Connections To EC3 February Colour

SCI Eurocode Webinars 2012
presented by the SCI
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manufacturers and designers in every
aspect of steel design since 1988
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Well, what do you expect?
 Any dramatic changes?
Connections to 1993-1-8  That BS 5950 was wrong?
David Brown
 But gravity loads reduce by ≈ 8%
• Can we use BS 5950 connections?
 Nominally pinned connections may also
have to carry large tying forces?
• How is this reconciled? – the results are not
pinned.
© 2012 The Steel Construction Institute
Objectives: EN 1993-1-8:
 To reassure you about connection design  A section on component strengths – bolts,
 To alert you to the National Annex welds etc
 A huge section on moment resistance
• Like the “Green Book”
 A huge section on stiffness calculation
• New to the UK experience 
 A huge section on hollow section joints
• Like CIDECT, Corus Publications etc
© 2012 The Steel Construction Institute © 2012 The Steel Construction Institute
As expected: As expected:
 Resistance based on the resistance of the  When making assumptions about the
components distribution of internal forces:
• Typically bolts, welds, plates • The implied deformations must be realistic
• We look for “the weakest link” • The assumed distribution of forces must
acknowledge relative stiffnesses
Welds are not ductile, and bolts are not springs
1
Bolt force distribution Bolt force distibution
L1 2T 2T x L1
L2 L2
L2 2T x L1 2T x L1 x L2
L3 L3
L3 2T x L1 2T x L1 x L3
L 2² L 3²
 =2T( L1 + L1 +
L1 + …… )
Component strengths From the UK National Annex:

 All require a partial safety factor, M
… to be taken from the National Annex
From the UK National Annex: Bolts

 Plenty of grades:
 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
 Some limitations in the UK NA:

 4.6, 4.8, 5.6, 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, 10.9
2
Bolts in shear Fully and part threaded bolts
v = 0.6 for 4.6 and 8.8

α v fub A fub = 400 N/mm2 for 4.6
Fv,Rd  = 800 N/mm2 for 8.8
γM2
A = tensile area, if threads in Part threaded Fully threaded
the shear plane
A = gross area, if threads in the
unthreaded shank
UK practice is fully threaded bolts, so use of the

tensile area is strongly recommended
Bolts in shear Bolts in Shear – 8.8

M20 8.8 bolts, A = 245 mm2
M16 M20 M24 M30
α v f ub A 0.6  800  245
F v,Rd    94.1 kN BS 5950 58.9 91.9 132 210
γ M2 1.25
1993-1-8 60.3 94.1 136 215

EC3 BS 5950
94.1 kN 91.9 kN
2 % more to the Eurocode
Bolts in bearing – to BS 5950 Bolts in bearing – to 1993-1-8

FEd e2
Pbs  d tp pbs k1 αb fu d t e1
Fb,Rd 
So for an M 20, in 10 mm S275 plate:
γM2 p1
Pbs  20  10  460  103  92 kN Effect of e2
Effect of:
1. e1 and p1
2. Bearing on bolt or end plate
3
Bolts in bearing – to 1993-1-8 Bolts in bearing – to 1993-1-8
k1 αb fu d t k1 αb fu d t
Fb,Rd  Fb,Rd 
γM2 γM2
For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate For a M20 bolt in 10 mm S275 plate
(in a “standard” connection): (in a nearly “standard” connection):
2.11× 0.81× 410 × 20 ×10 2 .5 × 1 .0 × 410 × 20 × 10

FRd = = 112 kN Maximum: FRd = = 164 kN
1.25 ×103 1.25 × 10 3
Bolts in bearing NA Note to the M table:

 In BS 5950, the bearing strength was  “in certain circumstances deformation at
arranged to limit deformation at working serviceability might control and a M2 = 1.5
load to 1.5 mm would be more appropriate”
• (despite it being a ULS check)
 No such limit in many other codes FRd 
2 . 5  1 .0  410  20  10
 137 kN
Maximum: 1.5  10 3
Bolt groups Bolt groups

 If the shear resistance is greater than any  Shear
bearing resistances, then the connection  Bearing (end is minimum)
resistance =  bearing  Bearing (maximum)
 Else, the connection resistance
= n × minimum resistance
(Cl 3.7)
4
Bolt groups Bolt groups
Min bearing (2) Max bearing (6) Min bearing (2) Max bearing (6)
Shear Shear
Connection resistance Connection resistance

= 8 × shear = 8 × minimum bearing
Bolt groups Bolts in tension

 Two approaches in BS 5950
Min bearing (2) Max bearing (6)
1. Consider prying and use a “full” resistance
2. Ignore prying (within limits) and use a
reduced resistance
Shear
(8.8 bolts) Reduced Full

