F O U N D A T I O N S 2-3

Equating vertical forces gives The maximum soil pressure is

  
Bxq max PT 6e
P¼ q max ¼ 1þ
2 BL L
  
69 kips ð6Þð0:87 ftÞ
¼ 1þ
The maximum value of the soil pressure is ð5 ftÞð9 ftÞ 9 ft

2P ¼ 2:4 kips=ft2
q max ¼
Bx

Foundations
2P Factored Soil Pressure
¼
3Be0
A reinforced concrete footing must be designed for punch-
ing shear, flexural shear, and flexure. The critical section
Example 2.1 for each of these effects is located at a different position in
the footing, and each must be designed for the applied
The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced normal weight concrete footing factored loads. Hence, the soil pressure distribution
shown in the illustration supports a column with an caused by factored loads must be determined. Because
axial load of P = 60 kips and a bending moment of the self-weight of the footing produces an equal and oppo-
M = 60 ft-kips. Determine the maximum pressure in site pressure in the soil, the footing is designed for the net
the soil. pressure from the column load only, and the weight of the
footing is not included.
4 ft 1 ft 4 ft
Example 2.2
M ⫽ 60 ft-kips The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced concrete footing described in
Ex. 2.1 supports a column with a factored axial load of
P ⫽ 60 kips
Pu = 100 kips. It has a factored bending moment of
Mu = 100 ft-kips. Determine the factored pressure dis-
16 in tribution in the soil. The effective depth is d = 12 in.

9 ft ⫻ 5 ft Solution

Solution The equivalent eccentricity of the factored column loads is

The weight of the footing is Mu

e¼
Pu
W b ¼ w c LBh 100 ft-kips
  ¼
lbf 100 kips
150 3 ð9 ftÞð5 ftÞð16 inÞ
¼  ft   ¼ 1 ft
lbf in
1000 12 < L=6 ½within middle third of the base
kip ft
¼ 9 kips The maximum factored soil pressure is
  
Pu 6e
The total load on the soil is q u;max ¼ 1þ
BL L
  
PT ¼ P þ W b 100 kips ð6Þð1:0 ftÞ
¼ 1þ
¼ 60 kips þ 9 kips ð5 ftÞð9 ftÞ 9 ft

¼ 69 kips ¼ 3:70 kips=ft2

The minimum factored soil pressure is

The equivalent eccentricity of the total load is
  
Pu 6e
M q u;min ¼ 1
e¼ BL L
PT   
100 kips ð6Þð1:0 ftÞ
60 ft-kips ¼ 1
¼ ð5 ftÞð9 ftÞ 9 ft
69 kips
¼ 0:74 kips=ft2
¼ 0:87 ft
< L=6 ½within middle third of the base The relevant values at critical sections are shown in the
illustration.

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com
 2-4 S T R U C T U R A L D E P T H R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

The width of the critical perimeter measured perpendic-

ular to b1 is
Mu ⫽ 100 ft-kips
Pu ⫽ 100 kips b2 ¼ c 2 þ d

d x ⫽ 3 ft
The value of c1 is the width of the column measured in
12 in the direction of Mu, and c2 is the width of the column
measured perpendicular to c1.
Foundations

