Advanced Application 1

Construction Stage Analysis

of MSS using the Wizard

1
CONTENTS

Summary 1
Bridge Dimensions and General Section / 2

Construction Sequence for MSS / 3

Material Property and Allowable Stress / 4

Loads / 4

Assign Work Environment 6

Define Material Properties 7

Modeling using MSS Bridge Wizard 8

Input Section Properties for PSC box / 10

Input Tendon Arrangement / 14

Modify Existing Data and Input Additional Data 19

Define Construction Stage / 19

Input Additional Loads / 21

Define and Link Time Dependent Material Properties / 29

Perform Structural Analysis 34

Review Analysis Results 35

Review Stress and Section Force by Graph / 36

Stress Review using Tables / 41

Review Prestress Loss / 42

Review Tendon Coordinates / 43

Review Tendon Elongation / 44

Review Section Forces by Load Combination / 45

 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Summary
Two construction methods, MSS (Movable Scaffolding System) and FSM (Full
Staging Method) are used to construct PSC box bridges span by span. In the MSS
method, concrete is poured onto the formwork that is supported by the MSS. Hence,
false work and shoring are not necessary. In addition when using this method, the
space under the new bridge being constructed can be used without being obstructed
by an existing river or roadway.

The structural system of the PSC Box Bridge, which is constructed using the MSS or
FSM method, changes at each construction stage. Hence, structural analysis should be
performed for each stage, and the sectional stability for each stage must be checked.
To consider time dependent characteristics for the concrete and relaxation of the
prestressing strand precisely, accumulated analysis results for the preceding
construction stages are required for each subsequent construction stage.

In this tutorial, the procedure for performing construction stage analysis of a PSC
Bridge using the MSS method, will be discussed. Analytical results, such as stresses,
prestress losses, deflections and section forces for each construction stage, will be
reviewed.

Fig. 1 Analytical model (at completion stage)

1
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Bridge Dimensions and General Section

The general description of the analytical model is as follows:

Bridge type: 11 span continuous PSC box bridge (MSS)

Bridge length: L = [email protected] = 500.000 m
Bridge Width: B = 12.600 m (2 lanes)
Skew: none
Horizontal Radius: R = 2380.000 m

C
L거Girder
더중심

Fig. 2 General Section

CGirder
L 거 더 중 심

Fig. 3 Construction Joint Section

2
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Construction Sequence for MSS

The construction sequence for the MSS method is as follows:

Fig. 4 Construction sequence

In the MSS construction stage analysis, construction sequence shown above should be
followed precisely. In construction stage analysis, each construction stage is defined
through activation/deactivation of Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and Load
Groups. The procedure for performing construction stage analysis using MSS can be
summarized as below. Of the steps given below, steps 2 to 8 are performed
automatically when using the MSS Bridge Wizard.

1. Define material and section properties

2. Structural modeling
3. Define and compose Structure Group
4. Define and compose Boundary Group
5. Define Load Group
6. Load Input
7. Tendon Placement
8. Prestressing
9. Define and link Time Dependent Material Properties
10. Perform Structural Analysis
11. Review Output

3
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Material Property and Allowable Stress

 Superstructure Concrete
ASTM Grade C6000

 Prestressing Strand -Φ15.2 mm (0.6˝strand)

Yield Strength: fpy = 1600000 kN/m2
Ultimate Strength: fpu = 1900000 kN/m2
Elastic Modulus: E = 2.0 x 108 kN/m2
Initial Stress: fpi=0.7fpu=1330000 kN/m2
Anchorage Slip: s  6 mm
Friction Coefficient:   0.30 / rad
Wobble Coefficient: k  0.006 / m

Loads

 Dead Load
Self-weight
Input Self-weight
Superimposed dead load
w=38.00 kN/m

 Prestress
Strand (φ15.2 mm×22 (φ0.6˝- 22))
Area: Au = 1.387 × 22 = 30.514 cm2
Duct Size: 110/113 mm
Prestressing force: Jacking 70% of tensile strength
fpj = 0.7 fpu = 1330000 kN/m2
Pi = Au × fpj = 4058.362 kN
Prestressing losses after the initial loss are automatically calculated by the
program

Friction loss: P( X)  P0  e(kL)

  0.30 , k  0.006
Anchorage Slip Loss: I c  6 mm
Elastic Shrinkage Loss: PE  fP  ASP
Final Loss (automatically calculated within the Program)
Relaxation
Creep and Shrinkage Loss

