Number and algebra

6
Fractions and
percentages
A percentage is a special type of fraction whose denominator is 100, for
95
example, 95% ¼ . The symbol % is an abbreviation of ‘/100’ and
100
‘per cent’, which comes from the Latin per centum, meaning ‘by the
hundred’. Percentages are all around us: with interest earned on savings,
discounts on purchases, profits for businesses, opinion polls, sports
statistics, school reports, … Percentages are a useful way of making
comparisons. An understanding of percentages is vital.
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
for the A ustralian Curriculum 8

n Chapter outline n Wordbank

Proficiency strands cost price The price an item costs the retailer
6-01 Fractions U F discount The saving made between the original price of an
6-02 Adding and subtracting U F PS item and the reduced price
fractions
6-03 Multiplying and dividing U F PS improper fraction A fraction such as 73, in which the
fractions numerator is larger than or equal to the denominator.
6-04 Percentages, fractions U F C loss The amount lost when selling an item at a lower price
and decimals
GST Goods and services tax, a 10% tax added to the
6-05 Fraction and percentage U F C
original price of an item or service
of a quantity
6-06 Expressing amounts as U F C profit The amount made when selling an item at a higher
fractions and percentages price
6-07 Percentage increase and U F PS C selling price The price at which an item is sold by the
decrease retailer
6-08 Percentages without U F PS R
unitary method A method for finding the whole amount
calculators
when a percentage of that amount is known, by first
6-09 The unitary method U F PS R C
finding the size of 1%
6-10 Profit, loss and GST U F PS R C
6-11 Percentage problems U F PS C

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n In this chapter you will:

• compare fractions using equivalence
• solve problems involving addition and subtraction of fractions, including those with unrelated
denominators
• multiply and divide fractions using efficient written strategies and digital technologies
• connect fractions, decimals and percentages and carry out simple conversions
• find fractions and percentages of quantities and express one quantity as a fraction or
percentage of another, with and without digital technologies
• solve problems involving the use of percentages, including percentage increases, percentage
decreases and the unitary method, with and without digital technologies
• solve problems involving profit, loss, and goods and services tax (GST), with and without
digital technologies

SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 Copy and complete each pair of equivalent fractions.
StartUp assignment 6
a 1¼ b 2¼ c 4 ¼ 16 d 7 ¼1
MAT08NAWK10049 2 6 3 12 5 28
e 3 ¼ f 15 ¼ g 6 ¼ 24 h 3¼9
4 8 20 4 10 5
2 Write each percentage as a fraction.
a 17% b 3% c 51% d 63% e 89%
3 Evaluate each difference.
a 100%  30% b 100%  95% c 100%  39%
d 100%  71% e 100%  12% f 100%  7%
4 Write the percentage that is shaded in each diagram.
a b c

5 Write the percentage that is unshaded in each diagram in question 4.

6 On a plane, 10% of the seats are first-class and 25% are business class. The rest are
economy class. What percentage of the seating is economy class?
7 Write all of the factors of 100.
8 Evaluate each expression.
a 50% of $80 b 50% of 12 kg c 25% of $20
d 25% of 40 kg e 10% of $30 f 10% of 20 kg

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Worksheet
6-01 Fractions Fractions wall

MAT08NAWK10050
Scientific calculators have a fraction key for entering fractions: or a b/c
Skillsheet
Some calculators have two ways of entering fractions: MATH mode or LINE mode. MATH mode
Fractions
allows you to enter the numerator and denominator into two blank spaces on the calculator’s
screen, while LINE mode makes the fraction key act like a vinculum (fraction bar). LINE mode is MAT08NASS10024

used in the following examples. Skillsheet

Improper fractions and

Example 1 mixed numerals

MAT08NASS10025
27
Convert into a mixed numeral.
4 Animated example
Solution Rational numbers
27 To find the number of ‘wholes’ in 27 MAT08NAAE00007
¼ 2744
4 quarters, divide 27 by 4. Maths clip
¼ 6 remainder 3
Working out fractions
¼ 63 Write the remainder in the numerator of a
4 MAT08NAMC00003
fraction.
Skillsheet
Or on a calculator, enter: 27 a b/c 4 = .
Equivalent fractions

On a calculator, a mixed numeral can be converted to an improper fraction using the improper MAT08NASS10026
fraction key: d/c or (this may require the SHIFT or 2ndF key).

Example 2
2
Convert 4 to an improper fraction.
5
Solution
+
5 × 4 + 2 22
4 2– = ––––––––––– = –––
5 5 5
×

This works because 4 2 ¼ 4 þ 2 ¼ 5 3 4 þ 2

5 5 5 5
Or on a calculator, enter: 4 a b/c 2 a b/c 5 = d/c .

Example 3
Which fraction is larger, 4 or 3 ?
10 8
Solution
Method 1
Convert both fractions so that they share a common denominator of 10 3 8 ¼ 80.
4 ¼ 4 3 8 ¼ 32 and 3 ¼ 3 3 10 ¼ 30
10 10 3 8 80 8 8 3 10 80 Note that we multiply the
numerator and denominator of
By comparing numerators, 32 > 30 each fraction by the denominator
80 80
4 of the other fraction
[ is larger.
10
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Fractions and percentages

Method 2
Another suitable denominator is the lowest common denominator (LCD) of both
denominators.
The LCD of 10 and 8 is 40.
Convert both fractions.
4 ¼ 4 3 4 ¼ 16 and 3 ¼ 3 3 5 ¼ 15
10 10 3 4 40 8 8 3 5 40
By comparing numerators, 16 > 15.
40 40
[ 4 is larger.
10

Example 4
Skillsheet
Simplify each fraction.
Simplifying fractions

MAT08NASS10027 a 10 b 36
15 60

Solution
a 10 ¼ 1045 ¼ 2
15 1545 3
Or on a calculator, enter: 10 a b/c 15 = .

b 36 ¼ 3646 ¼ 6 ¼ 642 ¼ 3
60 6046 10 1042 5
or 36 ¼ 36412 ¼ 3 We can simplify in one step if
60 60412 5 we divide by 12, the HCF of
Or on a calculator, enter: 36 a b/c 60 = . 36 and 60.

Exercise 6-01 Fractions

See Example 1 1 Convert each improper fraction into a mixed numeral or whole number.
a 3 b 11 c 9
2 3 4
d 12 e 20 f 47
5 4 11
See Example 2 2 Convert each mixed numeral into an improper fraction.
1
a 3 b 4 13 c 5 34 d 7 23
2
e 3 45 f 7 29 g 10 17 3
h 9 10
3 Write an improper fraction that can be converted into a whole number.
4 Which is larger: a proper fraction or a mixed numeral?
See Example 3
5 For each pair of fractions, find the larger fraction.
a 1, 1 b 2, 3 c 3, 1
Worked solutions

Exercise 6-01 2 3 3 4 8 3
MAT08NAWS10045 3
d 2 ,2 7 e 11 , 3 f 5 , 2
5 10 15 5 12 5
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6 Simplify each fraction. See Example 4

a 5 b 4 c 12 d 18
10 12 26 24
e 15 f 16 g 32 h 60
25 28 48 100
i 44 j 20 k 21 l 72
77 35 35 80
7 10
Which one of these fractions is not equivalent to ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. Worked solutions
25
A 1 B 2 C 20 D 40
Exercise 6-01
5 5 50 100 MAT08NAWS10045

8 Convert each improper fraction into a simplified mixed numeral.

a 9 b 18 c 45 d 36
6 6 10 20

Puzzle sheet

6-02 Adding and subtracting fractions Adding and subtracting

fractions

MAT08NAPS00018

Summary Worksheet

Fraction arithmagons
• To add or subtract fractions, convert them (if needed) so that they have the same
MAT08NAWK00035
denominator, then simply add or subtract just the numerators.
• To add or subtract mixed numerals, add or subtract the whole numbers and fractions
separately.

