Decoding Eurocode 7

Andrew Bond and Andrew Harris

First published 2008
by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis

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Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

©2008 Andrew Bond and Andrew Harris

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Printed and bound in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press, Trowbridge, Wiltshire.

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Bond, Andrew, 1959-
Decoding Eurocode 7 / Andrew Bond and Andrew Harris. -- 1st ed. p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-415-40948-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Engineering
geology—Standards—Europe. 2. Structural design—Standards—Europe. 3. Standards,
Engineering—Europe. I. Harris, Andrew, 1955- II. Title. III. Title: Decoding Eurocode seven.

TA705.4.E85B66 2008
624.102'184--dc22 2008018633

ISBN10 0-415-40948-9 (hbk)

ISBN10 0-203-93772-4 (ebk)

ISBN13 978-0-415-40948-3 (hbk)

ISBN13 978-0-203-93772-3 (ebk)
Symbols

A accidental action
A (A’) area (effective area)
Ab (A’b) area of base, (effective area of base)
An contact area
As area of steel
As (As,D) area of pile shaft (through consolidating layer)
AE seismic action
a adhesion between ground and wall
a (anom, ad) dimension (nominal, design)
B (B’) breadth (effective breadth)
b (bB, bF, bg) breadth (of raft, of foundation, of pile group)
bc, bq, bγ base inclination factors
Cd limiting value of an effect of an action
Cu uniformity coefficient
Cc coefficient of curvature and compression index
c’ (c’k, c’d) effective cohesion (characteristic, design)
c’R residual effective cohesion
cu (cuk, cud) undrained shear strength (characteristic, design)
cv coefficient of consolidation
D diameter; depth of footing below ground level
DG (DGk, DGd) downdrag (characteristic value, design value)
d (do, dw) depth, (of embedment, to water table)
dn particle size, where n%of the soil smaller than this size
dc, dq, dγ depth factors
E (Ek, Ed) effect of actions (characteristic, design)
Ed,dst/Ed,stb destabilizing/stabilizing design effect of actions
E (Eoed, Eplt) Young’s Modulus (oedometer, plate-loading)
e (emax, emin) voids ratio (maximum, minimum)
eB (eL) eccentricity in the direction of B (of L)
F (Fs, Fb, Fo) factor of safety (for sliding or shaft capacity, for base
capacity, for overturning)
F (Fk, Frep, Fd) force or action (characteristic, representative, design)
f settlement coefficient
fy yield strength of steel
fc compressive strength of concrete
xvi Decoding Eurocode 7

G shear modulus
G (Gk, Grep, Gd) permanent action (characteristic, representative, design)
G’ (G’k, G’d) submerged weight of soil column (characteristic, design)
g acceleration due to gravity
gc, gq, gγ ground inclination factors
H (Hnom, Hd) retained height (nominal, design)
H (Hk, Hrep, Hd) horizontal force or action (characteristic, representative,
design)
HR (HRk, HRd) sliding resistance (characteristic, design)
h (hw) height (of water)
Ic, IL, IP consistency index, liquidity index, plasticity index
ID density index
Iq influence factor
i (ik, id) hydraulic gradient (characteristic, design)
icrit critical hydraulic gradient
ic, iq, iγ load inclination factors
K (Ka, Ko, Kp) earth pressure coefficient (active, at-rest, passive)
Kaγ, Kaq, Kac components of active earth pressure coefficient
Kpγ, Kpq, Kpc components of passive earth pressure coefficient
Kn auxiliary coefficient
k permeability; coefficient of sub-grade reaction; factor
used in deriving shape factors
kn statistical coefficient dependent on sample size ‘n’
L (L’) length (effective length)
M bending moment
M (MR, MO) moment about a point (restoring, overturning)
mx mean value of X, variance unknown
mv (mvk) coefficient of compression/volume compressibility
(characteristic)
N size of the population
N (N60, (N1)60) SPT blow count (corrected for 60% energy, corrected for
energy and effective stress)
N (Nk, Nd) stability number (characteristic, design)
Nc, Nq, Nγ bearing capacity factors
N*c, N*q, N*γ modified bearing capacity factors
n number of samples
P pre-stress actions; applied load
Pa (P’a) active earth thrust (effective)
Pp (P’p) passive earth thrust (effective)
Pp proof load of anchor
Pd design anchor force
P0 lock-off load in anchor
Pt,k tendon characteristic tensile load capacity
Symbols xvii