 Creep and Shrinkage

Cement: Normal Cement
Concrete age when long term load is acting: tc = 5 days
Concrete age when concrete is exposed to air: tc = 3 days

4
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Relative Humidity: RH = 70 %
Air or Curing temperature: T  20 C
Applied Code: CEB-FIP
Creep Coefficient: automatically calculated within the Program
Shrinkage Coefficient: automatically calculated within the Program

 Rear Cross Beam Reaction

Assume rear cross beam reaction due to the MSS girder self-weight as follows:
P = 4000 kN
Location: 3 m from the construction joint
Reactions due to self-weight of wet concrete: calculated automatically by the
program.

5
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Assign Work Environment

For the construction stage analysis, open a new file ( New Project) and save (
Save) as ‘MSS’.

And assign the unit system to ‘kN’ and ‘m’. This unit system can be changed
arbitrarily for the user’s convenience.

Click on - New Project

- Save (MSS)

The unit system can be 

Tools / Unit System
changed by clicking the
unit selection button (
) in the Status bar at the
bottom of screen.

Length> m; Force (Mass)>kN (ton) 

Fig. 6 Assign unit system

6
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Define Material Properties

The PSC box section is Define material properties for PSC box girder and tendon.
defined within the MSS
Wizard, and need not be
defined separately. Properties / Material Properties

Type of Design>Concrete; Standard>ASTM(RC)


DB>Grade C6000
It is more convenient to
use the button
when multiple properties Name (Tendon); Type of Design>User Defined; Standard>None
are defined at the same
time.
Analysis Data
Modulus of Elasticity (2.0e8) 

Fig. 7 Material property input dialog box

7
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Modeling using MSS Bridge Wizard

Perform modeling the MSS Bridge using the MSS Bridge Wizard function. The MSS
Bridge Wizard consists of three tabs – Model, Section and Tendon.

Input Model Data

The MSS Bridge and FSM Bridge Wizards automatically create models and
construction stages for the MSS and FSM Bridges, respectively. The difference in
construction stage analysis between MSS and FSM is the method of supporting the
wet concrete and self-weight of formwork. In the FSM method, wet concrete and self-
weight of formwork are supported by shoring and, hence, the PSC box girders, which
have been already constructed, are not affected by them. On the other hand, in the
MSS method, the weight of the wet concrete and self-weight of formwork is
transmitted to the overhanging parts of the constructed PSC box girders through the
rear crossbeam. This prevents uneven deflection across the construction joint. The key
difference between the MSS and FSM can be summarized as “the method in which
the wet concrete and self-weight of formwork are supported during construction”. If
the MSS Bridge Wizard is selected and the Movable Scaffolding Reaction is entered,
The Movable Scaffolding
Reaction is the reaction
from the self-weight of the this reaction is automatically calculated and inputted as a construction stage load.
MSS girder that acts on the
rear cross beam.
Rear Cross Beam

0.2 x L 0.2 x L

굳지 않은
Calculate reaction 콘크리트의
due 자중에of의한
to the weight wet반력 계산
concrete

Rc

Rc + MSS MSS 거더 반력과 굳지 않은 콘크리트의

자중에
Load MSS의한 반력을
girder 재하 and
reaction
self-weight of the wet concrete

Fig. 8 Reaction acting at Rear Cross Beam

8
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Select the MSS Bridge Wizard and input bridge material, span layout, horizontal
curvature radius, location of fixed support, location of construction joint, construction
duration for each span (20 days) and initial age for PSC box girder.
In this example, it is
assumed that 15 days
will be required for
installing formwork, If MSS Bridge Wizard is selected, the difference between the Stage Duration and
rebars and sheaths, and
Initial Member Age is calculated in the program to define Additional Steps, and then
5 days will be required
for pouring and curing the reactions due to self-weight of MSS girder and wet concrete are applied. 
concrete. Hence, a total
of 20 days per each
segment is assumed.