Example 5
Evaluate each expression.
1 5 5 2 3 2 1
a þ b  c 3 d 1 þ4
3 6 7 3 4 3 5

Solution
a Common denominator ¼ 3 3 6 ¼ 18
1 ¼ 136 ¼ 6 Writing equivalent fractions using the
3 3 3 6 18 common denominator.
5 ¼ 5 3 3 ¼ 15
6 6 3 3 18 Note that we multiply the
1 þ 5 ¼ 6 þ 15 numerator and denominator of
3 6 18 18 each fraction by the
denominator of the other
¼ 21 fraction
18
¼7
6
¼ 11
6

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Fractions and percentages

OR Lowest common denominator of

3 and 6 ¼ 6:
1 ¼ 132 ¼ 2 Writing equivalent fractions using the
3 332 6 lowest common denominator.
5¼5
6 6
1þ5¼2þ5
3 6 6 6
¼7
6
¼ 11
6
OR on a calculator, enter: 1 a b/c 3 + 5 a b/c 6 = .
b Common denominator ¼ 7 3 3 ¼ 21:
5 ¼ 5 3 3 ¼ 15 Using a common denominator.
7 7 3 3 21
2 ¼ 2 3 7 ¼ 14
3 3 3 7 21
5  2 ¼ 15  14
7 3 21 21
¼ 1
21
OR on a calculator, enter: 5 a b/c 7 − 2 a b/c 3 = .
3 3
c 34¼2þ14

¼2þ43
4 4
¼2 1
4

OR on a calculator, enter: 3 − 3 a b/c 4 = .

1 2 1 2
d 4 1 ¼41þ 
5 3 5 3
¼ 3 þ  10
3
15 15
¼3 7
15
¼2þ  715
15 15
¼2 8
15
OR on a calculator, enter: 4 a b/c 1 a b/c 5 − 1 a b/c 2 a b/c 3 = .

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Exercise 6-02 Adding and subtracting fractions
1 Evaluate each expression.
a 1þ3 b 31 c 3þ2 d 7þ4
5 5 4 4 8 8 8 8
2 Evaluate each expression. See Example 5

a 2þ 3 b 23 c 3þ1 d 11 Worked solutions

5 10 3 7 5 4 2 4
Exercise 6-02
e 1þ3 f 7 2 g 4þ5 h 7 5 MAT08NAWS10046
6 8 10 3 9 6 8 12
i 5 þ 1 j 16 k 44 l 32
8 2 7 9 5
3 1
Joe bought a length of timber to build fences for his garden beds. He used of the wood for
5
the first garden and 3 of the wood for the second garden. What fraction of the wood remains
8
for the third garden?
4 What fraction goes in the blank? 7  ¼ 1. Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
8 4
A 6 B 8 C 3 D 5
4 12 8 8
5 Copy and complete each blank with the correct fraction.
a 1þ ¼2 b 2¼1
4 3 5 6
6 A bottle is three-quarters full. One-third of the liquid is then poured out. What fraction
remains in the bottle?
2
7 Danielle used half a sheet of adhesive plastic to cover her books, while Christina used
5
of the same sheet. What fraction of the original sheet remains? Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A 3 B 4 C 1 D 9
5 5 10 10
7 3
8 What is the value of 2 8 þ 1 8? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 4 14 B 3 45 C 3 12 D 13 14
9 Evaluate each expression.
a 1 12 þ 25 b 2 14 þ 1 38 c 7 38 þ 9 13 d 3 45 þ 1 29
e 6 25  4 78 f 4 34  2 45 g 2 13  1 12 h 4 35  2 10
9

10 In a magic square, each row, column and diagonal must add to the same total. Complete each
magic square with appropriate fractions.
a b 1–
4 1 1–2
6
1 2
– 4 1–2 –
2 3
1–
3 1 1–6
3

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Fractions and percentages

Homework sheet

Fractions 6-03 Multiplying and dividing fractions

MAT08NAHS10008

Worksheet
Summary
Multiplying and dividing
fractions number grids • To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators and denominators separately, then
MAT08NAWK00036 simplify if possible (sometimes, it is easier to simplify the fractions first).
a b
• To divide by a fraction, , multiply by its reciprocal a.
Worksheet b
Fractions and decimals
• To multiply or divide mixed numerals, convert them to improper fractions first.
review

MAT08NAWK00037

Example 6
Evaluate each expression.
a 332 b 233 c 442 d 1 12 3 2 23
5 7 3 8 5 3

Solution
a 3 3 2 ¼ 332
5 7 537
¼ 6
35
OR on a calculator, enter: 3 a b/c 5 × 2 a b/c 7 =
2 3 3 ¼ 233
b
3 8 338
¼ 6
24
¼ 1
4
OR by simplifying first before multiplying:
1 1
2 3 3 ¼ 2 33 Because 2 ¼ 1 , 3 ¼ 1
3 8 338 8 4 3 1
1 4

¼1
4
OR on a calculator, enter: 2 a b/c 3 × 3 a b/c 8 =

442 ¼ 4 3 3
c
5 3 5 2
¼ 12
10
¼6
5
¼ 11
5
OR by simplifying first before multiplying:
2
4 2 4 3 6 1
4 ¼ 3 ¼ ¼1
5 3 5 2 5 5
1

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OR on a calculator, enter: 4 a b/c 5 ÷ 2 a b/c 3 =
1 2 3 8
d 1 32 ¼ 3
2 3 2 3
1 4
¼338
2 3
1 1

¼4
1
¼4
OR on a calculator, enter: 1 a b/c 1 a b/c 2 × 2 a b/c 2 a b/c 3 =

Exercise 6-03 Multiplying and dividing fractions

1 Evaluate each product. See Example 6
 2
a 132 b 235 c 1 d 9 35
2 3 3 7 8 10 6
e 333 f 1 12 3 3 g 3 14 3 3 45 h 1 13 3 2 13
5 4
2 What is the value of 7 4 1 ? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. Worked solutions
10 5
7
A 50 B 1 15 C 1 25 D 3 12 Exercise 6-03

3 a What number’s reciprocal is itself? MAT08NAWS10047

b What number does not have a reciprocal?

c What is the product of a number and its reciprocal?
d What is the reciprocal of the reciprocal of 1?
3
4 Evaluate each quotient.
1 2 2 3 5 5 9 3
a 4 b 4 c 4 d 4
7 3 5 4 9 6 10 5
e 44 1 f 64 2 f 5 45 g 2 46
4 3 8 5
i 7 4 1 j 1043 17 k 3 12 41 14 l 3 34 41 10
1
8 4
3
5 From a box of chocolates, Lindy takes of the chocolates and shares them equally among her
8
four children. What fraction of the box of lollies does each child receive?
6 Copy and fill in each blank.
a 33 ¼ 21 b 31¼ 2
4 32 5 15
c 42 ¼ 1 d 4 4 ¼ 8
3 7 15 21
7 a When a number is divided by a proper fraction, does the number increase or decrease?
Give reasons for your answer.
b When a number is multiplied by an improper fraction, does the number increase or
decrease? Give reasons for your answer.