When the column supports only an axial load, Pu, shear

qu,min ⫽ 0.74

stress at the critical perimeter is uniformly distributed

around the critical perimeter, and is
qmax ⫽ 2.22
quc ⫽ 2.38
qux ⫽ 2.71

qu,max ⫽ 3.70
kips/ft2
Vu
vu ¼
factored pressure dbo
distribution kips/ft2
The factored shear force acting on the critical perimeter is
Design for Punching Shear  
b b
V u ¼ Pu 1  1 2
The depth of footing is usually governed by the punch- BL
ing shear capacity. The critical perimeter for punching
shear is specified in ACI Secs. 15.5.2 and 11.11.1.2 and L is the length of the footing measured in the direction
illustrated in Fig. 2.4. For a concrete column, the critical of Mu. B is the length of the footing measured perpen-
perimeter is a distance from the face of the column equal dicular to L.
to half the effective depth. The length of the critical
perimeter is When, in addition to the axial load, a bending moment,
Mu, is applied to the column, an eccentric shear stress is
also introduced into the critical section with the max-
bo ¼ 2ðb1 þ b2 Þ imum value occurring on the face nearest the largest
¼ 2ðc1 þ c2 Þ þ 4d bearing pressure. The maximum value of this shear
stress is given by ACI Sec. R11.11.7.2 as
¼ 4ðc þ dÞ ½c1 ¼ c2 ¼ c
v M u y
vu ¼
Figure 2.4 Critical Perimeter for Punching Shear Jc
c
The distance from the centroid of the critical perimeter
to edge of the critical perimeter is
Mu
critical b1
section Pu y¼ ½footing with central column
2

d The fraction of the applied moment transferred by

shear, as specified by ACI Secs. 11.11.7.1 and 13.5.3.2, is
qu
d 1
critical v ¼ 1   rffiffiffiffiffi
2 2 b1
perimeter c⫹d 1þ
3 b2

Jc is the polar moment of inertia of the critical perim-

eter, and

J c b1 dðb1 þ 3b2 Þ þ d
3
¼
y 3
 
The width of the critical perimeter measured in the footing with central column
direction of Mu is as specified by ACI Sec: R11:11:7:2

b1 ¼ c 1 þ d When both axial load and bending moment occur, the

shear stresses caused by both conditions are combined,

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com
 F O U N D A T I O N S 2-5

as specified in ACI Sec. R11.11.7.2, to give a maximum The polar moment of inertia of the critical perimeter is
value of
 
J c b1 dðb1 þ 3b2 Þ þ d
3
footing with a
V u v M u y ¼
vu ¼ þ y 3 central column
dbo Jc  
ð24 inÞð12 inÞ 24 in þ ð3Þð24 inÞ þ ð12 inÞ3
The design punching shear strength of the footing is ¼
3
determined by ACI Sec 11.11.2.1 as
¼ 9792 in3

Foundations
pffiffiffiffi0ffi
V c ¼ 4dbo  f c ½ACI 11-33 The fraction of the column moment transferred by shear is

When  c 4 2, the design punching shear strength is 1

v ¼ 1   rffiffiffiffiffi
  1þ
2 b1
4 pffiffiffiffi0ffi 3 b2
V c ¼ dbo  2 þ f c ½ACI 11-31
c 1
¼1  rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 ¼ 0:75 2 12 in
1þ
3 12 in
Example 2.3 ¼ 0:40
The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced concrete footing described in The combined shear stress from the applied axial load
Ex. 2.1 supports a column with a factored axial load of and the column moment is
Pu = 100 kips and a bending moment of Mu = 100 ft-
kips. For a concrete strength of 3000 lbf/in2, determine
V u v M u y
whether the punching shear capacity of the footing is vu ¼ þ
satisfactory. The effective depth is d = 12 in. dbo Jc
 
lbf
Solution ð91 kipsÞ 1000
kip
¼
The length of the critical perimeter is ð12 inÞð96 inÞ
 
lbf
bo ¼ 4ðc þ dÞ ð0:4Þð1200 in-kipsÞ 1000
kip
¼ ð4Þð12 in þ 12 inÞ þ
9792 in3
96 in lbf lbf
¼ ¼ 79 2 þ 49 2
in in in
12
ft ¼ 128 lbf=in2
¼ 8 ft
The ratio of the long side to the short side of the column is
The average factored soil pressure acting on the area
bounded by the critical perimeter is obtained from c2
Ex. 2.2 as c ¼
c1
12 in
q u;ave ¼ 2:22 kips=ft2 ¼
12 in
¼ 1:00
Shear at the critical perimeter caused by the axial load is
<2
V u ¼ P u  ðq u;ave Þðc þ dÞ2
  The allowable shear stress for two-way action is given
kips by ACI Eq. (11-33) as
¼ 100 kips  2:22
ft2 pffiffiffiffi0ffi
  2 v c ¼ 4 fc
 ð12 in þ 12 inÞ
1 ft rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
12 in lbf
¼ ð4Þð0:75Þð1:0Þ 3000 2
¼ 91 kips in
¼ 164 lbf=in2
> vu ½satisfactory

