [1] iv 3 + 4 = 7 [1]

b 6 neutrons [1] b 73 Li [1]

c 6 electrons [1] 11 a Particle Charge Mass

7 a 79 + 118 [1] electron −1 m
= 197 [1] neutron 0 [1] 2000m [1]
197
b 79 Au [2] proton +1 [1] 2000m [1]
8 a 19 [1]
b 39 [1] b i 92 [1]
ii 146 [1]
40
c 19 K [2] iii 92 [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 22 1
Answers to end-of-chapter questions
Chapter 23
1 Type of particle or
Radiation Symbol Mass Charge
electromagnetic radiation
alpha α 2 protons + 2 neutrons (He nucleus) 1 +2
beta β electron small −1
gamma γ electromagnetic radiation 0 0

2 radiation in the environment background

detectors of ionising radiation Geiger counter, photographic film
three types of ionising radiation from radioactive alpha, beta, gamma
substances

3 a it has negative charge

b charged; Fleming’s left-hand rule
c it is uncharged
4
Radiation Penetration Absorption Absorbed by
alpha least penetrating most easily absorbed thin paper, a few cm of air
beta in between in between thin metal foil
gamma most penetrating least easily absorbed thick lead or concrete

5 a (average) time, half, decay

b See Figure 23.10a.
6
Use … because …
Finding the age of an object radioactive substances decay at a known rate.
Seeing through solid objects radiation can penetrate matter.
Sterilising medical equipment radiation can destroy living cells.
Tracing the movement of hazardous small amounts of radiation can be detected.
substances

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 23 1
 7 β is more penetrating than α. [1] 11 a i background [1]
Detect using Geiger counter. [1] or any of the following:
Place thin paper over sources − α does contaminated surfaces
not pass through. [1] other radioactive material nearby
Place thin aluminium foil over radiation from rocks/soil
sources − neither passes through. [1] cosmic rays/radiation from space
radon gas from ground
8 a 15 [1]
counts per minute [1] ii count rate = 136 [1]
4
b 65 − 15 [1] = 34 counts/min [1]
= 50 counts per minute [1]
b i alpha or α [1]
c 65
ii 876 [1]
counts per minute

4
− 34
Count rate /

40 [1]
= 185 counts/min [1]

15 12 a i proton [1]
0 ii proton and neutron [1]
0 half- 2 4 6 8
life Time / hours b number of protons = 47 [1]
number of neutrons = 107 − 47 = 60 [1]
correct graph drawn [1]
After one half-life, the measured c i 8 h ± 0.25 h [1]
count rate will be down to 25 + 15 = 40 [1] ii Choose two points on the graph; for
Reading across from 40 on the graph, each, halve the value and add 8 h to
and then down, half-life = 1.3 h the time. [2]
approximately. [1]
9 a The formation of an ion [1]
by the removal of one or more
electrons from an atom. [1]
b X-rays [1]
10 a (for example) A patient with cancer is
exposed to γ-radiation. [1]
This damages the cancerous cells, [1]
which then die. [1]
b (for example) During the manufacture
of cardboard, β-radiation is passed
through the card. [1]
If the card is too thick (too thin),
the amount of radiation detected will be
too low (too high). [1]
The machinery is automatically
adjusted to give the correct thickness. [1]

© Cambridge University Press 2014 IGCSE Physics Answers to end-of-chapter questions: Chapter 23 2