Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. L-35133 May 31, 1974

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee,

Francisco G. Munsayac, Sr. for appellant Madera.

Apolinar F. Tolentino and Jose C. Vitug for appellant Andres, et al.

Office of the Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza, Assistant Solicitor General Dominador L. Quiroz
and Solicitor Sinfronio I. Ancheta for appellee.

FERNANDEZ, J.:p

This case is now before Us on appeal of the three appellants from a decision of the Circuit Criminal
Court 1 finding them guilty of the crime of murder, and sentencing them to suffer the penalty
of reclusion perpetua and to jointly and severally indemnify the heirs of the victim in the amount of
P12,000.00 without subsidiary imprisonment in case of insolvency, and to pay the cost
proportionately.

There is no question that at about 2:00 o'clock in the early morning of April 20, 1970, three men
barged at the doorstep of the house of the victim Elino Bana in Sitio Baag, Barrio Bantug, Gabaldon,
Nueva Ecija. The gunman, standing on the first rung of the stairs of the house, fired a volley of shots
from a .45 caliber gun at Elino Bana who was then sleeping on the floor of his house near the stairs .
Two gunshot wounds were inflicted on the victim but the fatal one was the one that hit him on the
abdominal region. Elino Bana did not die immediately. He stood up and told his wife to call for his
brother Conrado who lives not far away from their house. The victim's wife fetched Conrado; but
when they returned, the wounded man was no longer at home for he was already brought to the
Municipal Building of Gabaldon. He was carried by his son-in-law, Francisco Viloria, with the
assistance of some people. From the Municipal Building, he was brought to the Nueva Ecija General
Hospital, but he died on the way that same day, April 20,1970.

We affirm the lower court's finding that the prosecution has proven beyond reasonable doubt that
appellant Raymundo Madera was the one who fired the shots at the victim Elino Bana , one of which
was the fatal shot, and that appellants Marianito Andres and Generoso Andres were with Madera at
the time.

Juanita Bana, a son of the victim, testified that he was awakened by the gunfire and saw the
appellant Raymundo Madera standing on the first step of their stairs holding a .45 caliber firearm . He
also saw the appellants Marianito Andres and Generoso Andres just behind the appellant Madera, at
a distance of 1 1/2 meters from the stairs. Bernarda Bana, wife of the victim, declared that she saw
Raymundo Madera as the one who shot her husband with a foot-long firearm, and appellants
Marianito Andres and Generoso Andres were then with Madera.

In addition to the testimonies of these two witnesses, the prosecution presented the dying, declaration
of the victim Elino Bana. The trip from the house of Elino Bana to the Municipal Building took only
about thirty minutes. On the way, they were met by policeman Ambrosio Feliciano from Gabaldon
who was fetched from his house by Barrio Captain Emiliano Jornadal of Bantug to look into the
shooting incident. Upon reaching the Municipal Building, Patrolman Feliciano told Elino Bana that he
would have to take down his written statement regarding the shooting incident, and the latter agreed.
The latter was then in agony. It was then 3:00 o'clock in the morning. In said dying declaration, he
was asked who shot him and the answer was Mundo Madera and two others whom he could not
recognize.

The lower court was correct in refusing to give credence to the testimony of Patrolman Feliciano that
while they were on their way to the Municipal Building, Elino Bana told him that he could not identify
the persons who shot him. Said policeman has been an investigator in the police force since 1964.
He should have asked Elino Bana while he was giving his dying declaration in the Municipal Building
why he said earlier that he did not know who shot him. But Patrolman Feliciano did not do this. It must
be noted that not only Patrolman Feliciano but also Francisco Viloria, a witness to the dying
declaration, testified to its lawful execution.

The fact that Juanito Bana and Bernarda Bana failed to reveal right away the identities of the
appellants to the Victim himself and to their relatives Conrado Bana and Francisco Viloria, does not
militate against their credibility. There is no evidence on record that they were asked by their relatives
about the identity of the appellants. Had they been asked, they would have readily revealed
appellants' identities as they did to the Chief of Police and Municipal Mayor of Gabaldon only a few
hours after the fateful incident, during a formal investigation of the case in the Office of the Chief of
Police when and where they executed their respective sworn statements.

In their respective written statements taken on April 20, 1970, subscribed and sworn on the same
date before the Mayor of Gabaldon, Bernardo Bana and Juanito Bana categorically stated that Elino
Bana was shot by Raymundo Madera @ Mundo, while Ross and Totoy Andres were downstairs.

Juanito Bana was then living with his parents. He must be familiar with their house. He testified on
direct examination that he slept in the balcony of their house. On cross examination, he said that he
slept inside their house. That does not show any inconsistency in his testimony, because on further
questioning, he said that the balcony referred to by him was inside their house. Yes, he said that after
he heard the shots, he jumped to the ground through the back portion of their house. The falsity of
this statement has not been shown by the defense. The pictures presented by it which apparently
show that there was no such opening, can be explained by the fact that the tall grasses could obscure
the back portion of the house where the kitchen door was located.

Juanito Bana admitted that he was gripped with fear when he heard the burst of gunfire. But that
would not prove that he failed to recognize the appellants.

An excited person may overlook the presence of another whom he would otherwise
have observed.