Connection resistance
M20 110 137
= 2 × minimum bearing + 6 × maximum bearing
M24 158 198
Bolts in tension – BS EN 1993-1-8 Bolts in tension
k2 fub As k2 = 0.9  Two approaches in BS 5950

Ft,Rd 
γM2 k2 = 0.63 for a countersunk bolt 1. Consider prying and use a “full” resistance
2. Ignore prying (within limits) and use a
reduced resistance
0.9  800  245
M20, 8.8 F t,Rd   141 kN
1.25 (8.8 bolts) Reduced Full 1993-1-8
137 kN in BS 5950 M20 110 137 141
when prying calculated
M24 158 198 203
5
Bolts in tension
kN Reduced at 0.8 Full
(8.8 bolts)
M20 110 113 137 141

M24 158 162 198 203
Welds Welds
 A directional method
 A simplified method – Cl.4.5.3.3 fu 410
Fw,Ed  Fw,Rd 3
=
3
= 222 N/mm 2 (220 N/mm2 in BS 5950)
βw γM2 0.85 ×1.25
Fw,Rd = fvw.d a (a is the throat)
fu is the ultimate tensile strength fu 470

fu 3 3
of the weaker part = 241N/mm 2 (250 N/mm2 in BS 5950)
fvw.d = 3 =
βw γM2 0.9 ×1.25
β w  M2 w depends on steel grade:
= 0.85 for S 275
= 0.9 for S 355
Weld strength Weld strengths

 A transverse weld is
stronger than longitudinal, by kN/mm Longitudinal Transverse
a factor, K
Throat Fillet weld
3
(S 275)
K
1  2 cos   2
θ 6 0.924 +25% 1.155
 When θ = 45, K = 1.225 8 1.232 +25% 1.54
6
Weld strengths Weld strengths
kN/mm Longitudinal Transverse kN/mm Longitudinal Transverse

Fillet weld Fillet weld
(S 275) (S 275)
6 0.94 +22% 1.15 6 0.924 0.94 1.155 1.15
8 1.25 +22% 1.53 8 1.232 1.25 1.54 1.53
Weld strength fillet welds Weld strengths

 Full strength fillet welds  Full strength fillet welds in S275
• Symmetrically disposed
 Basic weld strength = 222 N/mm2
• Subject principally to direct
tension or compression • Weld is transverse
• Sum of throats greater than throat throat • K = 1.225 throat throat
the connected part • Transverse weld strength
= 1.225 × 222 = 272 N/mm2
= full strength
Weld strengths Also in BS EN 1993-1-8

 Full strength fillet welds in S355  Limiting edge, end, pitch etc
 Bolts through packing
 Basic weld strength = 241 N/mm2
• Weld is transverse  Long joints
• K = 1.225 throat throat  Slip-resistant connections (HSFGs)
• Transverse weld strength • Non-slip at SLS
= 1.225 × 241 = 295 N/mm2 • Non-slip at ULS
= NOT full strength  Block tearing (block shear)
 Pins
7
An intermediate summary Moment-resisting connections
 Simple connections (nominally pinned  Eurocode term is
joints) “Rigid Joints”
• Bolts in shear are nearly identical
 The approach was
• Bolts in tension are nearly identical
captured in the
• Bolts in bearing – will not often govern
“Green Book”
• Welds are nearly identical
• Plates in shear are almost identical
 Software to be used!
Rigid joints EN 1993-1-8

 “Stiff” zones attract more  Converts real
load yield lines into
 Assumes a plastic equivalent
distribution T-stubs
 As single rows,
and as groups
EN 1993-1-8 EN 1993-1-8
 Checks three modes:  Allows a plastic distribution
if the plates are thin enough
 Ensures that the column
web shear and the
compression zone are
capable
 Calculates the resistance
as the bolt force multiplied
by the lever arm
8
new essential
eurocode design guides
new titles have been added to SCI’s growing library
of essential design guides to Eurocode 3 and 4.
New titles now available:
P358 P359
Joints in Steel Construction: Composite Design of
Simple Joints to Eurocode 3 Steel Framed Buildings
(The ‘Green Book’)
P360 P385
Stability of Steel Beams Design of Steel Beams
and Columns in Torsion
These publications provide: look-up tables,

