QUARTER 3

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MODULE 4
Grade 12

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Physical Science– Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Active Ingredients in Product Labels and Use of the
Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
First Edition, 2020

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 QUARTER 3
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises,
and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Please use this module with care. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
activities and tests. Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed for you to identify the active ingredient found in product
labels of common household products used for
The module contains two (2) lessons.
Lesson 9 – Active Ingredients in Product Labels.
The most essential learning competency for this module.
1. From product labels, identify the active ingredient(s) of cleaning products use at home
(S11/ 12PS-IIIi-j-31)
After going through this module, you are specifically expected to:
1. Define active ingredients.
2. Give examples of household cleaning products and explain the need to use them
3. Determine the importance of knowing the active ingredient in certain products.

Lesson Active Ingredients in Product

9 Labels
Do you help in doing household chores? I bet it is a “Yes”. While helping in doing
some tasks that require cleaning, what products do you use at home? Have you tried
using products like detergents, bleach, or disinfectant? Do you have time reading the
labels before applying these?
In this module, you will observe the chemistry of household cleaning products. You will
know how these products that you may have used can guarantee cleanliness in your
home.
What’s New
Your mother is busy working on different household chores. She asks you to help her
in cleaning the following spaces in your home.
• Bathroom tiles •Kitchen sink •Carpet in the living room
What cleaning products will you use? Why? Can you explain the chemistry behind those
commercial cleaning products you will be using?
What is it?
Cleaning products contain substances that remove dirt, stain, and bad smell. There are
a number of cleaning products, and some of them are used to clean surfaces such as
bathroom tiles, floors, sinks, and drains. Others are used to clean clothing, blankets, and
curtains.
Moreover, they contain substances that are classified either as active or inactive
ingredients. Active ingredients are substances that directly help in achieving the performance
objective of a certain product while inactive ingredients include fragrance and solvents. Below
are examples of cleaning products and their respective active ingredients.
1. Detergent
Detergent contains surfactant, which are substances with cleaning properties. The
most common surfactants are sodium alkyl, benzyl sulfonates, and carboxylates. These
specific active ingredients have long water-insoluble hydrocarbon tail and water-soluble polar
heads. When a group of surfactant molecules is placed in water, the form micelles. They
orient themselves with the hydrocarbon tails, sticking to one another while the polar heads
are pointing outwards and into the water.
When detergent is mixed with water, the micelles are dispersed throughout the water.
In a scenario, when grease is present on a fabric, the micelle disperses and entraps the
grease. When detergent is rinsed out, the grease comes with it.
2. Bleach
This is a household cleaning product used to remove dyes and whiten clothing. The
color that stains white fabrics typically arise from organic dyes and pigments. For example,
when ballpen ink spills on your white uniform, the ink pigment binds with the fabric.
White uniform stained with black ink. Then, link the chemica structure below to the
stain using a line.
Chlorine-based bleaches, like sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite, are used
the break the chemical bonds of the pigment. Then, the pigment is changed to a different
substance that does not absorb visible light, thereby making the fabric appears white again.
3.Drain cleaner
A drain cleaner is a chemical product that unblocks sewer pipes or clogged wastewater
drains.
Caustic drain cleaners contain substances such as lye (sodium hydroxide) and caustic
potash. They are bases, so they give electrons to the clogging substance. Meanwhile, the
hydroxide ions create the reaction that clears the clog.
On the other hand, acid drain cleaners contain high concentrations of sulfuric acid or
hydrochloric acid. These are substances that increase the number of hydrogen ions in a
solution and attract electrons from the clog.
4.Disinfectant
Disinfectant is used to lessen microbes on surfaces but not clean them. It is usually
used to disinfects door handles, tables, toilets and bathroom surfaces because it can kill
disease-causing microorganisms called pathogens such as salmonella and staphylococci
bacteria. Most disinfectants, such as alcohol and chlorine, work by denaturing proteins of
microorganisms. When this happens, the metabolism of microorganisms is disrupted, causing
death.
Remember that all products have an active ingredient t that enables it to w work.
Some may even have two or more active ingredients. Here are some i important pointers in
determining the active ingredient:
 1. It can be seen in the labels of consumer products.
2. It can be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral.
3. The determination of its acidity or basicity will dictate how the product wi work.
It is very important to know the active ingredient in certain products because it will tell
you what function they can serve. In addition, knowing this kind of ingredient can at least
make consumers aware and cautious of the toxicity of the product.

