Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CE-212: Fluid Mechanics-II

Lecture 4
Minor Loss Problems, Laminar
Flow Entrance Condition and
Velocity Profile
4th Semester (2nd Year)
Civil Engineering
Spring 2019

Lecturer: Alamgir Khalil

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Problems (Minor Losses)

8.57 A smooth pipe consists of 12 m of 180-mm-diameter pipe followed by 75 m of 550-mm-diameter
pipe with an abrupt change of cross-section at the junction as shown in the Figure. The entrance is
flush and the discharge is submerged. If it carries water at 15oC, with a velocity of 5.7 m/s in the
smaller pipe, what is the total head loss?

Solution:
Q1 = A1V1 = (π/4)D12V1 = (π/4)0.182(5.7) = 0.145 m3/s

Q2 = A2V2 = (π/4)D22(0.55) From Continuity; V2 = (0.145)4/[π(0.55)2] = 0.61 m/s

Table A.1 for water at 15oC, 𝜈 = 1.139 x 10-6 m2/s R1 = D1V1/ 𝜈 = 0.18(5.7)(1.139 x 10-6)

R1 = 9.01 x 105 R2 = D2V2/ 𝜈 = 0.55(0.61)(1.139 x 10-6) R2 = 2.94 x 105

using Prandtl equation or Colebrook equation for smooth pipe or Moody Chart: f1 = 0.012 , f2 = 0.014

Total head loss = hL = [ke + (f1L1/D1)]V12/(2g) + (V1-V2)2/(2g) + [(f2L2/D2)+1]V22/(2g)

hL = [0.5 + (0.012(12)/0.18)]5.72/(2(9.81)) + (5.7-0.61)2/(2(9.81)) + [(0.014)75/0.55)+1]0.612/(2(9.81)

hL = 2.15 + 1.32 + 0.06 hL = 3.53 m

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Problems (Minor Losses) (cont.)

8.61 A 320-mm-diameter pipe (f = 0.025) 140 m long runs from one reservoir to another, both ends of
the pipe being under water as shown in Figure. The intake is square-edged.The difference between
the water surface levels of the two reservoirs is 36 m. Find (a) the flow rate, and (b) the pressure
in the pipe at a point 95 m from the intake, where the elevation is 39 m lower than the surface of
the water in the upper reservoir.

Solution:

(a) Total head loss = hL = [ke + 1+ (f L/D)]V2/(2g)

hL = 36 = [0.5 + 1+ (0.025(140)/0.32)]V2/(2(9.81)

V = 7.53 m/s Q = AV = (π/4)(0.32)2 7.53 Q = 0.60 m3/s

(b) Total head loss at P = h′L = [ke + (f L/D)]V2/(2g) h′L = [0.5 + (0.025)95/0.32)]7.532/(2(9.81))

h′L = 22.89 m Writing energy equation b/w point at upper reservoir surface and point P;

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃 𝑉2 𝑃 𝑉2
+ 𝑧1 + = +𝑧+ + ℎ𝐿′ 39 - ( + 2𝑔) = 22.89 P/γ = 13.22 m P = 129.69 N/m2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes

For a circular pipe flowing full:

𝑟𝑜
𝑅ℎ =
2
𝐿 2𝜏𝑜 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏𝑜 = …..(I)
𝑅ℎ 𝛾 𝑟𝑜 𝛾

Where local shear stress at wall, τo is equal to the Velocity Profile in laminar flow and distribution of
average shear stress 𝜏o because of symmetry. shear stress

For a cylindrical fluid body of 2𝜏𝐿 𝑟

ℎ𝑓 = …..(II) From Eqns (I) and (II) : 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑜
radius r concentric with pipe: 𝑟𝛾 𝑟𝑜

2𝜏𝑜 𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2 𝐿 𝑉 2 𝑟𝑜 𝛾 𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = =𝑓 => 𝜏𝑜 = 𝑓 ∙ => 𝜏𝑜 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
𝑟𝑜 𝛾 𝐷 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 2𝐿 4 2 4 2𝑔

We can compute τo for flow in a circular pipe for any experimentally determined value of f
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes (cont.)

To determine the velocity profile for laminar flow in a circular pipe;

𝑑𝑢 2𝜏𝐿 𝑑𝑢 2𝐿 𝑑𝑢 2𝐿
𝜏= 𝜇 …..(I) ℎ𝑓 = …..(II) ℎ𝑓 = 𝜇 = −𝜇 …..(III)
𝑑𝑦 𝑟𝛾 𝑑𝑦 𝑟𝛾 𝑑𝑟 𝑟𝛾

ℎ𝑓 𝛾 Integrating and determining the constant of

From Eqn (III) 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑟𝑑𝑟 integration from the fact that u = umax , when r = 0
2𝜇𝐿

ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2 We can see that velocity profile ℎ𝑓 𝛾

𝑢 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑟 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑘𝑟 2 …..(IV) is a parabola and =𝑘
4𝜇𝐿 4𝜇𝐿
𝑢=0
At the pipe wall, u = 0 and r = ro
𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑐 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Also, 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Vc , the centerline velocity 𝑘= 2 = 2
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes (cont.)

From Eqn (IV) 𝑉𝑐 2 𝑟2

𝑢 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑟 = 𝑉𝑐 (1 − ) …..(V)
𝑟𝑜2 2
𝑟𝑜

𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑉𝑐 ℎ𝑓 𝛾 ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2 ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2
𝑘= 2 = 2= => 𝑉𝑐 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟𝑜 = 𝐷
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜 4𝜇𝐿 4𝜇𝐿 16𝜇𝐿

Multiplying Eqn(V) by differential area dA = 2πrdr, and integrate the product from r = 0 to r
= ro to find the rate of discharge; 𝑟2 𝜋𝑟𝑜2
𝑄= 𝑢𝑑𝐴 = 𝑉𝑐 1 − 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑉𝑐
𝑟𝑜2 2
𝜋𝑟𝑜2 ro
𝑄 𝑉𝑐 𝑉𝑐
𝑉= = 2
𝐴 2 = 2
𝜋𝑟𝑜

The mean height of a 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥

paraboloid is one-half 𝑉=
the maximum height: 2
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes (cont.) 𝑉=

ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2
𝐷
32𝜇𝐿
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔 𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌

For Laminar Flow: 𝜇 𝐿 𝐿 Hagen-Poiseuillie Law for

ℎ𝑓 = 32 𝑉 = 32𝜈 𝑉
𝛾 𝐷2 𝑔𝐷2 laminar flow in tubes.

Which shows that in the laminar flow the

loss of head is proportional to the first
power of velocity. This is verified by
experiment.

Comparing with the Darcy-Weisbach Equation:

Hagen Poiseuille
For Laminar Flow: 64𝜈 64 (1797-1884) (1799-1869)
𝑓= =
𝐷𝑉 𝑅
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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow

Consider a pipe leading

from a reservoir:

Both theory and observation have established

that the maximum velocity in the center of pipe
will reach 99% of its ultimate value in a distance;

Where Le is entrance length, R is Reynolds number, and D is the

𝐿𝑒 = 0.058𝑅𝐷 diameter of pipe.

For the critical (maximum) value of R = 2000; 𝐿𝑒 = 116 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow (cont.)

Le

Entrance region flow Velocity profile is changing

𝑑𝑢
Fully developed flow (or Established flow) Velocity profile does not change, 𝑑𝑥 = 0

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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Entrance Conditions in Laminar Flow (cont.)

IF a Fully developed flow is disturbed, the flow will require some distance to
become fully developed again.

valve

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 Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Pressure Distribution along a Horizontal Pipe

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