Pt0.1,k characteristic tensile load at 0.1% strain

P(X, λ, ζ) probability density function
pult ultimate load from plate test
Q (Qa, Qult) load (allowable, ultimate)
Qult (Qs,ult, Qb,ult) ultimate pile capacity (shaft, base)
Qi (Qki, Qdi) surcharge on slice (characteristic, design)
Q (Qk, Qrep, Qd) variable action (characteristic, representative, design)
Qult ultimate bearing resistance
q surcharge
q (q’) overburden pressure (effective)
q0 overburden pressure
q (qa, qult) bearing capacity (allowable, ultimate)
qc cone resistance
qEk characteristic bearing pressure
qEd design bearing pressure
qRk characteristic bearing resistance
qRd design bearing resistance
qu unconfined compressive strength
qbk characteristic unit pile base resistance
qsk characteristic unit pile shaft resistance
R (Rk, Rd) resistance (characteristic, design)
Rb (Rbk, Rbd) base resistance (characteristic, design)
Rs (Rsk, Rsd) shaft resistance (characteristic, design)
Rc (Rck, Rcd) compressive resistance (characteristic, design)
Rt (Rtk, Rtd) tensile resistance (characteristic, design)
Rm measured resistance
Rcal calculated resistance
Ra (Ra,k, Ra,d) anchorage pull-out resistance (characteristic, design)
r radius of circle
ru pore pressure parameter
S shear resistance to sliding
Sd,dst design seepage force
s (s0, s1, s2) settlement (immediate, consolidation, creep)
sEd calculated settlement under the design actions
sCd maximum tolerable settlement
sx sample’s standard deviation
sc, sq, sγ shape factors
T measured torque in vane test
T (Tk, Td) tensile vertical action (characteristic, design)
t4 Student’s t-value
t depth embedment of gravity retaining wall
ts thickness of wall stem
tb thickness of wall base
xviii Decoding Eurocode 7

Ua water pressure force on active side of wall

Uah horizontal component of water pressure force on active
side of wall
Uav vertical component of water pressure force on active side
of wall
Uad design water pressure force on active side of wall
Uv uplift vertical water pressure force
Uh horizontal water pressure force
Uk characteristic uplift water pressure force
UGk characteristic uplift water pressure force
UGd design uplift water pressure force
u pore pressure
uk characteristic pore pressure
ud design pore pressure
uk,dst characteristic destabilizing pore pressure
ud,dst design destabilizing pore pressure
V vertical force
Vx sample’s coefficient of variation
Vrep representative total vertical action
VGk characteristic permanent vertical action
V’Gk characteristic permanent effective vertical action
Vqk characteristic variable vertical action
Vd design vertical action
VGd design permanent vertical action
V’Gd design permanent effective vertical action
Vd,dst total design destabilizing action
Vd,stb total design stabilizing action
v velocity
va horizontal movement active
vp horizontal movement passive
W self weight of foundation
W’ submerged weight
Wd design self-weight
Wi self-weight of slice
Wki characteristic self-weight of slice
Wdi design self-weight of slice
WGk characteristic permanent self-weight
w water content
wL liquid limit
wP plastic limit
X value of material property
Xk,j characteristic material property
Xk,inf lower (inferior) characteristic value of material property
Symbols xix

Xk,sup upper (superior) characteristic value of material property

Xd,i design material property
Xi inter-slice horizontal force
xi lever arm of slice
Za depth on investigation points
z depth

