John Glenn Matic BSABE 2-3

ENGR 2323 – Fluid Mechanics

Laboratory Exercise #4

For Laboratory Exercise No. 4, Select problems in Chapter 4 according to the

list given below. Write the problem, list the given and organize a solution to arrive at
a correct answer. Submit on the deadline indicated.

Flow description – 3 problems

[4.4] In the system in the figure, the valve at C is gradually opened in such a way that
a constant rate of increase in discharge is produced. How would you classify the flow
at B while the valve is being opened? How would you classify the flow at A?
Given:
The valve in a system is gradually opened to have a constant rate of increase in
discharge.

Solution:

¿ A=Unsteady ,uniform

¿ B=Non−uniform ,unsteady

[4.6] If a flow pattern has converging streamlines, how would you classify the flow?
Given:
A flow pattern has converging streamlines.

Solution:
Non−uniform ; steady∨unsteady

[4.8] Classify each of the following as a one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-

dimensional flow.
Given:
a. Water flow over the crest of a long spillway of a dam.
 b. Flow in a straight horizontal pipe.
c. Flow in a constant-diameter pipeline that follows the contour
d. of the ground in hilly country.
e. Airflow from a slit in a plate at the end of a large rectangular duct.
f. Airflow past an automobile.
g. Air flow past a house.
h. Water flow past a pipe that is laid normal to the flow across
i. the bottom of a wide rectangular channel.

Solution:
a. Two−dimensional
b. One−dimensional
c. One−dimensional
d. Two−dimensional
e. Three−dimensional
f. Three−dimensional
g. Two−dimensional

Pathlines/streamlines – 2 problems
[4.9] If somehow you could attach a light to a fluid particle and take a time exposure,
would the image you photographed be a pathline or streakline? Explain from
definition of each.
Given:
Path of a fluid particle.

Solution:
The pathline is defined as the path taken by a fluid particle moving through a
field. The photograph would yield this line.

[4.12] For a given hypothetical flow, the velocity from time t = 0 to t = 5 s was u = 2
m/s, ν = 0. Then, from time t = 5 s to t = 10 s, the velocity was u = + 3 m/s, ν = -4
m/s. A dye streak was started at a point in the flow field at time t = 0, and the path
of a particle in the fluid was also traced from that same point starting at the same
time. Draw to scale the streakline, pathline of the particle, and streamlines at time t
= 10 s.
Given:
For 0 s ≤ t ≤ 5 s; u = 2 m/s, v = 0 m/s
For 5 s < t ≤ 10 s; u = 3 m/s, v = -4 m/s

Solution:

From 0<t<5, the dye in the streakline moved to the right for a distance of 10
m. At the same time a particle is released from the origin and travels 10 m to the
right. Then from 5<t<10, the original line of dye is transported in whole downward to
the right while more dye is released from the origin. The pathline of the particle
proceeds from its location at t=5 sec downward to the right. At 10 sec, the
streamlines are downward to the right.

Acceleration – 2 problems
[4.16] Figure 4.24 on p. 110 shows the flow pattern for flow past a circular cylinder.
Assume that the approach velocity at A is constant (does not vary with time).
Given:
a. Is the flow past the cylinder steady or unsteady?
b. Is this a case of one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional flow?
c. Are there any regions of the flow where local acceleration is present? If so,
show where they are and show vectors representing the local acceleration in
the regions where it occurs.
d. Are there any regions of flow where convective acceleration is present? If so,
show vectors representing the convective acceleration in the regions where it
occurs.

Solution:
a. Steady .
 b. Two−dimensional .
c. No .
d. Convective acceleration is where a fluid particle changes speed as it moves
to the streamline. However, centripetal acceleration, a form of convective
acceleration occurs where there is a streamline curvature.