P391
graphs and relevant advice that assist the
Structural Robustness of design process including: loading, sub-grade,
Steel Framed Buildings member and connection design.
simple joints • Composite • Beams & columns • torsion • robustness
More Eurocode favourites:
P362 P363
Steel Building Design: Steel Building Design:
Concise Guide Design Data (The ‘Blue Book’)
P365 P387
Steel Building Design: Steel Building Design:
Medium Rise Braced Frames Worked Examples for Students
Concise Guide • Braced Frames • Worked Examples • Design Data
TM
For further details:
Tel: +44 (0)1344 636505 • Email: [email protected]
Rigid joints Joint classification:
 Described in the “Green Book”  All connections require classification
• Component strengths are very nearly the before using them:
same • by stiffness (elastic design)
• Joint resistances will be nearly the same • or by strength (plastic design)
• … or both
Joint classes From BS EN 1993-1-1

 Nominally pinned  The effects of the behaviour of the joints…
 Rigid may generally be neglected…but where
 Semi-rigid the effects are significant (such as in the
case of semi-continuous joints) they shall
be taken into account
Joint stiffness Classification by Strength

Yes Effects No  Nominally pinned
significant? • Accept the rotations – must be ductile
• A capacity less than 25% of full strength
Account for in analysis Neglect in analysis  Full strength
• A resistance greater than that of the
connected members
Semi-continuous Simple Continuous
use stiffness = pinned = rigid
9
Classification by stiffness Connection stiffness
Ez 2
Sj 
1
• Nominally pinned? 
• Semi-rigid? i ki
• Rigid
 ki is the stiffness coefficient of the component
 z is the lever arm
  is the stiffness ratio S j,ini
Sj
Pages of calculations
Component stiffness coefficients, k Moment-rotation curves

• Web in shear
• Web in compression
• Web in tension
• Flange in bending (based on effective length 2/3
of T-stub)
• End plate in bending (based on effective
length of T-stub)
• Bolts in tension
Moment-rotation curves Calculating stiffness

 A laborious process
 Some UK doubt about the results:
• A BRE example from 2004
• 8mm partial depth end plate
• The connection is semi-rigid…..
10
Now for the good news! Joint classification – BS EN 1993-1-8
 The Eurocde does not insist on  A joint may be classified on the basis of
calculations experimental evidence, experience of
 The UK NA is particularly helpful previous satisfactory performance in
similar cases or by calculations based on
test evidence
UK National Annex Where to be concerned

 Connections designed in accordance with  Outside the UK
the principles in: • quels sont les livres verts?
• was sind die grüne Bücher?
… the Green Book on Simple Connections – • czym są zielone książki?
…are pinned
… the Green Book on Moment connections –
…are continuous
Where to be concerned The new Green Book

 If you use a non-standard connection 457 × 191 × 67, 4 rows,
• Outside the Green Books
• With no previous satisfactory experience
Shear (kN)
• ….pinned connections carrying large tying
forces?
End plate
366 kN
(partial depth)
• A golden opportunity
Fin plate 237 kN
for disputes
11
The new Green Book The new Green Book
457 × 191 × 67, 4 rows, 457 × 191 × 67, 4 rows,
Shear (kN) Shear (kN)
End plate End plate

366 kN 366 kN 352 kN
(partial depth) (partial depth)
Fin plate 237 kN Fin plate 237 kN 257 kN
The new Green Book Shear and tying resistance – end plates
 To overcome the tying problem with partial Old partial New partial New full
depth end plates depth depth depth
• Tying requirements can be huge – close to Shear 513

533 × 210 × 82
the shear force
5 rows
Tying 225
• Partial depth end plates have low resistance
• Thicken the end plate? 356 × 171 × 45
Shear 229
• Weld to the flanges? Partial depth 3 rows

Tying 171
• But is it still pinned?
Shear and tying resistance – end plates Shear and tying resistance – end plates
Old partial New partial New full Old partial New partial New full
depth depth depth depth depth depth
Shear 513 494 Shear 513 494

533 × 210 × 82 533 × 210 × 82
5 rows 5 rows
Tying 225 384 Tying 225 384
Shear 229 220 Shear 229 220

356 × 171 × 45 356 × 171 × 45
3 rows 3 rows
Tying 171 286 Tying 171 286
12
The new Green Book Shear and tying resistance – end plates
 To overcome the tying problem Old partial New partial New full
 A brand new detail: depth depth depth
• Welded to both flanges Shear 513 494 753

Partial depth 533 × 210 × 82
Increases the tying force considerably
5 rows
Tying 225 384 602
• Relatively thin plates
Classified as “pinned” Shear 229 220 425
356 × 171 × 45
3 rows
Full depth Tying 171 286 426
Shear and tying resistance – end plates Shear and tying resistance – end plates
Old partial New partial New full Old partial New partial New full
depth depth depth depth depth depth
Shear 513 494 753 Shear 513 494 753

