POLAR FORM

Complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 can be a point ( 𝑎, 𝑏 ) and that any such point can be represented by a polar
coordinates ( 𝑟, 𝜃 ) with 𝑟 ≥ 0, then:
Im

𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

r
b

𝜽
0 a Re

𝑎 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + ( 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 )𝑖
𝒛 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 )
𝑎
Where: 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 and tan 𝜃 =
𝑏

The angle 𝜃 is called the argument of z and write 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑔(𝑧).

Euler Form: From Euler formula; 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒊 𝜽

Example: Write the following complex number to polar form:

(a) 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖, (b) 𝑤 = √3 − 𝑖

Solution: (a) Given: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 1

𝜋
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √ 1 + 1 = √ 2 , and tan 𝜃 = 1, 𝜃 = .
4
𝜋 𝜋
Polar form: 𝑧 = √ 2 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) ]
4 4
𝟎
Euler form: 𝒛 = √ 𝟐 𝒆𝒊 𝟒𝟓
(b) Given: 𝑎 = √3 , 𝑏 = −1
2
𝑟 = |𝑧| = √(√3) + (−1)2 = 2
1 𝜋
tan 𝜃 = − , 𝜃=− .
√3 6
𝜋 𝜋
Polar form: 𝑤 = 2 [cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− ) ]
6 6
𝟎
Euler form: 𝒘 = 𝟐 𝒆−𝒊 𝟑𝟎
2) 0.707(3 − 4𝑖)(−5 − 12𝑖)

Solution: = 0.707(−15 − 48𝑖 + 20𝑖 + 48𝑖 2 )

= 0.707(−63 − 16𝑖)
= −𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟒 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟏𝒊 rectangular form

Euler’s Form: 𝑟 = √(−44.54)2 + (−11.31)2 = 45.955

−11.31
tan 𝜃 = third quadrant
−44.54
11.31
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) = 14.240 + 1800 = 194.250
44.54
𝟎
𝒛 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝒆𝒊 𝟏𝟗𝟒.𝟐𝟓

( 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒊)𝟐
3)
−𝟏𝟐 + 𝟗𝒊

1+4𝑖 + 4𝑖 2 −3 + 4𝑖 −12 − 9𝑖
Solution: = ∙
−12 + 9𝑖 −12 + 9𝑖 −12 − 9𝑖
36 + 27𝑖 − 48𝑖 − 36𝑖 2
=
144 − 81𝑖 2
72 − 21𝑖
=
144+ 81
72 − 21𝑖
=
225
8 7
= − 𝑖
25 75

8 2 7 2 1
Euler’s form: 𝑟 = √( ) + (− ) =
25 75 3
7
−75
tan 𝜃 = 8 fourth quadrant
25

7
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (− ) = −16.260 = 3600 − 16.260 = 343.740
24

𝜃 = −16.260 = 3600 − 16.260

𝜃 = 3600 − 16.260
𝜃 = 343.740
𝟏 𝟎) 𝟏 𝟎
𝒛 = 𝒆𝒊 (–𝟏𝟔.𝟐𝟔 or 𝒛 = 𝒆𝒊 𝟑𝟒𝟑.𝟕𝟒
𝟑 𝟑
Multiplication in Polar Form
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )
𝑧1 𝑧2 = [𝑟1 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 )][𝑟2 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 ][( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 )]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 2 sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 + 𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + (−1) sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ]
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 [ (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 (sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 )]
Trigonometric Identities of Two angles:
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 ) ]
= 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 𝒆𝒊 ( 𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )

Division in Polar Form

𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏
= [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) ]
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝒓𝟏
= 𝒆𝒊 ( 𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 ) ; 𝒛𝟐 ≠ 𝟎
𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
If 𝒛 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ) then = (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 )
𝒛 𝒓

DE MOIVRE’S THEOREM
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) it follows that
𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2 (cos 2𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
𝑧 3 = 𝑧 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 3 (cos 3𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 3𝜃)
Then 𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝜽 + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝜽) , where n is a positive integer.
nth roots of Complex Numbers:
𝟏 𝟏
𝜽 𝜽
𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )]
𝒏 𝒏

Example: Find the product of the complex number 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑖 and 𝑤 = √3 − 𝑖 in polar form:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solution: 𝑧𝑤 = [√ 2 {cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) }] [2 {cos (− ) + 𝑖 sin (− ) }]
4 4 6 6
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧𝑤 = 2√2 [cos ( − )+ 𝑖 sin ( − ) ]
4 6 4 6
𝜋 𝜋 0
𝑧𝑤 = 2√2 [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) ] = 2√2 𝑒 𝑖 0.26
12 12
 1 1 10
Example: Find ( + 𝑖)
2 2
1 1
Solution: 𝑎= , 𝑏=
2 2