Under some circumstance, however, excitement may whet the attention to a keen edge.
In some other cases, it has been observed, in effect, that the emotion incident to the
impending peril may not be the kind of excitement which confuses, but that which
focalizes the faculties to scrutinize. the circumstance of the threatened danger in order
to avoid it.2

The appellants asserted in their briefs 3 that "the evidence on record does not show that there was a
moon shining in the early morning of April 20, 1970, at Barrio Bantug, Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija;" that it
was then "a moonless night;" hence, Juanito Bana and Bernarda Bana could not have recognized the
appellants. This position is untenable. Why?

The Court can take judicial notice of the "laws of nature" 4 and, under this rule, of the time when the
moon rises or sets on a particular day. 5 This not withstanding and for certainty, We took it unto
Ourselves to get a certification from the Weather Bureau 6 which shows that the moon was bright at
the time of the shooting incident. It reads:

To whom It May Concern:

This is to certify that, based on the computations made by this office, the following
astronomical data for Gabaldon, Nueva Ecija are true and correct:

1. that the moon rose at 4:11 P.M. on April 19, 1970 and set the following day, April 20,
at 4:27 A.M.;
 2. that at 2:00 A.M. on April 20, 1970, the moon was at an altitude of 34 degrees above
the western horizon with bearing of South 73 degrees West;

3. and that the moon was illumined 97% at 2:00 A.M. on April 20, 1970, full moon
having occurred at 00.21 A.M. on April 22,1970.

This certification is issued upon the request of Mr. Estanislao Fernandez, Associate
Justice, Supreme Court, Manila.

For the Administrator:

It was not necessary for the prosecution to prove motive on the part of the appellants for there is no
doubt as to their identities.

It is true that, according to Maximo A. Obra, the forensic chemist of the NBI, appellant Raymundo
Madera was found negative in a paraffin test. But Obra himself admitted that, the paraffin test having
been conducted fourteen days after the incident, the test could have given a negative result even if
the appellant had fired a gun fourteen days earlier, because the nitrate deposits on his hands could
have been washed off by washing or could have been removed by perspiration.

The defense of the appellants was alibi. But said defense cannot prevail over the positive
identification of the appellants by the prosecution witnesses. The house of appellant Raymundo
Madera is just about 400 meters away from that of the victim Elino Bana.

We need not discuss further the defense of alibi of the appellants Marianito Andres and Generoso
Andres because the Solicitor General recommended their acquittal. And We agree.

The fact that these two appellants were standing behind appellant Madera when the latter fired shots
at Elino Bana, did not make them liable for what Madera did, there being no proof whatsoever of any
conspiracy among the three appellants. They were not armed. They did nothing to help Madera. Their
mere passive presence at the scene of the crime did not make them liable either as co-principals or
accomplices. In one of the latest decisions of this Court, penned by Justice Felix Q. Antonio, We held:

It is well to recall the settled rule that conspiracy presupposes the existence of a
preconceived plan or agreement and in order to establish the existence of such a
circumstance, it is not enough that the persons supposedly engaged or connected with
the same be present when the crime was perpetrated. There must be established a
logical relationship between the commission of the crime and the supposed
conspirators, evidencing a clear and more intimate connection between and among the
latter, such as by their overt acts committed in pursuance of a common design.
Considering the far-reaching consequences, of criminal conspiracy, the same degree of
proof required for establishing the crime is required to support a finding of its presence
that is, it must be shown to exist as clearly and convincingly as the commission of the
offense itself.

The evidence fails to meet such requirements. To hold him liable, upon the other hand,
as an accomplice, it must be shown that he had knowledge of the criminal intention of
the principal, which may be demonstrated by previous or simultaneous acts which
contributes to the commission of the offense as aid thereto whether physical or moral.
As aptly stated in People v. Tamayo: "It is an essential condition to the existence of
complicity, not only that there should be a relation between the acts done by the
principal and those attributed to the person charged as accomplice, but it is further
necessary that the latter, with knowledge of the criminal intent, should cooperate with
the intention of supplying material or moral aid in the execution of the crime in an
efficacious way." ... From our view of the evidence it has not been convincingly
established that appellant cooperated in the commission of the offense, either morally,
through advice, encouragement or agreement or materially through external acts
indicating a manifest intent of supplying aid in the perpetration of the crime in an
efficacious way. Such circumstances being absent, his mere passive presence at the
 scene of the crime certainly does not make him either a co-principal or an accomplice in
the commission of the offense.7

This is good a time as any to emphasize upon those in charge of the prosecution of criminal cases
that the prosecutor's finest hour is not when he wins a case with the conviction of the accused. His
finest hour is still when, overcoming the advocate's natural obsession for victory, he stands up before
the Court and pleads not for the conviction of the accused but for his acquittal. For indeed, his noble
task is to prosecute only the guilty and to protect the innocent. We, therefore, commend Solicitor
General Estelito P. Mendoza, Assistant Solicitor Dominador L. Quiroz and Solicitor Sinfronio I.
Ancheta for having correctly recommended the acquittal of the appellants Marianito Andres and
Generoso Andres.

WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is hereby affirmed with respect to the appellant
Raymundo Madera alias "Mundo", with 1/3 of the cost charged against him; and it is hereby reversed
as regards appellants Marianito Andres alias "Totoy" and Generoso Andres alias "Ross", who are
hereby acquitted of the crime charged with proportionate costs de oficio. Their immediate release
from confinement is hereby ordered unless they are held for another legal cause.