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Worksheet

Fractions wall 6-04 Percentages, fractions and decimals

MAT08NAWK10050
A percentage is a fraction whose denominator is 100.
Worksheet

Decimals wall
Example 7
MAT08NAWK10051

Worksheet Convert each percentage into a simplified fraction.

Percentages wall a 55% b 130% c 37 12 %
MAT08NAWK10052
Solution
Worksheet
55 130 1 37 1
Fractions, decimals a 55% ¼ b 130% ¼ c 37 % ¼ 2
and percentages 100 100 2 100
MAT08NAWK10053 ¼ 11 ¼ 13 37 12 3 2
20 10 ¼
100 3 2
Skillsheet
¼1 3
Multiplying and dividing 10 ¼ 75
200
by 10, 100, 1000
¼ 3
MAT08NASS10028 8

Example 8
Puzzle sheet
Convert each percentage into a decimal.
Percentages to
decimals a 8% b 43.6% c 18 12 %
MAT08NAPS00015
Solution
Puzzle sheet
8
Percentominoes a 8% ¼ b 43:6% ¼ 43:6
100 100
MAT08NAPS00016 ¼ 84100 ¼ 43:64100
¼ 0:08 ¼ 0:436

c 18 12 To convert a percentage into

18 12 % ¼ a decimal mentally, move the
100
decimal point 2 places to the
¼ 18:54100
left
¼ 0:185

Summary
To convert a fraction or a decimal into a percentage, multiply it by 100%

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Example 9
Convert each fraction into a percentage.
a 11 b 7
20 8

Solution
11 ¼ 11 3 100% 7 ¼ 7 3 100%
a b
20 20 8 8
¼ 55% ¼ 87 1 %
2

Example 10
Convert each decimal into a percentage.
a 0.65 b 0.267

Solution
a 0:65 ¼ 0:65 3 100% b 0:267 ¼ 0:267 3 100%
To convert a decimal into a
¼ 65% ¼ 26:7% percentage mentally just move
the decimal point 2 places to
the right

Summary
To order fractions, percentages and decimals, convert each into a percentage first.

Example 11
Arrange in ascending order: 0.667, 66%, 7 .
11
Solution
Convert all numbers into percentages.
0.667 3 100% ¼ 66.7%
66% ¼ 66%
7 7
3 100% ¼ 63 %
11 11
7
Arrange the percentages from smallest to largest: 63 11 %, 66% and 66.7%
7
So, in ascending order, the numbers are 11 , 66% and 0.667.

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Exercise 6-04 Percentages, fractions and decimals

See Example 7 1 Convert each percentage into a simplified fraction.
a 60% b 75% c 31% d 8%
e 30% f 85% g 99% h 3%
i 160% j 135% k 25% l 250%
See Example 8 2 Which decimal is equal to 62 12 %? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
Worked solutions
A 62.12 B 62.5 C 0.625 D 0.0625
Exercise 6-04
3 Convert each percentage to a decimal.
MAT08NAWS10048 a 18% b 82% c 2% d 50%
e 120% f 51.1% g 79% h 12 12 %
i 16.3% j 4% k 18.7% l 5 14 %
See Example 9 4 Convert each fraction into a percentage.
a 17 b 7 c 13 d 11
100 10 50 20
e 5 f 24 g 2 h 5
8 25 3 4
i 152
j 27 k 1 l 4
40 16 9
See Example 10 5 Convert each decimal into a percentage.
a 0.38 b 0.55 c 0.96 d 0.625
e 0.08 f 0.054 g 0.6 h 0.003
i 1.9 j 0.405 k 1.26 l 0.114
6 Copy and complete this table.
Fraction Decimal Percentage
a 0.65
b 0.6
c 20%
d 84%
e 1
2
f 1
8
g 36%
h 5
8
i 0.73
j 1
3
k 66 23 %

See Example 11 7 For each pair of numbers, determine which is larger.

a 75% and 0.73 b 4 and 14% c 2 and 0.64
25 3
d 18% and 1 e 0.22 and 1 f 55% and 6
7 4 11
g 0.93 and 19 h 60% and 13 i 1 and 0.08
20 25 6
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8 Arrange each set of numbers in ascending order. Worked solutions

a 4, 78%, 0.75, 9 b 22%, 1, 0.29, 7 c 0.62, 3, 57%, 0.605 Exercise 6-04

5 11 4 20 5
MAT08NAWS10048
9 Which list of numbers is arranged in descending order? Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D.
4 2 2 4
A , , 0:41, 43% B , 0:41, , 43%
11 5 5 11
C 43%, 0:41, 2 , 4 D 0:41, 4 , 43%, 2
5 11 11 5
10 Arrange each set of numbers in descending order.
a 9 , 0:47, 2 , 43% b 0:08, 86%, 21 , 0:88 c 0:905, 19 , 91%, 9
20 5 25 20 10

Mental skills 6A Maths without calculators

Finding 10%, 20% and 5%

To find 10% or 1 of a number, simply divide the number by 10 by moving the decimal
10
point one place to the left.
1 Study each example.
a 10% × 150 = 15 0 . = 15
b 10% × $1256.80 = $125 6 . 8 = $125.68
c 10% × 4917 = 491 7 . = 491.7
d 10% × $48.55 = $4 8 . 55 = $4.885
2 Now find 10% of each amount.
a 190 b $75 c 875 d $202
e $37.60 f 400 g $9.25 h 896
i $2700 j $3.80 k $1527.60 l $72.50
m 3154 n $10.70 o 426 p $24 317.60
20% is 10% doubled so to find 20% of a number, first find 10% then double it.
3 Study each example.
a 20% 3 700 b 20% 3 $876
10% 3 700 ¼ 70 10% 3 $876 ¼ $87:60
) 20% 3 700 ¼ 70 3 2 ¼ 140 ) 20% 3 $876 ¼ $87:60 3 2 ¼ $175:20
c 20% 3 325 d 20% 3 $38:50
10% 3 325 ¼ 32:5 10% 3 $38:50 ¼ $3:85
) 20% 3 325 ¼ 32:5 3 2 ¼ 65 ) 20% 3 $38:50 ¼ $3:85 3 2 ¼ $7:70
4 Now find 20% of each amount.
a 50 b 620 c $2450 d $8.60
e 72 f $12 700 g 390 h $5.80
i $45 j $84 k $4600 l 320
5% is half of 10%, so to find 5% of a number first find 10% then divide it by 2.
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Fractions and percentages

5 Study each example.

a 5% 3 180 b 5% 3 $76
10% 3 180 ¼ 18 10% 3 $76 ¼ $7:60
) 5% 3 180 ¼ 18 4 2 ¼ 9 ) 5% 3 $76 ¼ $7:60 4 2 ¼ $3:80
c 5% 3 120 d 5% 3 $142:20
10% 3 120 ¼ 12 10% 3 $142:20 ¼ $142:22
) 5% 3 12 ¼ 12 4 2 ¼ 6 ) 5% 3 $142:20 ¼ $14:22 4 2 ¼ $7:11
6 Now find 5% of each amount.
a 2000 b $12 c 50 d $27
e $36.80 f $84 g 800 h 130
i $9.60 j $138 k $72 l 840

Puzzle sheet

Percentage 6-05 Fraction and percentage of a quantity

crossnumber

MAT08NAPS00019
Example 12
Puzzle sheet
Find:
Percentages

MAT08NAPS00039 a 1 3 45 b 7 3 $32 c 1 of one year d 4 of 2 kg ðin gramsÞ

5 8 3 5
Solution
 
1 3 45 ¼ 4545 7 3 $32 ¼ 1 3 $32 3 7
a b
5 8 8
¼9 ¼ $4 3 7
¼ $28
1 of 1 year ¼ 1 3 12 months
c Convert 1 year to 12 months.
3 3
¼ 4 months
4 of 2 kg ¼ 4 3 2000 g
d Convert 2 kg to 2000 g.
5 5 
1
¼ 3 2000 g 3 4
5
¼ 400 g 3 4
¼ 1600 g

Summary
To find a percentage of a quantity, calculate:
percentage
3 quantity or percentage 4 100 3 quantity
100

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Example 13
Find:
a 8% of $400 b 12.5% of 1 hour (in minutes) c 20% of 3 m (in centimetres).