= END OF LESSON 9 =

Lesson
Use of the Other
10 Ingredients in Cleaning
Agents
Lesson 10 - Use of the Other Ingredients in Cleaning Agents
The most essential learning competency for this module.
 Give the use of other ingredients in cleaning agents. (S11/ 12PS-IIIi-j-32)
After going through this module, you are specifically expected to:
1. Identify ingredients present in cleaning products other than active ingredients.
2. Express the importance of practicing cleanliness.

Everywhere and almost all the time, we use cleaning agents. These would include
powder detergents, bleaching agents, solvent cleaners, acid cleaners, etc. Are you
wondering why detergent and bleach vary in scent? Do you know why they last longer
unlike the food we eat? Are you aware of the reason why cleaning agents have bubbles?
Were you able to look at the labels and identify the ingredients of cleaning agents?
In this module, you will know other ingredients present in cleaning agents. You will
know why cleaning products have a favorable scent, can clean, produce bubbles, and do
not spoil or rot. Continue reading!
What’s In
Direction: Write T if the analogy is correct and F if it is wrong.
1. Detergents: sodium alkyl 4. Bleach: Sodium hypochlorite
2. Drain cleaner: alcohol 5. Facial toner: alcohol
3. Disinfectant: lye

What’s New
Active ingredients are substances that directly help in achieving the performance
objective of a certain product and intended to furnish the specified activity or effect . It is
just a part of the entire mixture. There are other components or ingredients of cleaning
products which have specific purposes. The problem is tha these additional ingredients
may pose harm to those having allergic reactions.
Cleaning agents are very helpful in making the house clean and free from viruses
and bacteria. However, there are lots of harmful ingredients that may hur us or cause
allergic reactions.
Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide are strong bases found in some cleaning
agents. Alkaline cleaning agents include bleach (pH 12) and ammonia (pH 11). Alkaline
agent adds some harmful chemicals like dispersants to dissolve dir and chelant to
remove rust. See how harsh these chemicals that are added to th cleaning products.
A cleaning agent is considered as having additive ingredients that have some
functions in the product whether it is an active or an inactive ingredient.
Some functions of additive ingredients include solvents, fragrance enhancers,
masking agents, builders, preservatives, antimicrobial agents, and bubble enhancers.
A. Solvents
A solvent is often used to increase the quantity of the cleaning agent. The solvent
is used to dilute the cleaning agent, so it is present in greater amount. For instance,
ethanol could have 40% solution while bleach can be present in as low as 5% solution.
B. Fragrance enhancers
Fragrance enhancers are added to products to removes the unwanted odor like
bathroom cleaners. Fragrances form essential oils. Here are seven of the most popular
scents that are used in cleaning and household products, Forest Rain, Sea Blossom,
Fresh Breeze, Citrus Nectar, Green Bamboo, Lavender Orchards, and Lush Lemongrass.
C. Masking agents
Masking agents are used to remove fragrance. For sensitive users or prone to
allergic reactions, scents are being masked but not removed so the molecule of fragrance
is still in the product. Toxins may still be there; they are just being masked.
D. Builders
Builders are present in detergents. Builders are substances that prevent other
contaminants from reacting with the active ingredient in the detergent. These ingredients
are mineral salts that increase the cleaning power by raising the alkalinity or pH of a
product. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a builder. Common builders inclu de sodium
carbonate, sodium metasilicate, and sodium hydroxide.
E. Preservatives
To keep the active ingredient functional and to maintain the pH balance, cleaning
agents must have preservatives. These may come in the form of salts and organic
reagents. The examples are isothiazolones, bronopol, and aldehydes which includ
formaldehyde releasers and glutaraldehyde.
F. Antimicrobial reagents
Microbes that cause infection or degradation also grow in cleaning products. For th
reason, cleaning agents must also have antimicrobial ingredients. This also helps in
preserving the appearance of the product.
G.Bubble enhancers
Enhancing the covered area of the surfactant is the effect of the addition of bubble
enhancers. The formation of foam/bubbles facilitates the surfactant by the accumulation
of unwanted particles. An example is CD-Amide (Bubble Enhancer). This helps increase
the amount of foam and the size of the bubbles.