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com
 2-6 S T R U C T U R A L D E P T H R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

Design for Flexural Shear The factored shear force at the critical section is
For concrete columns, the location of the critical section Bxðq u;max þ q ux Þ
for flexural shear is defined in ACI Secs. 15.5.2 and Vu ¼
11.1.3.1 as being located a distance, d, from the face of 2
0 1
the concrete column, as shown in Fig. 2.5. The design kips kips
3:70 þ 2:71
flexural shear strength of the footing is given by B ft2 ft2 C
¼ ð5 ftÞð3 ftÞ@ A
ACI Sec. 11.2.1.1 as 2

pffiffiffiffi0ffi ¼ 48 kips
Foundations

V c ¼ 2bd f c ½ACI 11-3

The design flexural shear capacity of the footing is given
by ACI Eq. (11-3) as
Figure 2.5 Critical Section for Flexural Shear
pffiffiffiffiffi
V c ¼ 2Bd f 0c
Mu rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lbf
ð2Þð0:75Þð60 inÞð12 inÞð1:0Þ 3000 2
Pu in
¼
lbf
1000
d kip
¼ 59 kips
critical section
qu,max
> Vu ½satisfactory
c d x
Design for Flexure
ACI Sec. 15.4.2 defines the critical section for flexure to
be located at the face of a concrete column, as shown in
B Fig. 2.6. The required reinforcement area is determined in
accordance with ACI Sec. 10.2. The minimum ratio, min,
of reinforcement area to gross concrete area is specified in
ACI Sec. 7.12.2, for both main reinforcement and distri-
L bution reinforcement, as 0.0018 for grade 60 bars. As
specified in ACI Sec. 10.5.4, the maximum spacing of
the main reinforcement shall not exceed 18 in, or three
times the footing depth. The diameter of bar provided
Example 2.4 must be such that the development length does not
The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced concrete footing described in Figure 2.6 Critical Section for Flexure
Ex. 2.1 supports a column with a factored axial load of
Pu = 100 kips and a bending moment of Mu = 100 ft-
Mu
kips. For a concrete strength is 3000 lbf/in2, determine
whether the flexural shear capacity of the footing is Pu
satisfactory. The effective depth is d = 12 in.
anchorage
Solution d length
The distance of the critical section for flexural shear critical section
from the edge of the footing is qu,max

L⫺c
L c c 2
x¼  d
2 2
9 ft 1 ft
¼   1 ft
2 2
¼ 3 ft B

The net factored pressure on the footing at this section

is obtained in Ex. 2.2 as
L
q ux ¼ 2:71 kips=ft2

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com
 F O U N D A T I O N S 2-7

exceed the available anchorage length. Distribution rein- The compression zone factor is given by ACI
forcement may be spaced at a maximum of 18 in, or five Sec. 10.2.7.3 as
times the footing depth.
Example 2.5 1 ¼ 0:85

The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced concrete footing described in The maximum allowable reinforcement ratio for a tension-
Ex. 2.1 supports a column with a factored axial load of controlled section is obtained from ACI Sec. 10.3.4 as
Pu = 100 kips and a bending moment of Mu = 100 ft-
kips. For a concrete strength of 3000 lbf/in2, determine 0:3191 f 0c
t ¼