Structure /
Model tab
Bridge Model Data Type>Type1 ; Bridge Material>1: Grade C6000
Span(L)>10@50 ; Radius (on)>2380; Convex (on)
In MIDAS/Civil, the load
that has a time lag in the Fixed Support>250(50) ; Segment Division per Span>10
same structural system can
Cold Joint (S3)>0.2 ; Anchorage(S4)>3
be defined by using
Additional Steps without Diaphragm(S5)>1 ; Stage Duration>20
having to define a different
construction stage. More
Initial Member Age>5 ; Movable Scaffolding Reaction>4000 
detailed explanations can
be found in Functions of
Civil > Construction Stage
Analysis Data > Define
Construction Stage in the
Online help.

A curved MSS bridge is

modeled by checking on
Radius and inputting the
radius.

Fig. 9 Model Tab in the MSS Bridge Wizard

9
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input Section Properties for PSC box

Input the section properties for the general section and construction joint section. Input
the section properties for the general section referring to Fig. 11. The defined section
shape can be reviewed by selecting Drawing under the View Option.

Section tab
Center tab
H1 ( 0.2 ); H2 ( 2.75 ); H3 ( 0.3 ); H4 ( 0.3 )
H5 ( 0.2 ); H6 ( 0.54 ); H7 ( 0.2 ); H8 ( 0.25 )
B1 ( 2.75 ); B2 ( 0.75 ); B3 ( 2.8 ); B4 ( 1.75 )
B5 ( 1.7 ); B6 ( 1.2 ); B7 ( 0.988 ); B8 ( 1.45 )

View Option>Drawing

PSC box section for

MSS Bridge is modeled
with respect to the level
of Center-Bottom.

Review section shape

Fig. 10 Input section property for general section

10
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

C
L거 더중심
Girder

Fig. 11 PSC box general section

11
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input the section properties for the construction joint part referring to Fig. 13. The
defined section shape can be reviewed by selecting Drawing under the View Option.

View Option>Bitmap

Joint tab
H3 (0.3); H5 (0.151); H7 (0.07)
B4 (1.75); B5 (1.28); B7 (0.348)

View Option>Drawing

Diaphragm tab
H4 ( 0.3 ); H5 ( 0.151 ); H6 ( 0.54 ); H7 ( 0.07 )
H8 ( 0.25 ); B5 ( 1.28 ); B6 ( 1.2 ); B7 ( 0.348 ); B8 ( 1.45 )

Review section shape

Fig. 12 Input section property for the construction joint

12
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

C
L거Girder
더중심

Fig. 13 PSC box Construction joint section

13
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input Tendon Placement

Tendons in the MSS Bridge are placed along a curvature within the webs of the PSC
box girder. In the MSS Bridge Wizard, this type of standard tendon placement can be
simply defined by the lowest, inflection and anchorage points.

Generally, the MSS Bridge has equal spans, and the structural system of the first span
is changed from a simple beam to a continuous beam at each stage as construction
proceeds. The maximum bending moment for the first span constructed is larger than
that of the other spans because it is a simply supported condition. Hence, additional
tendons should be provided for the first span. The additional tendons for the first span
are defined by general function, and only typical tendons are defined in the MSS
Bridge Wizard.

0.5
0.5
h

0.567 x h
0.5 x h

0.5 x h

0.44 x h
0.2

0.2

0.4 x L1 0.1 x L1
L1

Girder
CL 거 더중심

0.2

0.15

Fig. 14 Tendon Placement

14
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Input typical tendon placement in the longitudinal direction referring to Fig. 14.

Tendon tab
N( 3 ); G1( 0.5 ); G2( 0.2 ); G3( 0.5 )
S1( 0.4 ); S2( 0.1 ); C( 0.2 ); a1( 0.567 ); a2( 0.44 )

Fig. 15 Input Tendon Placement

15
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Input the tendon properties such as tendon areas, constants related to losses and tendon
strength.

Tendon Property> (① in Fig. 15)

Tendon Property>
Tendon Name>Web ; Tendon Type>Internal
Material>2: Tendon
Total Tendon Area
Strand Diameter>15.2mm (0.6＂)
Number of Strands>22 
Relaxation coefficient is a Duct Diameter>0.113
material constant included 
Relaxation Coefficient>Magura (45)
in Magura’s formula, which
is used to calculate Curvature Friction Factor>0.3 ; Wobble Friction Factor>0.0066
relaxation effects of
tendons over time. 10 for
Ultimate Strength>1900000 ; Yield Strength>1600000
general tendons and 45 for Bond Type>Bonded
low relaxation tendons are
usually used. Anchorage Slip (Draw in)>Begin (0.006); End (0.006) 