Solution
8
a 8% of $400 ¼ 3 $400 or 8 4 100 3 $400 or 0.08 3 $400
100
¼ $32
b 12.5% of 1 h ¼ 12.5% 3 60 min Convert 1 h to 60 min
12:5 or 12.5 4 100 3 60 or 0.125 3 60
¼ 3 60 min
100
¼ 7:5 min
c 20% of 3 m ¼ 20% 3 300 cm Convert 3 m to 300 cm
20 or 20 4 100 3 300 or 0.2 3 300
¼ 3 300 cm
100
¼ 60 cm

Exercise 6-05 Fraction or percentage of a quantity

1 Find: See Example 12

a 3 3 40 b 1 3 28 c 1 3 24
5 4 6
d 2 3 15 e 7 3 60 f 5 3 16
3 10 8
g 3 of 1 km (in metres) h 1 of 1 day (in hours) i 2 of 1 L (in mL)
4 3 5
j 1 of 1 t (in kgs) k 5 of 1 year (in months) l 7 of 1 hour (in minutes)
8 6 12
2 What is 35% of $75? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A $40 B $110 C $26.25 D $48.75
3 Find: See Example 13
a 11% of $500 b 2% of 250 kg c 13% of 150 L
d 21% of 600 cm e 15% of $450 f 5% of 5700 g
g 42% of 1128 m h 112% of 256 km i 19.4% of 785 mL
j 7.1% of $220 k 23.6% of $380 l 11.3% of 403 kg
m 110% of 95 n 150% of 302 o 130% of $2010
p 105% of 120 m q 170% of 350 g r 115% of $400

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4 Taffy the cat had a mass of 2.7 kg when she was found. If her mass increased by 1, how much
4
did she gain?

5 A discount is a saving made between the original price of an item and the cheaper price.
a How much do you save if you get a 25% discount on a $420 games system?
b What would be the discount price of the games system?

Worked solutions 6 An Airbus can seat 351 passengers. If the plane flew with 2 of the seats occupied, how many
3
Exercise 6-05
passengers were on the flight?
MAT08NAWS10049 7 Calculate each of the following. (Convert to a smaller unit first.)
a 12% of 8 m b 35% of 1 tonne c 20% of 12 hours
d 2 12 % of 3 litres e 72% of 150 kg f 7 12 % of 12 km
g 35% of 10 days h 12 12 % of 4 hours i 67.5% of 40 g
8 12% of the 525 swimmers at the swimming carnival wore black caps. How many swimmers
wore black caps?
9 Haroula earns $17.20 an hour in her part-time job. If she is given a 5% pay increase, by how
much does her hourly rate increase?
10 If 42% of the 650 road deaths occurred on country roads, how many road deaths happened in
the country?
11 In a city of 3 million people, 1% of the population are doctors. How many doctors are there?
Select A, B, C or D.
A 3 B 3000 C 300 D 30 000
12 One-twentieth of the cars produced in a factory were found to have steering defects. If 340
cars were produced, how many had steering defects?
3
13 How many children are there in a crowd of 40 530 if are children?
5
14 If 70% of the seats at a rock concert must be sold to make a profit, how many must be sold in
a 2000-seat theatre?
15 Copy and complete.
a 20% 3 _____ ¼ $18 b 15% 3 _____ ¼ $75

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Technology Discounts
In this activity, you will calculate the discount and sale price of items in a department store given
their original price.
1 Enter the following data into a spreadsheet. Make the headings in row 1 bold.
A B C D E
1 ltem Original Price % Discount Discount Sale Price
2 Backpack $39.95 10% ¼B2*C2
3 DVD $15.00 5%
4 Beach towel $20 30%
5 Book $29.95 15%
6 Swimwear $60 20%
7 MP3 player $145 10%
2 Cell D2 shows the formula for calculating the discount on the backpack. Right-click on D2
and Fill Down to copy the formula down to cell D7. This will calculate the discount that
applies to each item. To add $ signs to the values, with D2 to D7 still selected, right-click
and select Format Cells and Currency with two decimal places.
3 In cell E2, enter the formula ¼B2-D2 to calculate the sale price of the backpack. Use Fill
Down to calculate the sale prices of the remaining items. To add $ signs to the values, with
E2 to E7 still selected, right-click and select Format Cells and Currency with two decimal
places.

Worksheet
Expressing amounts as fractions Percentages
6-06
and percentages MAT08NAWK00061

Technology worksheet

Online discounts
Summary MAT08NACT10013

To write an amount as a fraction of a whole amount: Technology worksheet

Coffee shop sales

• write the amount in the numerator of the fraction
MAT08NACT10003
• write the whole amount (total) in the denominator
amount Quiz
Fraction ¼
whole amount Fractions and decimals

MAT08NAQZ00005
To write an amount as a percentage of a whole amount:
• write the amount in the numerator of a fraction
• write the whole amount (total) in the denominator
• multiply by 100%
amount
Percentage ¼ 3 100%
whole amount

9780170189538 227
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

Example 14
There were 250 people at the school fete, and 160 of them were children.
a What fraction of the people at the fete were children?
b What percentage of the people at the fete were children?

Solution
a Fraction ¼ Number of children
Total number of people
160
¼
250
16
¼
25
160
b Percentage ¼ 3 100%
250
¼ 64%

Example 15
Express 36 minutes as:
a a fraction of an hour
b a percentage of an hour

Solution
Quantities need to be expressed in the same units, so change 1 hour to 60 minutes.
a Fraction ¼ 36 ¼ 3
60 5
36
b Percentage ¼ 3 100%
60
¼ 60%

Exercise 6-06 Expressing amounts as fractions

and percentages
See Example 14 1 Convert each test mark into a simplified fraction.
a 50 out of 100 b 38 out of 50 c 87 out of 100
d 8 out of 12 e 5 out of 20 f 45 out of 120
2 Convert each test mark in question 1 into a percentage.

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 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S
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3 A hockey team scored 8 goals. If one player scored 5 of them,
what is this as a percentage of the team score?
4 In a class of 25 students, 6 ride bikes, 10 walk to school and the
rest catch the bus.
a What fraction walk to school?
b What percentage catch the bus?
5 Wakeel answered 21 questions correctly out of 24 in his driving Worked solutions
test. If the pass mark is 95%, did he pass? Exercise 6-06
6 The World Cup cricket final attracted 86 000 people to the MAT08NAWS10050
game, but 94 500 tickets were sold before the match.
a What fraction of the sold tickets were used?
b What percentage (correct to the nearest whole number) of the sold tickets were not used?
7 Tania earns $1340 a week. She pays $428.80 in tax and saves $180 a week.
a What percentage of Tania’s earnings is paid in tax?
b What fraction of her earnings does Tania save?
c What percentage (correct to one decimal place) of her earnings does Tania save?
8 Louise sells a house for $458 000. If the real estate agent is paid a commission of $22 900,
what percentage of the sale price does the agent receive?
9 The Great Gals are having a sale on microwave ovens. The sale price of each oven is listed
below, along with the discount.