[4.20] The nozzle in the figure is shaped such that the velocity of flow varies linearly
from the base of the nozzle to its tip. Assuming quasi–one-dimensional flow, what is
the convective acceleration midway between the base and the tip if the velocity is 1
ft/s at the base and 4 ft/s at the tip? Nozzle length is 18 inches.
Given:
Vtip = 4 ft/s Vbase = 1 ft/s L = 18 in or 1.5 ft

Solution:

We find the velocity gradient,

dV V tip−V base
=
ds L

ft ft
4 −1
dV s s
=
ds 1.5 ft

dV 2
=
ds s

We solve for the acceleration at midpoint,

ft
( 1+4 )
s ft
V= =2.5
2 s

dV
a=V
ds

ft 2
a=2.5 ∙
s s
 ft
a=5
s2

Euler’s equation – 3 problems

[4.25] State Newton's second law of motion as used in dynamics. Are there any
limitations on the use of Newton's second law? Explain.
Given:
Newton's second law, F = ma

Solution:
Newtons second law states that F = ma where m is the mass of the system.
The velocity and acceleration must be measured with respect to an inertial
reference frame and the mass must be constant.

[4.26] What is the difference between a force due to weight and a force due to
pressure? Explain.
Given:
Force due to weight and a force due to pressure

Solution:
The force due to weight is the gravitational attraction on the mass and the
magnitude of force depending on the mass while the force due to pressure is the
force acting on the surface and depends on the magnitude of the pressure and
area of the surface.

[4.28] What pressure gradient is required to accelerate kerosene (S = 0.81) vertically

upward in a vertical pipe at a rate of 0.3g?
Given:
S = 0.81 az = 0.3g γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3

Solution:

Apply the Euler equation in the z-direction,

 ∂ ( P+ γz ) −γ
=−ρ a z= ∙ 0.3 g
∂z g

∂P
+ γ=−0.3 γ
∂z

∂P
=γ (−1−0.3 )
∂z

∂P lbf
∂z (
=0.81 62.4 3 (−1.3 )
ft )
∂P lbf
=−65.7 3
∂z ft

Pressure in rotating flows – 3 problems

[4.42] A tank of liquid (S = 0.80) that is 1 ft in diameter and 1.0 ft high (h = 1.0 ft) is
rigidly fixed (as shown) to a rotating arm having a 2 ft radius. The arm rotates such
that the speed at point A is 20 ft/s. If the pressure at A is 25 psf, what is the pressure
at B?
Given:

S = 0.8 r = 2 ft ρ = 1.94 slugs/ft3

D = 1 ft VA = 20 ft/s γ = 62.4 lbf/ft3

h = 1 ft PA = 25 psf ω = VA/rA = 13.33 rad/s

Solution:

We apply the pressure variation equation,

ρ r 2A ω 2 ρ r 2B ω 2
P A + γ z A− =P B +γ z B−
2 2

ρ
PB =P A + ( ω2 ) ( r 2B−r 2A ) + γ ( z A−z B )
2
 slugs

PB =25 psf + [ (
( 0.8 ) 1.94

2
ft 3 ) ]( 13.33
rad
s
2

) (( 2.5 ft ) −( 1.5 ft ) )+( 0.8) ( 62.4 lbfft ) (−1

2 2
3

PB =527 psf

[4.44] A closed tank of liquid (S = 1.2) is rotated about a vertical axis (see the figure),
and at the same time the entire tank is accelerated upward at 4 m/s 2. If the rate of
rotation is 10 rad/s, what is the difference in pressure between points A and B (P B -
PA)? Point B is at the bottom of the tank at a radius of 0.5 m from the axis of rotation,
and point A is at the top on the axis of rotation.
Given:
S = 1.2 rB = 0.5 m az = 4 m/s2
ω = 10 rad/s rC = 0 m ρ = 1000 kg/m3

Solution:

We apply the pressure variation equation,

ρr 2B ω2 ρ r 2C ω2
PB − =PC −
2 2

ρ
PB −PC = ( ω2 ) ( r 2 )
2

kg
1000
m3 rad 2 (
PB −PC =
2 ( 100 2
s )0.25 m2 )

PB −PC =15 kPa

PC −P A =2 γ + ρ a z l

N kg m
(
PC −P A =2 11 772
m3 )(
+ 1200 3 4 2 ( 2 )
m s )( )
PC −P A =33.1 kPa

Then,
 PB −P A =( PB −PC ) + ( PC −P A )

PB −P A =15 kPa+33.1 kPa

PB −P A =48.1 kPa

[4.48] A manometer is rotated around one leg, as shown. The difference in elevation
between the liquid surfaces in the legs is 20 cm. The radius of the rotating arm is 10
cm. The liquid in the manometer is oil with a specific gravity of 0.8. Find the number
of g’s of acceleration in the leg with greatest amount of oil.
Given:
Δz = 20 cm r = 10 cm S = 0.8