Fig. 16 Tendon Property Input

16
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Input the tendon jacking force, grouting time and transverse arrangement. If the
grouting time is assigned using the Prestressing Step, the stress at the time of tendon
jacking is calculated based on section properties that include the effects of tendon area.
If the grouting time is assigned using Every (n) Stages, the stress at the time of tendon
jacking is calculated based on the net section, and the tendons tensioned during the n
stages are grouted simultaneously at the n-th construction stage. The tendon jacking
force is specified as 70% of the ultimate strength. The transverse arrangement of the
tendons is also defined. The tendons in the MSS Bridge are normally arranged parallel
to the webs of the PSC box girder. The transverse tendon arrangement as such can be
defined by setting the distance between the outer side of web and outer tendon, and
the spacing between the outer and inner tendons.

Jacking Stress (0.7)×( Su )

Grouting>Every (1) Stages
a (0.15); b ( 0.2 )

Fig. 17 Transverse Tendon Arrangement

17
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

After completion of data input, click button to end the MSS Bridge Wizard
session, and review the model. Specific parts of the model can be magnified and
reviewed by using the Zoom Window and Zoom Fit functions.

Point Grid (off), Point Grid Snap (off), Line Grid Snap (off)
Node Snap (on), Element Snap (on)

Display
Misc tab
Tendon Profile Point (on) 

Zoom Fit, Hidden (on)

Zoom Window

Fig. 18 Bridge Model Generated by the MSS Bridge Wizard

18
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Modify Existing Data and Input Additional Data

Define Construction Stage

There are two working modes, Base Stage mode and Construction Stage mode, in
MIDAS/Civil for performing construction stage analysis.

In the Base Stage mode, all structural modeling data, loading conditions and boundary
conditions can be defined, but analysis is not performed in this mode. The
Construction Stage represents the state of model for which analysis is performed. In
the Construction Stage mode, the structural model data cannot be modified or deleted,
except that the boundary conditions and loads pertaining to each construction stage
may be changed.

Construction Stage is defined by activating/deactivating the element groups, boundary

groups and load groups, instead of individual elements, boundary conditions and load
conditions. Boundary conditions and load conditions that are included in an activated
Boundary Group or Load Group in the Construction Stage mode can be modified or
Modifying or deleting deleted. 
nodes or elements is not
permitted in the
Construction Stage Mode. We will now review the construction stages automatically defined by the MSS Bridge
Other than activating Wizard. Construction stage information can be reviewed by using the Stage Toolbar
boundary and load
and Works Tree. All activated/deactivated Structure Groups, Boundary Groups and
conditions, modifying and
deleting are permitted only Load Groups for the current stage can be reviewed systematically by using the Works
in the Base Stage Mode. Tree, if the construction stage is representing any construction stage other than the
Base Stage. Moreover, changes to the structural system by construction stages can be
reviewed visually in Model View by sequentially changing the construction stages.

19
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

We will now review the structural systems and loads by selecting each construction
stage using the Stage Toolbar.

Display
Boundary tab
Support (on)
Load tab
Nodal Load (on)

Tree Menu>Works tab

Locate the cursor on the 

Construction Stage>CS04
Stage Toolbar and
review all stages one by
one by adjusting the
arrow keys on the
keyboard.

Information for construction stages

Fig. 19 Structural system for Construction stage 4

20
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Input Additional Loads

Additional tendons should be provided in the first span because the maximum bending
moment acting in the first span is larger than those in the other spans. This is because
the first span is a simply supported span during construction whereas the other spans
are continuous. The additional tendons in the first span are inputted in construction
stage 1 (CS01).

After completing construction of all the spans by the MSS method, superimposed dead
loads such as pavement, barriers and railings are constructed. We will define
additional construction stages, loads, and superimposed dead loads. The superimposed
dead loads are applied for 10,000 days to account for creep. This will enable the
generation of a camber diagram and, thus, managing the camber.

Define the additional tendons in the first span and the load conditions pertaining to
superimposed (2nd) dead loads.

Change to Base Stage 

Stage>Base
because load conditions
can be added only in the Load / /
Base Stage.

Name (2nd); Type>Construction Stage Load

Name (BotTendon); Type>Construction Stage Load 

Fig. 20 Define Load Conditions

21
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Define prestress for the additional tendons and generate a Load Group
corresponding to superimposed dead loads.