1 2 1 2 1 √2
𝑟 = √( ) + ( ) = √ =
2 2 2 2
1
2 𝜋
tan 𝜃 = 1 = 1, 𝜃=
4
2

√2
𝑧= (cos 450 + 𝑖 sin 450 )
2
10
√2 𝜋 𝜋
𝑧 10 = ( ) [cos(10) ( ) + 𝑖 sin(10) ( )]
2 4 4
1 5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑧 10 = [cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( )]
32 2 2
1
𝑧 10 = [cos(4500 ) + 𝑖 sin(4500 )]
32
1 𝟏
𝑧 10 = [0+ 𝑖] = 𝒊
32 𝟑𝟐

nth roots of Complex Numbers:

Theorem on nth roots:
If 𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 ) is any nonzero complex number and if 𝑛 is any positive integer, then 𝑧 has
exactly 𝑛 different nth roots 𝑤0 , 𝑤1 , 𝑤2 .. . . . 𝑤𝑛 − 1 . These roots, for 𝜃 in radians, are:
𝒏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = √ 𝒓 [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏

Or equivalently, for 𝜃 in degrees,

𝒏 𝜽 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌 𝜽 + 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = √ 𝒓 [ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 ( ) + 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( ) ]
𝒏 𝒏

Where: 𝒌 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐,. . . . . , 𝒏 − 𝟏.
𝟏 𝟏
𝜽 𝜽
when k = 0, 𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 [ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )]
𝒏 𝒏

Example: Find the four fourth roots of −8 − 8√3 𝑖.

2
Solution: Given: 𝑎 = −8, 𝑏 = −8√3 𝑟 = √(−8)2 + (−8√3 ) = 16

−8√3
tan 𝜃 = = √3 ; 𝜃 = 2400 .
−8
4 2400 + 3600 𝑘 2400 + 3600 𝑘
𝑤𝑘 = √16 [ cos ( ) + 𝑖 sin ( ) ]
4 4

𝑤𝑘 = 2[ cos(600 + 900 𝑘) + 𝑖 sin(600 + 900 𝑘) ]

𝑤0 = 2[ cos(600 ) + 𝑖 sin(600 ) ] = 1 + √3 𝑖
𝑤1 = 2[ cos(1500 ) + 𝑖 sin( 1500 ) ] = −√3 + 𝑖
𝑤2 = 2[ cos(2400 ) + 𝑖 sin(2400 ) ] = −1 − √3 𝑖
𝑤3 = 2[ cos(3300 ) + 𝑖 sin( 3300 ) ] = √3 – 𝑖
COMPLEX VARIABLE
Let complex variable be 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 or 𝑤 = 𝑢 + 𝑖𝑣, where 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑢, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 are real variables and 𝑧 and 𝑤
are complex variables.

Example: Solve for 𝑧 if 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖

Solution: 3𝑖𝑧 2 + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖 ; 3𝑖𝑧 2 = 296 − 8 − 84𝑖 ; 3𝑖𝑧 2 = 288 − 84𝑖
288 − 84𝑖 288 − 84𝑖 −3𝑖
𝑧2 = ⟹ 𝑧2 = ∙
3𝑖 3𝑖 −3𝑖
−864𝑖 + 252𝑖 2 −864𝑖 + 252(−1 )
𝑧2 = ⟹ 𝑧2 =
−9𝑖 2 −9(−1 )

𝑧 2 = −28 − 96𝑖
Use 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 ⟹ 𝑧 2 = ( 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 )2
𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 𝑖 2 ⟹ 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦 2 ( −1 )
𝒛𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒊
Substitute to the given complex variable: 3𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑖) + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖
3𝑖𝑥 2 − 3𝑖𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦𝑖 2 + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖 ⟹ 3𝑖𝑥 2 − 3𝑖𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦(−1) + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖
3𝑖𝑥 2 − 3𝑖𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑦 + 8 = 296 − 84𝑖 ⟹ 3𝑖𝑥 2 − 3𝑖𝑦 2 + 84𝑖 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 288
Imaginary part: 3𝑖𝑥 2 − 3𝑖𝑦 2 + 84𝑖 = 0 3𝑖(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 28) = 0 ; 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 = −𝟐𝟖
𝟒𝟖 2304
Real part: 6𝑥𝑦 + 288 = 0 ; 6(𝑥𝑦 + 48) = 0 ; 𝑥𝑦 = −48 ; 𝒚=− ; 𝑦2 = −
𝒙 𝑥2
2304
Substitute: 𝑦2 = to 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = −28
𝑥2
2304
𝑥2 − ( ) = −28
𝑥2
2304
[𝑥 2 − ( ) = −28 ] 𝑥 2
𝑥2

𝑥 4 + 28𝑥 2 − 2304 = 0
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 then 𝑢2 = 𝑥 4 ; 𝑢2 + 28𝑢 − 2304 = 0
Quadratic Formula: 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 28, 𝑐 = −2304
−28 ± √(28)2 − 4(1)(−2304 )
𝑢=
2(1)

𝑢 = 36 and 𝑢 = −64 since 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 , then 𝑥 2 = 36 and 𝑥 2 = −64

48
𝑥 = ±√36 , 𝑥 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −6 from 𝑦 = −
𝑥

𝑦 = −8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 8
Therefore: 𝒛 = 𝟔 − 𝟖𝒊 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒛 = −𝟔 + 𝟖𝒊