$149 $179 $219

Save $20 Save $26 Save $30
a Calculate the original price of each microwave oven.
b Calculate, to one decimal place, the percentage discount on each oven.
c Which oven has the greatest percentage discount?
10 Joshua bought a pair of roller skates for $180 and sold them at a profit of $45. What is the
profit as a percentage? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 25% B 4% C 45% D 20%
11 Express each measurement as a simplified fraction. See Example 15
a 5 min of 1 h b 250 mL of 1 L c 700 m of 1 km d 230 kg of 1 t
e 75c of $6 f 40 min of 4h g 300 g of 2 kg h $3.80 of $14
i 12 h of 4 days j 75 mm of 20 cm k 800 m of 1.5 km l 400 mL of 3.5 L
12 Express each measurement in question 11 as a percentage.
13 What is 40 minutes as a percentage of 2 hours? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 20% B 5% C 33 13 % D 0.33%

9780170189538 229
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

14 A football team is scoring well in its matches if its points percentage is over 100, according to
the formula:

Points percentage ¼ Points for 3 100

Points against

where ‘points for’ are the total number of points the team has scored and ‘points against’ are
the total number of points the other teams have scored when playing against that team.
a Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the points percentage for each team listed in the
table.
Team Points for Points against Team Points for Points against
Broncos 391 313 Raiders 405 466
Bulldogs 410 366 Roosters 296 479
Cowboys 383 452 Sea Eagles 434 235
Dragons 321 395 Sharks 328 279
Eels 407 352 Storm 478 207
Knights 332 382 Tigers 498 642
Panthers 357 469 Titans 319 399
Rabbitohs 275 283 Warriors 688 454
b What are the top four teams based on these results?

Just for the record Dollars

Australia, the USA, Hong Kong and parts of Central America
use the dollar as their unit of currency. The word ‘dollar’
actually originated in the town of Jachymov in
Czechoslovakia, where the coins minted from its silver mine
were called ‘Joachimsthaler’. Coins in various German states
from the 16th to the 19th centuries were called ‘taler’, which
later became ‘daler’. The early Spanish settlers introduced the
‘Philippe dolers’ into North America, and this later became
the word ‘dollar’ that we know today.
Find out which countries use dollars as their unit of currency.

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for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Investigation: Percentages in sport

Percentages are a good way of comparing sporting performances. Commentators often give
statistics in the form of percentages so that we can compare the success of teams or
players.
1 In netball, goal shooters rarely have the same number of shooting chances. To work out
their success rates, we must use percentages to compare the number of shooting chances
with the number of successful shots.
The following statistics were recorded in a match between Australia and New Zealand.
Australia New Zealand
Shooting chances Goals Shooting chances Goals
1st quarter 15 11 9 9
2nd quarter 25 17 14 13
3rd quarter 18 14 23 20
4th quarter 27 20 18 17

a Calculate as a percentage to one decimal place:

i each team’s success rate for each quarter
ii the total success rate for each team.
b Comment on the relationship between the success rates and the final scores. What can
you say about each team?
2 At any stage during the season in the National Basketball League (NBL), the teams will
have played different numbers of games. The highest position on the ladder is awarded to
the team with the highest wins percentage, which is calculated as follows:
Number of games won
Wins percentage ¼ 3 100%
Number of games played

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

At one stage of a season the teams had won and lost the number of games shown below.
Team Won Lost
Adelaide 6 6
Cairns 8 7
Gold Coast 7 4
Melbourne 6 9
New Zealand 9 4
Perth 3 11
Sydney 11 3
Townsville 8 4
Wollongong 2 12

Calculate the wins percentage for each team and construct the ‘NBL Ladder’ showing the
teams in the correct order.

Worksheet

Percentage shortcuts
6-07 Percentage increase and decrease
MAT08NAWK10054

Worksheet • Percentage increase means to increase (make bigger) a quantity by a percentage

Discounts and special • Percentage decrease means to decrease (make smaller) a quantity by a percentage
offers

MAT08NAWK10055
Example 16
Video tutorial

Percentage increase Increase $200 by 7%.

and decrease
Solution
MAT08NAVT10010
Method 1
Homework sheet
7 or 7 4 100 3 $200
Percentages 1
7% of $200 ¼ 3 $200
100
or 0.07 3 $200
MAT08NAHS10009 ¼ $14
Puzzle sheet $200 þ $14 ¼ $214
Discounts Method 2
MAT08NAPS00040 (100% þ 7%) of $200 ¼ 107% of $200 Increasing by 7% is the same as
calculating 107%
Worksheet
107 or 107 4 100 3 $200
Discounts ¼ 3 $200
100 or 1.07 3 $200
MAT08NAWK00062
¼ $214
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Example 17
Decrease $150 by 12%.

Solution
Method 1
12 or 12 4 100 3 $150 or 0.12 3 $150
12% of $150 ¼ 3 $150
100
¼ $18
$150  $18 ¼ $132
Method 2
(100%  12%) of $150 ¼ 88% of $150 Decreasing by 12% is the same as
calculating 88%
88 or 88 4 100 3 $150
¼ 3 $150
100 or 0.88 3 $150
¼ $132

Example 18
The price of a watch increases by 15%. If its original price was $35, find its new price.

Solution
Method 1 Method 2
15% of $35 ¼ $5:25 ð100% þ 15%Þ of $35 ¼ 115% of $35
$35 þ $5:25 ¼ $40:25 ¼ $40:25

Example 19
Find the price of a computer game system, originally
priced at $420, after a 9% discount.

Solution
Method 1 Method 2
9% of $420 ¼ $37:80 ð100%  9%Þ of $420 ¼ 91% of $420
$420  $37:80 ¼ $382:20 ¼ $382:20

9780170189538 233
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

Exercise 6-07 Percentage increase and decrease

See Example 16 1 Increase:
a $150 by 5% b 400 by 20% c 60 km by 22%
d $2500 by 6% e 95 kg by 60% f 10 L by 33%
See Example 17 2 Decrease:
a $440 by 60% b 120 by 15% c 110 kg by 8%
d $325 by 25% e 2000 L by 38% f $1570 by 3%
See Example 18 3 Wooden chairs cost $172 to make. Calculate the selling price if the chairs are marked up by
35% when sold.
4 Julie buys a bike for $2700 and sells it a year later, making a 15% profit.
a How much profit did Julie make?
b What was the selling price of the bike?
5 Geeva’s weekly pay of $980 increased by 4.5%. What is his new pay?
6 Yumi’s height of 168 cm increased by 2%. What is her new height?
7 A department store has a mark-up of 200% on clothing. If the store buys a vest for $12, what
will be its selling price after the mark-up? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A $32 B $14.40 C $24 D $36
See Example 19 8 A car dealer offers a 15% discount on all new car purchases. What would you pay for a car
marked at $21 990?
9 Calculate the sale price of a pair of sports shoes that cost $165 after a discount of 12%.
10 After speed cameras were installed, the
road toll of 840 deaths decreased by
5%. What is the new road toll?