Solution:

We apply the pressure variation equation,

ρ r 21 ω2 ρ r 22 ω2
P1 +γ z 1− =P2+ γ z 2−
2 2
2 2
γ r2 ω
0+ γ z 1−0=0+γ z2 − ∙
g 2

r 22 ω 2
=( z 2−z 1)
2g

a n=r ω2

( z2 −z1 ) 2 g
a n=
r2

( 0.2m ) ( 2 g )
a n=
0.1 m

a n=4 g

Bernoulli equation streamline – 3 problems

[4.58] Describe in your own words how an aspirator works.
Given:
An aspirator

Solution:
If a building has a flat roof as air flows over the top of the building separation
will occur at the sharp edge between the wall and roof. Therefore, most if not all of
the roof will be in the separation zone. Because the zone of separation will have a
pressure much lower than the normal atmospheric pressure a net upward force will be
exerted on the roof thus tending to lift the roof.
Even if the building has a peaked roof much of the roof will be in zones of
separation. These zones of separation will occur downwind of the peak. Therefore,
peaked roof buildings will also tend to have their roofs uplifted in high winds.

[4.59] A water jet issues vertically from a nozzle, as shown. The water velocity as it
exits the nozzle is 20 ft/s. Calculate how high h the jet will rise. (Hint: Apply the
Bernoulli equation along the centerline.)
Given:
V1 = 20 ft/s V2 = 0 ft/s P1 = P2 = 0 gage

Solution:

We use the Bernoulli equation,

P 1 V 21 P 2 V 22
+ +z = + +z
γ 2g 1 γ 2g 2
2
ft
( )
20
s
+ z1 =z2
ft
(
2 32.2 2
s )
z 2−z 1=6.21 ft

[4.60] A pressure of 10 kPa, gage, is applied to the surface of water in an enclosed

tank. The distance from the water surface to the outlet is 0.5 m. The temperature of
the water is 20°C. Find the velocity (m/s) of water at the outlet. The speed of the
water surface is much less than the water speed at the outlet.
Given:
V1 = 0 m/s z2 = 0 m T = 10 °C P2 = 0 kPa
z1 = 0.5 m P1 = 10 kPa ρ = 998 kg/m3 γ = 9790 N/m3

Solution:

Apply the Bernoulli equation on the water surface in the tank and the outlet.

V 21 V 22
P1 +γ z 1 + ρ =P2 + γ z2 + ρ
2 2

We neglect V1 (V1 << V2), so the equation reduces to,

V 22
ρ =P1 + γ ( z 1−z 2)
2

2 ( P 1+ γ (z 1−z 2 ) )
V 2=
√ ρ

√ ( )
2 10 kPa+9790 (0.5 m)
m3
V 2=
kg
998 3
m

m
V 2=5.46
s

Rotation of fluid elements – 3 problems

[4.88] The vector V = 10xi - 10yj represents a two-dimensional velocity field. Is the
flow irrotational?
Given:
V = 10xi - 10yj

Solution:
In a two-dimensional flow in the x−y plane, the flow is irrotational if,
 ∂v ∂u
=
∂x ∂ y
The velocity components and the derivatives are,
∂u
u=10 x , =0
∂y
∂v
v=−10 y , =0
∂x

So, the flow is irrotational.

[4.90] The velocity components for a two-dimensional

flow are where C is a constant. Is the flow irrotational?
Given:
u = Cx/(y2 + x2) v = Cy/(y2 + x2)

Solution:

We apply the equations for the flow rotation in x-y plane,

∂ v ∂ u −2 xCy −2 yCx
− = 2 2 2− 2 2 2
∂x ∂ y (x + y ) (x + y )( )
∂v ∂u
− =0
∂x ∂ y

So, the flow is irrotational.

[4.91] A two-dimensional flow field is defined by u = x 2 - y2 and ν = - 2xy. Is the flow

rotational or irrotational?
Given:
u = x2 - y2 x=1m t=1s
ν = - 2xy y=1m

Solution:

We find the rate of the flow rotation about the z-axis.

1 ∂u ∂v
Ω z= ( −
2 ∂y ∂x )
 1
Ω z= (−2 y +2 y )=0
2

So, the flow is irrotational.

Total – 19 problems