Hidden (off)

Display
Boundary tab
Support (off)
Load tab
Nodal Load (off)
Misc tab
Tendon Profile Point (off) 

Group tab
Group / Load Group / New…(right click mouse)
Name>2nd
Name>BotTendon 

Fig. 21 Load Group Generation

22
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

The prestress load due to the additional tendons in the first span acts at the construction
stage CS01. The procedure to apply this additional prestress load in the first span is as
follows:

1. Define the tendon profile.

2. Assign the prestress load due to the defined tendon profile in the load

group “BotTendon”.
3. Activate the load group “BotTendon” in CS01.

680 mm

62 mm
5m 5m 30 m 5m 5m
50 m

CL 거 더 중 심
Girder

2.235 m
0.68 m

Fig. 22 Additional Tendon in the 1st span

The reference point of Define the tendon profile to be added in the first span, referring to Fig. 22. The
the tendon profile is the
Bottom Center of the additional tendons are placed over 40m length between the i-th end of Element 2 and
PSC box section since the j-th end of Element 9. The start and end points of the tendons are each located at
the PSC box section is 5m from the bridge end and the second support. The length of a single element is 50/10
defined relative to the
same location.
= 5m.

23
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Loads / /

Tendon Profile>
Tendon Name>Bot1 ; Tendon Property>Web
Assigned Elements>2to9
Input Type>3D ; Curve Type>Spline
Straight Length of Tendon>Begin (0) ; End (0)
The slope is fixed by a 
given value if “fix” is ‘on’ Profile>Reference Axis>Curve (on)
or generated within the 
1>x ( 0 ), y ( 0 ), z ( 0.68 ), fix (off)
program if fix is ‘off’.
2>x ( 5 ), y ( 0 ), z ( 0.062 ), fix (on), Ry ( 0 ), Rz ( 0 )
Select Curve and input 3>x ( 35 ), y ( 0 ), z ( 0.062 ), fix (on), Ry ( 0 ), Rz ( 0 )
the tendon profile
referenced to circular 4>x ( 40 ), y ( 0 ), z ( 0.68 ), fix (off)
curvature on the X-Y
Profile Insertion Point ( Node 2 )
plane since the current
example bridge is Radius Center (X, Y) ( 0, -2366.882 ); Offset ( -2.235 )
curved.
Direction>CW 
13.118 m

Node 59
절점
절점
Node 1 Tendon Name (Bot2); Tendon Property>Web
(0,0) 절점
Node 119
Assigned Elements (2to9)
2366.882 m

Straight Length of Tendon>Begin (0); End (0)

Profile>Reference Axis>Curve (on)
23
80

1>x (0), y (0), z (0.68), fix (off)

m

2>x (5), y (0), z (0.062), fix (on), Ry (0), Rz (0)

3>x (35), y (0), z (0.062), fix (on), Ry (0), Rz (0)
4>x (40), y (0), z (0.68), fix (off)
The center coordinates Profile Insertion Point (Node 2)
(x,y) of the circle for this 
bridge are (0,-2366.882) Radius Center (X, Y) (0, -2366.882) ; Offset (2.235)
because this bridge is Direction>CW
modeled with Node 59 as
the symmetric point and
the y-coordinate of the
Node 59 is 13.118.

Node 2

Fig. 23 Define Tendon Profile

24
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Assign the prestress loads, which are defined by the tendon profile, to the BotTendon
load group, and apply them to the structural system.

The tendons are jacked only

Load/ /
at one end. Therefore, input
prestress only at that end. The
jacking force is 70% of the
ultimate strength. Load Case Name>BotTendon; Load Group Name>BotTendon
Tendon>Bot1, Bot2 Selected Tendons
Stress Value>Stress; 1st Jacking>Begin

Input 1 because this tendon is
Begin (0); End (1330000)

grouted at the construction Grouting: after (1) Stage
stage CS02 after prestressing
the tendons.

Fig. 24 Loading Prestress

25
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Activate the load group “BotTendon”, which represents prestress for the first span, at
the construction stage CS01.