11 Aaron bought a house for $464 000 and sold it 10 years later, making a 150% profit. Calculate
the selling price of the house.
12 What is the new price of a pair of jeans worth $75 if they are discounted by 25%? Select the
correct answer A, B, C or D.
A $50 B $56.25 C $18.75 D $55
13 A netball sells for $45, but you receive 11% discount if you buy two. What is the discounted
price of two netballs?
14 The owner of a store buys a DVD recorder for $470. She adds a mark-up of $70 but, at sale
time, offers a 30% discount.
a Find the selling price after the mark-up.
b Find the discounted price at sale time.
c How much loss did the store owner incur on the DVD recorder?
d Calculate the percentage loss correct to one decimal place.

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15 Find the number which if increased by 18% gives 767. Worked solutions

16 Winter coats priced at $830 were reduced Exercise 6-07

by 15% at the end-of-season sale. On the MAT08NAWS10051
last weekend of the sale, they were
reduced by a further 40% off the
discounted price. What was the final
price of a coat?

17 Find the number which if decreased by 40% gives 306.

18 A digital tablet with an original
price of $680 has 10% GST
added to it. It is then sold at an
end-of-year sale for ‘10% off’. Is
the sale price of the tablet more
than, less than, or equal to its
original price? Justify your
answer by calculation.

Skillsheet
6-08 Percentages without calculators Mental percentages

MAT08NASS10029
If we know the equivalent fractions for common percentages, then we can find percentages
Worksheet
mentally.
Percentages without
1 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 calculators
Fraction 4 2 4 3 3 5 5 5 10 8 MAT08NAWK10057
Percentage 25% 50% 75% 33 13 % 66 23 % 20% 40% 60% 10% 12 12 %

9780170189538 235
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

Example 20
Calculate each percentage mentally.
a 33 13 % of $1800 b 12 12 % of 72 kg

Solution
1 1 1 1
a 33 % of $1800 ¼ of $1800 b 12 % of 72 kg ¼ of 72 kg
3 3 2 8
¼ $600 ¼ 9 kg

Example 21
a Increase $470 by 10%.
b Decrease $75 by 20%.

Solution
1 3 $470
a 10% of $470 ¼
10
¼ $47
$470 þ $47 ¼ $517

1
b 20% of $75 ¼ 3 $75 (or 10% 3 $75 3 2)
5
¼ $15
$75  $15 ¼ $60

Note: More examples and exercises on increasing and decreasing an amount by a percentage
mentally can be found in Mental skills 6B: Percentage increase and decrease following
Exercise 6-08.

Exercise 6-08 Percentages without calculators

Complete this exercise without using a calculator.
See Example 20 1 Find 25% of each amount.
a 32 kg b 180 mm c 24 L d $1000
2 Find each percentage.
a 50% of 36 m b 75% of 12 g c 12 12 % of 24 h
d 20% of 5 L e 66 23 % of $30 f 60% of 20 km
g 25% of 20 mL h 33 13 % of 18 days i 75% of 100 kg
Worked solutions 3 Find 10% of each amount.
Exercise 6-08 a 60 tonnes b 40 hours c 300 sheep d $90
MAT08NAWS10052

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4 Find each percentage.
a 10% of 70 b 50% of $80 c 40% of 120 minutes
d 30% of $12 e 60% of 20 cm f 20% of 400 mL
5 What is 5% of 80 days? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 8 days B 4 days C 40 days D 80 days
6 Find 12 12 % of each amount.
a $72 b 40 kg c 160 kL
7 Increase: See Example 21
a $80 by 25% b 140 by 10% c $150 by 33 13 %
d 28 by 50% e $240 by 12 12 % f 45 by 20%
8 Decrease: Worked solutions
a $310 by 10% b 120 by 20% c $80 by 12 12 % Exercise 6-08
d 60 by 5% e $900 by 66 23 % f 2000 by 75%
MAT08NAWS10052

Mental skills 6B Maths without calculators

Percentage increase and decrease

The fraction equivalents of commonly-used percentages can help us when we need to
increase or decrease a number by a percentage.
Percentage 10% 12 12 % 20% 25% 33 13 % 50% 66 23 % 75%

Fraction 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
10 8 5 4 3 2 3 4
1 Consider each example.
a Increase 80 by 20%
20% of 80 ¼ 1 3 80 or 10% of 80 ¼ 8
5
20% of 80 ¼ 8 3 2
¼ 80 4 5
¼ 16
¼ 16
80 þ 16 ¼ 96
b Increase $36 by 66 23 %

66 2 % of 36 ¼ 2 3 36
3 3
¼ $36 4 3 3 2
¼ $12 3 2
¼ $24
$36 þ $24 ¼ $60
2 Now increase:
a $280 by 10% b 45 by 33 13 % c 25 by 20% d $400 by 12 12 %
e 64 by 50% f $72 by 25% g $55 by 10% h 90 by 66 23 %
i 120 by 75% j $80 by 5% k $250 by 20% l 70 by 40%

9780170189538 237
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

3 Consider each example.

a Decrease 225 by 33 13 %

33 1 % of 225 ¼ 1 3 225
3 3
¼ 225 4 3
¼ 75
225  75 ¼ 150
b Decrease $70 by 15%

10% of $70 ¼ 1 3 $70 ¼ $7

10
1
) 5% of $70 ¼ 3 $7 ¼ $3:50
2
) 15% of $70 ¼ ð10% 3 $70Þ þ ð5% 3 $70Þ
¼ $7 þ $3:50
¼ $10:50
$70  $10:50 ¼ $59:50
4 Now decrease:
a $480 by 25% b 60 by 33 13 % c 110 by 20% d $25 by 10%
e 900 by 50% f $72 by 12 12 % g $320 by 75% h 150 by 66 23 %
i $63 by 20% j $100 by 12 12 % k 250 by 10% l $150 by 30%

Worksheet

The unitary method 6-09 The unitary method

MAT08NAWK10056
If we know the percentage of an amount, but not the actual amount, we can use the unitary
Video tutorial
method to find the whole amount. The word unit means ‘one,’ and with the unitary method we
The unitary method
find 1% first.
MAT08NAVT10011

Example 22
If 15% of an amount is $75, what is the amount?

Solution
15% of amount ¼ $75
1% of amount ¼ $75415 Find 1% first by dividing by 15.
¼ $5
100% of amount ¼ $5 3 100 Then find the whole amount by
¼ $500 multiplying by 100.
The amount is $500. Check: 15% 3 $500 ¼ $75

238 9780170189538
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for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Summary
When using the unitary method to find an amount given a percentage of the amount:
• first find 1% of the amount by dividing by the known percentage
• then multiply by 100 to find the whole amount (100%).

Example 23
Farmer Brown lost 30% of her sheep in a flood. If she had 560 sheep left, how many sheep
did she have before the flood?

Solution
Because 30% of the total were lost, 100%  30% ¼ 70% of the total were left.
So: 70% of the total ¼ 560 sheep
1% of the total ¼ 560 4 70
¼ 8 sheep
100% of the total ¼ 8 3 100
¼ 800 sheep
Farmer Brown had 800 sheep before the flood. Check: 70% 3 800 ¼ 560

Exercise 6-09 The unitary method

1 What is the whole amount if: See Example 22
a 10% of it is $70? b 25% of it is $140? c 17% of it is $782?
d 8.5% of it is $161.50? e 16% of it is 64 cm? f 20% of it is 56 kg?
g 42% of it is 1.26 m? h 30% of it is 45 minutes? i 70% of it is $280?
j 110% of it is $396? k 45% of it is 180 kg? l 120% of it is 132 minutes?
Worked solutions
2 The deposit of 15% on a kitchen stove is $180. What is the price of the stove?
Exercise 6-09
3 There were 51 870 men in the crowd at the football match. If this was 65% of the crowd,
MAT08NAWS10053
what was the total attendance?

