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Lecture 1

A database is a shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information needs of an organization. A database system includes the database, database management system software, hardware, users, and application programs. It allows instructors to enter grades, students to register for courses and check their academic performance, and processes queries. Databases are now essential in many areas of modern life like banking, retail, education, and more.

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Eyuel Kassahun
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20 views

Lecture 1

A database is a shared collection of logically related data designed to meet the information needs of an organization. A database system includes the database, database management system software, hardware, users, and application programs. It allows instructors to enter grades, students to register for courses and check their academic performance, and processes queries. Databases are now essential in many areas of modern life like banking, retail, education, and more.

Uploaded by

Eyuel Kassahun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Database

Systems

1
Database
A shared collection of logically related data, and
a description of this data, designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.

Note the uses of the phrases:-


• Shared collection
• Logically related
• Description of data

2
Database System
It is a system which has the following
components
Database,
Database Management System,
• DBMS is a software that enables users to define,
create, maintain, and control access to the
database
Hardware.
People having roles to play in the database
environment, and
Some application programs
3
Database System: Overview

Assuming AAUSC uses a Database


System to handle student records how do

Instructors enter grades?


Students register for courses?
Students get information on their academic
performance?
Queries are processed?

4
 Database and Database Systems have become an
essential component of everyday life in modern society
 It is fair to say that databases play a critical role in
almost all areas where computers are used

 Some examples
 Depositing or withdrawing money from a bank
 Making airline reservation
 Accessing a computerized library catalog to search for books
 Purchasing an item from a supermarket
 Booking a holiday at the travel agent
 Purchasing using your credit card
 Using the Internet
 All these may involve accessing databases

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Database Applications:

Banking: all transactions


Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Manufacturing: production, inventory,
orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records,
salaries, tax deductions
Databases touch all aspects of our lives
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 Data has no meaning and hence not helpful,
information is useful to make decisions and
control and coordinate activities
 Data is input to Information System and
information is output from the system.

 Example:
The numbers 18, 20, 23, 20, 25, 25, 28 can be
considered as data. But if you are told that these
are the highest temperature recordings during the
first week of the month of June, 2007, at Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia; it becomes information.

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File - Based Systems

File based systems were an early attempt to computerize


manual systems.

This approach is a decentralized computerized data


handling method - it develops a program or a number of
programs for each different application.

Since every application defines and manages its own


data, the system is subjected to serious data duplication
problem

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Example: Three file processing systems at Company A

Duplicate
Data

9
Limitations of File-Based systems

 Data Redundancy (Duplication of data)


Same data is held by different programs
Wasted space (Uncontrolled duplication of data)

 Separation and isolation of data


Each program maintains its own set of data. Users
of one program may be unaware of potentially
useful data held by other programs.
Limited data sharing

10
Limitations of File-Based systems (Cont.)

• Data Inconsistency and confusion


There are potentially different values and/or different
formats for the same item

• Program - Data dependence


File structure is defined in the program code and is
dependent on the application programming
language.

Each application program must have its own


processing routines for reading, inserting, updating
and deleting data

11
Limitations of File Based Systems (Cont.)

 Incompatible file formats (Lack of Data


Sharing and Availability)
Programs are written in different languages, and
so cannot easily access each others files.
 E.g. personnel writes in C++
finance writes in COBOL

 Poor Security and administration

12
Limitations of File-Based systems (Cont.)

Update Anomalies

 Modification Anomalies: A problem experienced when


one or more data value is modified on one application
program but not on others containing the same data set.

 Deletion Anomalies: A problem encountered where one


record set is deleted from one application but remain
untouched in other application programs

 Insertion Anomalies: A problem experienced whenever


there is a new data item to be recorded, and the
recording is not made in all the applications
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File based approaches

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