Load / / Define Construction Stage

Name>CS01;
Load tab
Group List>BotTendon
Activation>Active Day>First; 

The names for element

groups, boundary groups
and load groups, which are
automatically generated by
the Bridge Wizard, can be
found in “Define Structure
(Boundary, Load) Group” in
the On-line manual. Fig. 25 Activation of Prestress

26
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Apply superimposed (2nd) dead load. Input the superimposed (2nd) dead load in
construction stage CS11 because the effect of creep and prestress losses during the
period of 10,000 days should be considered in the analysis. Assign the superimposed
(2nd) dead load to the 2nd load group and apply it to the structural system. The
magnitude of the superimposed (2nd) dead load is 38 kN/m acting in the –Z-direction.

Load / / Element beam Loads

Select all
Load Case Name>2nd; Load Group Name>2nd
Options>Add; Load Type>Uniform Loads
Direction>Global Z; Projection>No
Value>Relative; x1 (0), x2 (1), W ( -38 ) 

Fig. 26 Superimposed dead load

27
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Activate the Load Group 2nd in construction stage CS11.

Load / / Define Construction Stage

Name>CS11;
Stage>Duration >”10000”
Save Result>Stage (on); Additional Step (on)
Load tab
Group List>2nd
Activation
Active Day>First


Fig. 27 Modification for CS11

28
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Define and Link Time Dependent Material Properties

After completing the modeling of entire concrete structure for both superstructure and
substructure, define the time dependent material properties (concrete strength gain
curve, creep coefficient and shrinkage coefficient) for all the sections, and then link
Creep and shrinkage coefficients these properties to each section. 
are a function of sectional shape
(“Notational Size of Member”).
Therefore, we must first According to CEB-FIP standards, the creep and shrinkage coefficients for concrete
determine the variable section vary with the member dimensions. Therefore, in order to perform an analysis
dimensions and then input the
time dependent material
considering time dependent material properties, the material property of each section
properties. with different dimensions must be linked one-to-one to the corresponding time
dependent material properties. That is, the number of different time dependent
material properties and general material properties should correspond to the number
of elements with different sectional dimensions. The time dependent and general
material properties must be defined and linked for each element having different
sectional properties.

In MIDAS/Civil, the time dependent material properties are automatically calculated

accounting for member age and applied to each corresponding material. Using the
Change Element Dependent Material Property function, the time dependent material
properties (according to the CEB-FIP standards) and the corresponding material
properties are generated and automatically linked to each corresponding element.
In order to automatically link the time
dependent material properties and
general material property, the The procedure for defining creep and shrinkage coefficients for tapered elements using
section properties must be defined the Change Element Dependent Material Property function is as follows:
as DB/User Type or PSC Type.

1. Define creep and shrinkage material properties using CEB-FIP standards.

2. Link time dependent material properties to general material property.
3. Link the coefficients related to member dimensions (Notational Size of Member) to
each element using Change Element Dependent Material Property function.

After completing the above procedure, creep and shrinkage coefficients are calculated
based on the coefficients defined in Step 3 for those elements having the Change
Element Dependent Material Property values during construction stage analysis. The
coefficients defined in Step 1 are not applied.

Input time dependent material properties as follows:

28 day strength: f’c = 6000 psi (41368.6 kN/m2)

Relative Humidity: RH = 70 %
Notational Size: Any value (auto-calculated later)
Concrete Type: Normal Concrete
Timing of Formwork Removal : 3 days

29
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Properties / (Time Dependent Material (Creep & Shrinkage))

Name>Creep&Shrinkage ; Code>CEB-FIP(1990)
Compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days>41368.6
Relative Humidity of ambient environment (40 ~ 99)>70
Notational size of member>1
Type of cement>Normal or rapid hardening cement (N, R)
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage>3


Fig. 28 Define Creep and Shrinkage Material Properties

30
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

The strength of concrete increases with time. In this example, we will use the strength
gain function specified in CEB-FIP.

Properties / Time Dependent Material (Comp. Strength)

Name (Comp.Strength); Type>Code
Development of Strength>Code>CEB-FIP
Mean compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 Days (fck+delta_f)
(49368.6)
Cement Type (a)>N, R : 0.25 

Fig. 29 Define concrete compressive strength gain function relative to time

31
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Link time dependent material properties to the corresponding general material

property.