9780170189538 239
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

4 Last year Joanna paid $23 009.28 in income tax. If this represents 28% of her income,
calculate her income.
See Example 23 5 Joe sold his car for $12 200, making a loss of 20% on the original price. What was the original
price?
Worked solutions 6 A cake decorator makes 18% profit on cakes she
Exercise 6-09
decorates. If she sells a cake for $330.40,
what was the original cost of the cake?
MAT08NAWS10053
Select the closest answer A, B, C or D.
A $184 B $238 C $271 D $280

7 A town’s population increased by 5%, or 1200 people. What was the old population?
8 The interest earned on an investment is $168. If the interest rate is 5.6%, how much was
invested?
9 Shania buys a dress that has been discounted by 25%. If the sale price is $225, what was the
original price of the dress?
10 Matthew buys a game system for $348 at a discount of 20%. What was the original price of
the game system?

Worksheet

Profit and loss 6-10 Profit, loss and GST

MAT08NAWK10058

Technology worksheet Profit and loss

Profit and loss Retailers (store owners) buy goods and sell them to people.
MAT08NACT10014
• Cost price is how much they buy the item for
Puzzle sheet • Selling price is how much they sell them for
Profit and loss • If they sell the item for more than what they paid for it, they make a profit
MAT08NAPS00041
• If they sell the item for less than what they paid for it, they make a loss

Maths clip
The percentage profit or percentage loss is usually calculated as a percentage of the cost price.
Business maths

MAT08NAMC00006

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for the A ustralian Curriculum 8
Example 24
The Book Bin buys books for $18 each and sells them for $22.50. For each book, calculate:
a the profit
b the percentage profit.

Solution
a Cost price ¼ $18
Selling price ¼ $22:50
Profit ¼ $22:50  $18 selling price  cost price
¼ $4:50
$4:50 profit
b Percentage profit ¼ 3 100% 3 100%
$18 cost price
¼ 25%

Example 25
Renae buys a car for $17 500 and sells it 2 years later for $15 000. Find the percentage loss
correct to one decimal place.

Solution
Cost price ¼ $17 500
Selling price ¼ $15 000

Loss ¼ $17 500  $15 000 cost price  selling price

¼ $2500
$2500 loss 3 100%
Percentage loss ¼ 3 100% cost price
$17 500
¼ 14:2857 . . . %
 14:3%

Example 26
Cooper buys a mountain bike for $850 and sells it a year later at 13% profit.
Find the selling price.

9780170189538 241
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

Solution
Profit ¼ 13% 3 $850
¼ $110:50
Selling price ¼ $850 þ $110:50
¼ $960:50
OR Selling price ¼ ð100% þ 13%Þ 3 $850 Increasing $850 by 13%.
¼ 113% 3 $750
¼ $960:50

Video tutorial GST

GST Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a tax paid to the government on most goods (items) and
MAT08NAVT10012 services that we purchase. In Australia, GST is charged at 10% of the original price and is
generally included in the marked price of the good or service.

Example 27
The selling price of a TV is $722 þ 10% GST. Calculate:
a the GST payable
b the selling price

Solution
a GST ¼ 10% of $722
¼ $72:20
b Selling price ¼ $722 þ $72:20
¼ $794:20
OR Selling price ¼ 110% 3 $722 Increasing $722 by 10%.
¼ $794:20

Example 28
The selling price of a lounge suite is $2695 with GST included. How much of this price is
the GST?

Solution
Selling price þ GST ¼ 100% þ 10% ¼ 110%
110% of the selling price ¼ $2695
10% GST ¼ $2695 4 11
¼ $245

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Exercise 6-10 Profit, loss and GST
1 In each situation, state:
i the cost price
ii whether a profit or loss was made.
a A car was bought for $18 700 and sold for $15 000.
b A house was bought for $543 000 and sold for $674 000.
c A computer was sold for $350 when it originally cost $799.
d An antique desk sold for $8000 when it was purchased for $6800.
2 For each situation, find: See Example 24
i the profit
ii the percentage profit, correct to one decimal place where necessary.
a cost price $85 selling price $102
b cost price $415 selling price $600
c cost price $2.75 selling price $4.20
3 For each situation, find: See Example 25
i the loss
ii the percentage loss, correct to one decimal place where necessary.
a cost price $19 selling price $14
b cost price $2700 selling price $1450
c cost price $79 selling price $58
4 A 3D TV costing $2500 is sold for $3500. Find: Worked solutions
a the profit b the percentage profit. Exercise 6-10

5 A car costing $17 000 is sold for $15 200. Find: MAT08NAWS10054

a the loss b the percentage loss correct to one decimal place

6 Calculate the selling price for each situation. See Example 26
a cost price $200 profit 17%
b cost price $42 profit 70%
c cost price $720 loss 35%
d cost price $1400 loss 9.5%
e cost price $2.50 profit 150%
f cost price $27 loss 40%
7 A block of land is purchased by Erin and Mark for $133 000. Six years later, they sell it for
$164 000. Calculate their percentage profit correct to two decimal places.
8 Rose buys a bed for $2700. She later sells it for $1500. Calculate her percentage loss, correct to
one decimal place.
9 For each item, calculate the GST payable and the final price. See Example 27
a a car priced at $20 900 b a home entertainment unit priced at $1810
c an ice cream priced at $3.00 d a theatre ticket priced at $145
e plumber’s fees of $180 f a DVD priced at $27

9780170189538 243
 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

See Example 28 10 Given that the final price of each item has GST included, calculate the GST and the original
price correct to the nearest cent.
a accountant’s fees: $792 b piano lessons: $198 per term
c refrigerator: $924 d box of chocolates: $18.70
e batteries: $34.65 f diary: $16.70

Investigation: Uses of percentages

1 Prepare a one-page percentage collage for class display. Look through newspapers,
magazines and brochures for examples to cut out. Find photographs or draw situations
where percentages are used.
2 Select two examples of situations where percentages are used. Write a set of ten
questions for each example, using the rules about percentages you have learnt. Calculate
the answers.
3 Swap the questions you wrote in question 2 with others in the class. Each person should
answer at least three sets of questions. Ask the student who prepared the questions to
mark your answers. If there are any disagreements, check with your teacher.

Worksheet

Percentage problems 6-11 Percentage problems

MAT08NAWK10059

Homework sheet
Exercise 6-11 Percentage problems
Percentages 2

MAT08NAHS10010 1 In a box of 180 oranges, 15% are not ripe. How many oranges are not ripe?
Homework sheet

Fractions and
percentages revision

MAT08NAHS10011

Quiz

Personal business
calculations

MAT08NAQZ00011

2 A test result is 65 out of 80. What percentage is this?

3 Southside High’s hockey team wins 12 games out of 15. What percentage is this?

Worked solution
4 A shirt costing $55 is reduced by 25%. What is the new selling price?
Exercise 6-11 5 In some mixed paint, 25% of the mixture is blue, 15% is yellow and the remainder is white.
MAT08NAWS10055 What percentage is white?