533 × 210 × 82 533 × 210 × 82
5 rows 5 rows
Tying 225 384 602 Tying 225 384 602
Shear 229 220 425 Shear 229 220 425

356 × 171 × 45 356 × 171 × 45
3 rows 3 rows
Tying 171 286 426 Tying 171 286 426
Bases Splices
 An effective area  No change in details, but onerous
method “minimum” strength requirements
 Thickness based on a
cantilever around the
profile
 All as BS 5950
13
Splices – bearing type Splices – bearing type, cover plates
 Splice material should be provided to  Not a problem, usually
transmit 25% of the maximum  Cover plate cross section will
compressive force in the column be about 40% of capacity
(much more than force)
 Can be a modest problem in

bolts – shear resistance
reduced by packs
Splices – bearing type, cap / base Splices – non bearing type

 How to apply the rule, if at all.  Internal forces and moments not less that
25% of the moment capacity in both axes
 A shear of 2.5% on the normal force

capacity
Splices – non bearing type, major axis Splices – non bearing type, minor axis
 Cover plates generally OK  Cover plates generally OK

 Bolts can be a problem, • (based on cross section
particularly if reduced by resistance)
packs  Bolt shear can often be a
problem, particularly if
reduced by packs
 Bearing can be a problem
14
Splices – non bearing Joints in hollow sections
 More significant issues with chunky, higher  Resistance is set by choice of geometry,
grade columns member etc – so a designer’s obligation to
check joint strength
Joints in hollow sections

 Checks based on a range of testing
 Rules now found in EN 1993-1-8
15
Conclusions (1)
 Components – as expected very nearly
identical resistances
 Connection resistances are nearly
identical
 So can a frame designed to EC3 have
connections designed to BS 5950, if the
ULS loads are given?
• Yes for orthodox connections – simple or rigid
Conclusions (2) Next time…. March 15

 Section classification is new in the UK  Members under compression
• Stick with known details
 Green Book “Simple” connections –
Available now!
• With new, full depth end plates
 Green Book “Rigid” connections – summer
2012
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SCI Eurocode Webinars 2012

presented by the SCI

“ SCI serving engineers, specifiers,

Component strengths From the UK National Annex:

… to be taken from the National Annex

From the UK National Annex: Bolts

 Some limitations in the UK NA:

v = 0.6 for 4.6 and 8.8

UK practice is fully threaded bolts, so use of the

Bolts in shear Bolts in Shear – 8.8

1993-1-8 60.3 94.1 136 215

Bolts in bearing – to BS 5950 Bolts in bearing – to 1993-1-8

Pbs  20  10  460  103  92 kN Effect of e2

2.11× 0.81× 410 × 20 ×10 2 .5 × 1 .0 × 410 × 20 × 10

Bolts in bearing NA Note to the M table:

Bolt groups Bolt groups

Connection resistance Connection resistance

Bolt groups Bolts in tension

(8.8 bolts) Reduced Full

Bolts in tension – BS EN 1993-1-8 Bolts in tension

k2 fub As k2 = 0.9  Two approaches in BS 5950

kN Reduced at 0.8 Full

M20 110 113 137 141

fu is the ultimate tensile strength fu 470

Weld strength Weld strengths

kN/mm Longitudinal Transverse kN/mm Longitudinal Transverse

Weld strength fillet welds Weld strengths

Weld strengths Also in BS EN 1993-1-8

Rigid joints EN 1993-1-8

New titles now available:

These publications provide: look-up tables,

simple joints • Composite • Beams & columns • torsion • robustness

More Eurocode favourites:

Concise Guide • Braced Frames • Worked Examples • Design Data

Joint classes From BS EN 1993-1-1

Joint stiffness Classification by Strength

Component stiffness coefficients, k Moment-rotation curves

Moment-rotation curves Calculating stiffness

UK National Annex Where to be concerned

Where to be concerned The new Green Book

Shear (kN) Shear (kN)

End plate End plate

• Tying requirements can be huge – close to Shear 513

• Weld to the flanges? Partial depth 3 rows

Shear 513 494 Shear 513 494

Shear 229 220 Shear 229 220

• Welded to both flanges Shear 513 494 753

Shear 513 494 753 Shear 513 494 753

Shear 229 220 425 Shear 229 220 425

 Can be a modest problem in

Splices – bearing type, cap / base Splices – non bearing type

 A shear of 2.5% on the normal force

 Cover plates generally OK  Cover plates generally OK

Joints in hollow sections

Conclusions (2) Next time…. March 15

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