Properties / /Time Dependent Material Link

Time Dependent Material Type
Creep/Shrinkage>Creep&Shrinkage
Comp. Strength>Comp.Strength
Select Material for Assign
Materials>1:Grade C6000 Selected Materials

Fig. 30 Connect time dependent material properties

32
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

When the Change Element Dependent Material Property function is used to define
h (Notational Size of Member), the h value defined in the Time Dependent Material is
ignored. The creep and shrinkage functions for each element are then calculated using
the Notational Size of Member for each element defined by the Change Element
Dependent Material Property function.

If the Auto Calculate option Properties/ Change Element Dependent Material Property
is selected, the Notational
Size of Member for each
section is calculated Select all
automatically and applied Option>Add/Replace
to the calculation of creep
and shrinkage coefficients. Element Dependent Material

If the Input option is
Notational Size of Member>Auto Calculate ; CEB-FIP 
selected, the creep and
shrinkage coefficients are
calculated from the defined
value.

Fig. 31 Input Notational Size of Member

33
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Perform Structural Analysis

Once the structural model and construction stages are completed, we will select the
option for considering the time dependent material properties and tendon prestress loss
due to elastic shortening. We will also assign the convergence condition for creep and
number of iterations.

Analysis / Construction Stage Analysis Control

Final Stage>Last Stage

Analysis Option>Include Time Dependent Effect (on)
Time Dependent Effect
Creep Shrinkage (on)
Type>Creep & Shrinkage
If Auto Time Step Convergence for Creep Iteration
Generation for Large
Time Gap is checked
Number of Iterations (5) ; Tolerance (0.01)
‘on’, additional time

Auto Time Step Generation for Large Time Gap (on)
steps are automatically
generated for a longer Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Creep & Shrinkage) (on)
duration to consider the Variation of Comp. Strength (on)
long-term effects more
precisely. Tendon Tension Loss Effect (Elastic Shortening) (on)
Beam Section Property Changes > Change with Tendon (on)
Save Output of Current Stage (Beam/Truss) (on) 

34
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Fig. 32 Assign Construction Stage Analysis Conditions

All input is now completed. We will finally perform structural analysis.

Analysis / Perform Analysis

35
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review Analysis Results

There are two methods of reviewing analysis results from construction stage analysis.
One is to review accumulated stresses and displacements of all the members at each
Refer to Results > Bridge Girder
Diagrams in the On-line manual. specific construction stage,and the other is to review the change in stresses and
displacements in specific elements due to the preceding construction stages. Either
Refer to Results > Stage/Step way, the construction stage analysis results can be checked in MIDAS/Civil by means
History Graph in the On-line of graphs and tables.
manual.

Review Stresses and Member Forces by Graphs

In the construction stages of MSS, the maximum stress occurs in the construction stage
1, when the structural system is a simple beam. We now review the stresses at the
bottom of the section for the construction stage 1.

Stage>CS01
Results / Bridge Girder Diagrams
MSS Bridge Wizard automatically Load Cases/Combinations>Step List>First Step, User Step:1 (on)
generates Structure Groups for
reviewing section stresses. Bridge
Load Cases/Combinations>CS: Summation
Girder represents the element Diagram Type>Stress ; X-Axis Type>Node
group pertaining to the main 
Bridge Girder Elem. Group>Bridge Girder
girders.
Components>Combined

Combined (Axial+Moment)>1 (-y,+z)
All stresses at upper/lower and
left/right ends can be reviewed Allowable Stress Line>Draw Allowable Stress Line (off)
by selecting Axial, Bending My Generation Option>Current Stage-Step 
and Bending Mz.

If Draw Allowable Stress Line is

checked on and the allowable
stresses for compression and
tension are specified, the
allowable stresses are shown on
the stress graph as dotted lines.

Fig. 33 Stress graph for Bottom at Construction stage 1

36
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

A more detailed stress graph for any specific part can be reviewed. Simply place the
mouse on the part of interest and magnify it by dragging the mouse while keeping the
mouse pressed. We can revert to the original condition by right-clicking the mouse
and clicking Zoom Out All on the graph.

Drag

Fig. 34 Magnify Stress Graph

37
 ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review the stress changes by construction stages at the second support (i-th end of
Element 11) using Stage/Step History Graph.