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6 Westvale High’s basketball team scored 1065 points in a season. Claire shot 22% of the total
points. How many points did Claire score?
7 At Upper Darling High, 60% of students are girls. How many boys are there in this school of
870 students?
8 What percentage of pure gold is 9 carat gold, if pure gold is 24 carat?
9 When a floor was being tiled, 830 green tiles were used out of a total of 2075 tiles. What
percentage of the floor is made of green tiles?
10 In a kindergarten class of 24 students, there were 3 absent students. Find the percentage of
students absent from the class.
11 A real estate agent earns 2 12 % commission on a sale of $345 000. How much does the agent earn? Worked solution

12 A worker’s pay rate of $13.65/hour is increased to $15.20/hour. Find the increase as a Exercise 6-11
percentage of the original pay rate. MAT08NAWS10055

13 Find how much rent is paid if it is 30% of a weekly income of $575.

14 Anton receives a 7% pay rise. If his old salary was $67 000 per year, what is his new salary?
Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A $67 007 B $67 469 C $71 690 D $113 900

Technology Weekly budget

In this activity, we will use a spreadsheet to calculate a weekly budget for Abdul, a full-time
student with a part-time job in a café.
1 Enter Abdul’s weekly expenses into a spreadsheet. Highlight cells B2 to B8, right-click on
Format Cells and Currency with two decimal places.
A B C
1 Expenses Weekly Budget % of total
2 Rent 157.40
3 Food 80.00
4 Fares 34.50
5 Entertainment 37.00
6 Mobile phone 11.75
7 Savings 25.00
8 Total Expenses
2 In cell B8, write a formula to calculate the sum of Abdul’s weekly expenses.
3 In cell C2, write a formula to calculate the percentage of total expenses spent on rent.
Right-click on Format Cells and Number with one decimal place.
4 Select cell C2 and Fill Down to cell C8 to copy the formula and calculate the percentage of
total expenses belonging to each item.
5 Highlight cells A1 to B7. Click Insert, Pie Chart to create a pie chart (sector graph) and
give your pie chart an appropriate title.
6 Point your mouse (do not click) in each sector of the pie chart to read off the percentage
breakdown (in brackets) of Abdul’s expenses.

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Fractions and percentages

Power plus

1 A retailer pays $55 for a chair, then marks it up 60% for the selling price, then adds 10%
of this price for GST. Calculate the final selling price.
2 Some items increase in value over time, such as jewellery, antiques and real estate. This is
called appreciation. A gold chain costs $1500 and appreciates by 8.5% per year. Find:
a the value of the chain after one year
b the value of the chain after two years.
3 The Blewes family buys a home for $480 000, and it appreciates at 4% per year.
Calculate the home’s value:
a after one year b after two years c after five years
4 a A number is increased by 25%, then the result is decreased by 25%. Is the final
answer more than or less than the original number?
b If a number is increased by 25%, then by what percentage must the result be
decreased so that the answer is equal to the original number?
5 Most items lose value over time. This is called depreciation. A Ferrari car costs $220 000
and depreciates at 15% per year. Calculate how much the Ferrari is worth:

a after 1 year b after 2 years c after 5 years.

6 a A number is decreased by 33 13 %,
then the result is increased by 33 13 %. Is the final
answer more than or less than the original number?
b If a number is decreased by 33 13 %, then by what percentage must the result be
increased so that the answer is equal to the original number?

246 9780170189538
 Chapter 6 review

n Language of maths
commission fraction mark-up quantity Puzzle sheet
cost price goods and services tax (GST) mixed numeral reciprocal
Fractions and
decimal improper fraction numerator reduction percentages
decrease increase percentage selling price find-a-word

denominator loss profit simplify MAT08NAPS10018

discount lowest common multiple (LCM) proper fraction unitary method
1 Which words in the list above refer to something getting:
a bigger? b smaller?
2 What is the product of a number and its reciprocal?
3 Name one good and one service that would have a GST.
4 The ‘cent’ in percentage means 100. Find other ‘cent’ words that are related to 100.
5 What do we mean when we say that someone gives ‘110%’ effort or support to something?
6 Copy and complete: ‘‘A loss is made by a retailer if the cost price is __________ than the
selling price.’’

n Topic overview
• List any rules you remember from your work on fractions and percentages. Worksheet
• Name at least three jobs where percentages would be used. Mind map: Fractions
• Is there anything you still do not understand about fractions or percentages? See your teacher. and percentages

• Give examples of where you may use fractions or percentages in the future. MAT08NAWK10060

Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.

Adding and
Subracting Multiplying and
Dividing
Fractions

FRACTIONS
Quantities and Decimals
PERCENTAGES

Increase and
Decrease
Applications

Unitary Profit and Loss GST

Method

9780170189538 247
 Chapter 6 revision

See Exercise 6-01 1 Simplify each fraction.

a 6 b 28 c 35
8 48 45
See Exercise 6-01 2 Convert each improper fraction into a mixed numeral.
15 22 26
a b c
4 5 6
See Exercise 6-01 3 Convert each mixed numeral to an improper fraction.
a 4 12 b 3 23 c 6 45
5 7 1 3
See Exercise 6-01 4 Arrange these fractions in descending order: , , ,
6 12 2 4
See Exercise 6-02 5 Evaluate each expression.
a 1þ2 b 41 c 3þ2
3 5 7 2 4 3
1
d 25 þ 42 1
e 75 f 5 38  2 12
6
See Exercise 6-03 6 Evaluate each expression.
a 734 b 432 c 635
8 9 5 3 7 8
1
d 24 3 3 1
e 4 5 f 5 38 41 12
10 6 12
See Exercise 6-04 7 Convert each percentage into a simplified fraction.
a 74% b 29% c 65% d 157%
See Exercise 6-04 8 Convert each percentage into a decimal.
a 12% b 16.2% c 2% d 5.4%
See Exercise 6-04 9 Convert each fraction into a percentage.
a 7 b 12 c 2 d 33
8 50 9 40
See Exercise 6-04 10 Convert each decimal into a percentage.
a 0.56 b 0.613 c 0.7 d 0.048
See Exercise 6-04 11 Arrange these numbers in ascending order: 3 , 0:725, 77%, 0:7
4
See Exercise 6-05 12 Evaluate each expression.
1
a 15% of 40 b of 64 c 27.5% of $880
4
2
d of 1 year (in months) e 120% of 90 L f 35% of 6 m (in cm)
3
See Exercise 6-06 13 Gianni scored 68 out of 80 in a maths test. Write his score as:
a a simplified fraction b a percentage
See Exercise 6-06 14 Westvale Christian College has 375 boys and 405 girls. What percentage (correct to one
decimal place) of the students are boys?
See Exercise 6-07 15 A refrigerator with a marked-up price of $545 is discounted by 40%. Calculate its sale price.
See Exercise 6-07 16 Judy is to receive a salary increase of 3.5%. If she currently earns $65 000, what will her new
salary be?

248 9780170189538
 Chapter 6 revision

17 Calculate each expression in your head and write down the answer. See Exercise 6-09

a 20% of 55 tonnes b 12 12 % of 96 cm c 75% of 12 minutes

18 A deposit of 18% paid on a car is $26 480. What is the cost of the car? See Exercise 6-10

19 James bought a guitar for $750, then sold it for $600. Calculate his percentage loss on the cost See Exercise 6-10
price.
20 The price of a mobile phone is $95.70 including GST. Calculate: See Exercise 6-11
a the amount of GST included in this price
b the price of the phone before GST was added
21 Ishween sold $850 worth of books last week. If she receives 5% commission on all sales, See Exercise 6-11
calculate her commission.

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