α angular strain; shaft adhesion factor for piles

αi angle of base of slice
β K tan δ; slope of back fill or other surface; relative
rotation; angular distortion
βk characteristic slope of back fill or other surface
βd design slope of back fill or other surface
γ (γs, γw, γ’) weight density (of soil, of water, submerged)
γk (γck) characteristic weight density of soil (of concrete)
γi load factor in AASHTO LRFD method
γF/γF,fav partial factor on unfavourable/favourable action
γF,dst/γF,stb partial factor on destabilizing/stabilizing action
γG/γG,fav partial factor on unfavourable/favourable permanent
action
γQ partial factor on unfavourable variable actions
γA partial factor on unfavourable accidental actions
γM partial factor on material properties
γφ partial factor on coefficient of shearing resistance
γc’ partial factor on effective cohesion
γcu partial factor on undrained shear strength
γqu partial factor on unconfined compressive strength
γRd partial factor on resistance; model factor
γR (γRv, γRh) partial factor on resistance (bearing, sliding)
γRsls partial factor on resistance for satisfying SLS conditions
γRe partial factor on earth resistance
γa partial factor on prestressed anchorage resistance
γb partial factor on pile base resistance
γs partial factor on pile shaft resistance
γst partial factor on pile tensile shaft resistance
γt partial factor on total pile resistance
Δ relative deflection
Δa margin or tolerance on nominal dimension
ΔH increase in retained height
Δs differential settlement
Δu excess pore pressure
Δσv change in total vertical stress
δ (δk, δd) angle of interface friction (characteristic, design)
xx Decoding Eurocode 7

δ lateral deflection
δs differential settlement
δx coefficient of variance of the population, variance known
ε error at depth z
ζ standard deviation of ln(X)
ηi load modifier in AASHTO LRFD method
θ rotation; angle of back face of wall or virtual back
κN statistical coefficient dependent on the size of the
population variance known
Λ (ΛEQU, ΛGEO, ΛSTR, ΛHYD, ΛUPL, ΛSLS)
degree of utilization (for limit state EQU, GEO, STR,
HYD, UPL, SLS)
λ mean value of ln (X)
μx mean value of X, variance known
ξ reduction factor applied to unfavourable permanent
actions; correlation factors applied to pile test results
ξa correlation factor applied to anchorage suitability tests
ρ bulk density
ρc density of concrete; consolidation settlement
σx standard deviation of the population, variance known
2
σx variance of the population
σv vertical total stress
σvk characteristic vertical total stress
σvd design vertical total stress
σv,b vertical total stress at pile base
σh horizontal total stress
σn normal total stress
σnk characteristic normal total stress
σnd design normal total stress
σ’h horizontal effective stress
σ’hk characteristic horizontal effective stress
σ’hd design horizontal effective stress
σ’v vertical effective stress
σ’vk characteristic vertical effective stress
σ’vd design vertical effective stress
σ’n normal effective stress
σ’nk characteristic normal effective stress
σ’nd design normal effective stress
σa (σ’a) total active stress (effective)
σah horizontal component of active total stress
σp passive total stress
σ’p passive effective stress
Symbols xxi

σ’ah horizontal component of active effective stress

σd,stb design stabilizing total stress
σ’d design effective stress
φ resistance factor in AASHTO LRFD method
φ (φk, φd) effective angle of shearing resistance (characteristic,
design)
φcv (φcv,d) constant volume effective angle of shearing resistance
(design)
φpk characteristic peak effective angle of shearing resistance
φR residual effective angle of shearing resistance
τE (τEk, τEd) shear stress/effect (characteristic, design)
τR (τRk, τRd) shear resistance (characteristic, design)
ψ, ψ0, ψ1, ψ2 combination factors
ω tilt

Common subscripts
A accidental
a active
a allowable
b base
c compressive
cv at constant volume
d design
dst destabilizing
Ed design effect
fav favourable
G permanent
h horizontal
k characteristic
net net value
nom nominal
p passive
Q variable
Rd design resistance
rep representative
SLS serviceability limit state
s shaft
stb stabilizing
t tensile
t total
v vertical
ULS ultimate limit state
u undrained
xxii Decoding Eurocode 7

ult ultimate