Activate Model View. The Model View
Stage/Step History Graph Results / Stage/Step History Graph
menu can be used only
when Model View is in an Define Function>Beam Force/Stress
activated state. Beam Force/Stress>Name (Top); Element No. (12); Stress
Point>I-Node; Components>Bend(+z)
Combine Axial (on) 
Define Function>Beam Force/Stress
Beam Force/Stress>Name (Bot); Element No. (12); Stress
Point>I-Node; Components>Bend(-z)
Combine Axial (on) 
Mode>Multi Func. ; Step Option>All Steps ; X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Function to Plot>Top (on); Bot (on)
Load Cases/Combinations>Summation
Graph Title>Stress History

Fig. 35 Graph of Stress changes by construction stages

38
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Context Menu can be prompted by right-clicking the mouse on the Stage/Step

History Graph. Stress changes for each construction stage can be saved in a text
file using the Save Graph As Text function.

Save Graph As Text

File Name>StressHistory.txt 

Fig. 36 Save stresses for each construction stage as a text file

39
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review the member force changes by construction stages at the second support (i-th
end of Element 11) using Stage/Step History Graph.

Model View
Results / Stage/Step History Graph
Define Function>Beam Force/Stress
Beam Force/Stress
Name (Moment); Element No. (12); Force
Point>I-Node; Components>Moment-y 
Mode>Multi LCase; Step Option>Last Step ; X-Axis>Stage/Step
Check Load Cases to Plot
Dead Load (on); Tendon Primary (on)
Tendon Secondary (on); Creep Primary (on)
Shrinkage Primary (on); Creep Secondary (on)
Shrinkage Secondary (on); Summation (on)
Defined Functions>Moment
Graph Title>Moment

Fig. 37 Graph of Member force changes by Construction stages

40
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Stress Review using Tables

Construction stage analysis results can be sorted by elements, loads, construction

stages, output location within elements, etc. using Records Activation Dialog. We
will now review the stress changes for each construction stage at the pier top in a
spreadsheet table format.

Results / Results Table / Beam / Stress

Node or Element>Element (12)

All construction stages Loadcase/Combinations>Summation (CS) (on)
between CS01 and CS11 can 
be selected simultaneously by Stage/Step>CS01:001(first) ~ CS11:002(last) (on)
selecting CS01 and CS11 Part Number>Part i (on) 
while pressing the Shift key.

Fig. 38 Stress Table for each construction stage

41
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review Prestress Loss

We will now review the change in tension force as the construction stage progresses.
We can only review the tendons that are contained in the current stage in the Tendon
Time-Dependent Loss Graph dialog box. To review change in tension forces, first
change the construction stage to the stage that contains the tendon of interest and then
select the Tendon Time-Dependent Loss Graph menu. The change of tension forces
caused by the construction process can be reviewed by animation by clicking the
button.

Results / Tendon Time-dependent Loss Graph

Tendon>Bot1

Fig. 39 Prestress Graph

42
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Review Tendon Coordinates

In MIDAS/Civil, the tendon coordinates for each quarter station within a single
element can be reviewed in a tabular form.

Results / Result Tables / Tendon / Tendon Coordinates

Fig. 40 Tendon Coordinates Table

43
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review Tendon Elongation

Review tendon elongation values given in the table below.

Results / Result Tables / Tendon / Tendon Elongation

Fig. 41 Tendon Elongation Table

44
 Construction Stage Analysis of MSS using the Wizard

Review Section Forces by Load Combinations

Ultimate strength checks should be performed for load combinations of section forces
due to dead load, live load, temperature changes and support settlements for the
completed structure. The analysis for load combinations, other than the load
combination defined by Construction Stage Load, can be performed in the PostCS and
can be combined with construction stage analysis results. In this example, loads other
than construction stage loads have not been defined. Hence, we will define a load
combination for construction stage loads and review the section forces. First, we will
define a load combination.

 
Change to PostCS Stage>PostCS
because load combinations
can only be defined and/or
deleted in the Base Stage Results / Combinations
or PostCS Stage.

Name>Dead ; Active> Active ; Type>Add

Load Case>Dead Load (CS ); Factor (1.3)
Load Case>Tendon Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1.0)
Load Case>Creep Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1.3)
Load Case>Shrinkage Secondary (CS) ; Factor (1.3)

Fig. 42 Define Load combination

45
ADVANCED APPLICATIONS

Review the bending moments caused by the factored load combination.

Results / /

Front View
Load Cases/Combinations>CB: Dead
Components>My
Display Options>5 Points ; Line Fill (on) ; Scale (1.0)
Type of Display>Contour (on) ; Legend (on) 

Fig. 43 Bending Moment Diagram

46