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Experiment No. 2 Aim:-Apparatus Used: - Theory:-: To Determine The Friction Factor For The Pipes. (Major Losses)

This document describes an experiment to determine the friction factor for pipes. The experiment involves measuring the pressure drop across different diameter pipes using a U-tube manometer while varying the flow rate. Darcy's equation is used to relate the friction factor to the pressure drop due to viscous friction along the pipe. Measurements of pipe diameter, length, flow rate, and pressure drop will be recorded in a table. Precautions are outlined such as noting mean manometer readings and maintaining fluid levels. The results will be used to calculate the friction factor, with the goal of determining its relationship to pipe properties and flow characteristics.

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nasir manzoor
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321 views4 pages

Experiment No. 2 Aim:-Apparatus Used: - Theory:-: To Determine The Friction Factor For The Pipes. (Major Losses)

This document describes an experiment to determine the friction factor for pipes. The experiment involves measuring the pressure drop across different diameter pipes using a U-tube manometer while varying the flow rate. Darcy's equation is used to relate the friction factor to the pressure drop due to viscous friction along the pipe. Measurements of pipe diameter, length, flow rate, and pressure drop will be recorded in a table. Precautions are outlined such as noting mean manometer readings and maintaining fluid levels. The results will be used to calculate the friction factor, with the goal of determining its relationship to pipe properties and flow characteristics.

Uploaded by

nasir manzoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO.

Aim:- To determine the friction factor for the pipes.(Major Losses).


Apparatus Used:- A flow circuit of G. I. pipes of different diameter viz. 15 mm, 25mm, 32
mm dia, U-tube differential manometer, collecting tank.
Theory:-

Figure: Losses in pipes during flow

Friction factor in pipes or Major losses:- A pipe is a closed conduit through which fluid flows
under the pressure. When in the pipe, fluid flows, some of potential energy is lost to overcome
hydraulic resistance which is classified as:-
1. The viscous friction effect associated with fluid flow.
2. The local resistance which result from flow disturbances caused by
Sudden expansion and contraction in pipe
Obstruction in the form of valves, elbows and other pipe fittings.
Curves and bend in the pipe.
Entrance and exit losses.
The viscous friction loss or major loss in head potential energy due to friction is given by
4 ƒ𝑙𝑣2
ℎƒ = 2g𝑑
Hence the major head loss is friction loss
4 ƒ𝑙𝑣2 -------- Darcy equation
ℎƒ = 2g𝑑
Where,
hf =Major head loss
l = Length of pipe
4f = Friction factor
v = Inlet velocity
g = Acceleration due to gravity
d = Diameter of pipe
Procedure:-
1. Note down the relevant dimensions as diameter and length of pipe between the
pressure tapping, area of collecting tank etc.
2. Pressure tapping of a pipe is kept open while for other pipe is closed.
3. The flow rate was adjusted to its maximum value. By maintaining suitable
amount of steady flow in the pipe.
4. The discharge flowing in the circuit is recorded together with the water level
in the left and right limbs of manometer tube.
5. The flow rate is reduced in stages by means of flow control valve and the
discharge & reading of manometer are recorded.
6. This procedure is repeated by closing the pressure tapping of this pipe,
together with other pipes and for opening of another pipe.
Observation:-
Diameter of pipe D =
Length of pipe between pressure
tapping L = Area of collecting
tank =
Sr. Manometer Reading Discharge measurement Velocity(Q/A)
No.
Left Right Difference Volume Time Discharge Area of
limb limb of head in sec Q(vol/time) pipe (m2)
H1 H2 terms of (m3/sec)
water hf =
13.6 (H2-
H1)
Precautions:-
1. When fluid is flowing, there is a fluctuation in the height of piezometer tubes,
note the mean position carefully.
2. There in some water in collecting tank.
3. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank.

Result:-
Viva Questions:-
1. Define major loss in pipe?
2. Define equilent pipe?
3. Define friction factor in the pipe?

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