What is It
ACTIVITY 6: This time, you will need to roam around your house and search for
some items. If necessary, ask for help from your parents or siblings.
Direction: Search for some cleaning items in your house. Fill in the table with
the required information
 Generic Name
Brand Uses Properties Mode of Precautions Active Function
of
Name Action Ingredient
the Product
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ACTIVITY 7: MAKING OF BROCHURE/FLYER (individual output)

Using the data above. Choose only 1 product information that you want to
use in making your own brochure, flyers or poster.
1. Use long bond paper.
2. Utilize the front and back part of the paper.
3. Be creative.
4. You have the option to write or print the information required.
5. In making your output be sure to include the important details
- Brand Name
- Uses
- Properties
- Mode of Action
- Precautions
- Active Ingredient and its Functions
6. Check the font style and font size.
7. For modular printed, please attach the hardcopy of your output on the
answer sheet.
8. For modular digital, soft copy will be uploaded in the Google classroom.
9. Please contact your teachers if there are questions of clarifications about the
performance task.
Brochure Grading Rubric
CATEGORY 5 4 3 2 1
Attractiveness The brochure has The brochure The brochure has The brochure's The brochure has
& Organization exceptionally has attractive some formatting has limited no formatting and
attractive formatting formatting and organized of formatting and organization of
and well-organized and well- information. organization of material.
information. organized information.
information.
Content - Use of facts and the Use of facts and Use of facts and Use of facts and Use of facts and
Accuracy/ quantity of information quantity of quantity of quantity of quantity of
Quantity is exceptional. information is information is good information is information is
very good. but not consistent. presentbut limited.
limited.
Writing - Brochure has Brochure Brochure has Brochure has Brochure has no
Organization exceptional has very good limited organization
organization good organization. organization
organization.
Writing - There are no There very few There are some There are Grammatical
Grammar grammatical mistakes grammatical grammatical several mistakes are so
in the brochure. mistakes in the mistakes in the grammatical numerous that the
brochure. brochure. mistakes in readability of the
the brochure. brochure is
impaired.
Graphics/ Graphics go well with Graphics go Graphics go well Graphics do not Graphics not
Pictures the text and there is a well withthe with the text, but go with the present in the
good mix of text and text, but there there aretoo few and accompanying brochure.
graphics. areso many the brochure seems text orappear to
that they "text-heavy". be randomly
distract from chosen.
the text.
Sources Careful and accurate Careful and Careful and Sources are not Sources are not
records are kept to accurate accuraterecords documented documented
document the source records are are kept to accurately or are accurately or are
of all of the facts and kept to document the notkept on many not kept on any
graphics in the document the sourceof some of facts and facts and graphics.
brochure. sourceof most the facts and graphics.
of the facts and graphics in the
graphics in the brochure.
brochure.

= END OF LESSON 10 =

References
"Active Ingredients of Household Cleaning Products". 2020. Retrieved from Link.Quipper. Com. https:/
/link.quipper.com/en/ organizations/5468b 9422294ee0844000 1 2c/curriculum#curriculum.
Mozart, M., 2014. Ultra-Tide Laundry Detergent. [image] Available at: <https:/
/www.flickr.com/photos/jeepersmedia/ 15008363070>
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kitchen>
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Ezez. 2020. "Other Uses of Ingredients in Cleaning Agents". Link.quipper.com. https:// link.quipper.com/
en/organizations/5468b9422294ee0844000 1 2c/ curriculum#curriculum.
Caballes, Dennis G. Physical Science, Pasay City, Philippines: JFS Publishin Services, 2016
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[online] Available at <https: / /www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/ 02/2002181821 54.htm>
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2011. Bronopol Skeletal. [image] Available at <https: / /upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 8 /
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