Foundations
the area of grade 60 reinforcement required in the lon- fy
gitudinal direction. The effective depth is d = 12 in.  
kips
Solution ð0:319Þð0:85Þ 3
in2
¼
The net factored pressure on the footing at the face of kips
60
the column is obtained in Ex. 2.2 as in2
q uc ¼ 2:38 kips=ft2 ¼ 0:014
The factored moment at the face of the column is >  ½satisfactory; the section is tension controlled
 
L c 2 The required area of reinforcement is
B  ð2q u;max þ q uc Þ
Mu ¼ 2 2
6 As ¼ Bd
 
9 ft 1 ft 2 ¼ ð0:00349Þð60 inÞð12 inÞ
ð5 ftÞ 
2 2
  ! ¼ 2:51 in2
kips kips
 ð2Þ 3:70 þ 2:38
ft2 ft2 The minimum allowable reinforcement area for a footing
¼ is given by ACI Sec. 7.12.2 as
6
¼ 130:40 ft-kips As;min ¼ 0:0018Bh
The design moment factor is ¼ ð0:0018Þð60 inÞð16 inÞ

M ¼ 1:73 in2 ½does not govern

K u ¼ u2
Bd Providing six no. 6 bars gives an area of
  
in lbf
ð130:40 ft-kipsÞ 12 1000
ft kip As;prov ¼ 2:64 in2
¼
ð60 inÞð12 inÞ2 > As ½satisfactory
¼ 181:11 lbf=in 2
The anchorage length provided to the reinforcement is
For a tension-controlled section the required reinforce-
L c
ment ratio is la ¼   end cover
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2
Ku   
1 1 9 ft 1 ft in
0:383f 0 ¼  12  3 in
 ¼ 0:85f 0c c 2 2 ft
fy ¼ 45 in
 
kips
¼ ð0:85Þ 3 The clear spacing of the bars exceeds twice the bar
in2
0 vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1 diameter, the clear cover exceeds the bar diameter,
u
u lbf and the development length of the no. 6 bars is given
B u 181:11 2 C
u
B 1  t1   in C
by ACI Secs. 12.2.2 and 12.2.4 as
B lbf C
B ð0:383Þ 3000 2 C
B in C edbf y
B C t
B C ld ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi
B 60
kips C 25 f 0c
B 2 C
B in C ¼ 1:0
@ A t

e ¼ 1:0
¼ 0:00349  ¼ 1:0

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com
 2-8 S T R U C T U R A L D E P T H R E F E R E N C E M A N U A L

The development length of the no. 6 bars is Example 2.6

dbf y The 9 ft  5 ft reinforced concrete footing described in
ld ¼ pffiffiffiffiffi Ex. 2.1 supports a column with a factored axial load of
25 f 0c Pu = 100 kips and a bending moment of Mu = 100 ft-
  kips. For a concrete strength of 3000 lbf/in2, determine
lbf
ð0:75Þ 60;000 2 the area of grade 60 reinforcement required in the trans-
¼ in
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lbf verse direction. The effective depth is d = 12 in.
25 3000 2
in Solution
Foundations

¼ 33 in ½for no: 6 bar

The factored moment in the transverse direction at the
< 45 in anchorage length provided ½satisfactory critical section, which is at the face of the column, is


Transverse Reinforcement Band Width B c1 2

Lq u;ave
Mu ¼ 2 2
Bending moments are calculated at the critical sections 2
 
kips 5 ft 1 ft2
in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The
reinforcement required in the longitudinal direction is ð9 ftÞ 2:22 
distributed uniformly across the width of the footing. ft2 2 2
¼
Part of the reinforcement required in the transverse 2
direction is concentrated in a central band width equal ¼ 39:96 ft-kips
to the length of the short side of the footing, as shown in
Fig. 2.7.
The design moment factor is
Figure 2.7 Transverse Reinforcement Band Width and Areas
Mu
Ku ¼
L Ld 2

 
in lbf
B ð39:96 ft-kipsÞ 12 1000
ft kip
¼
ð108 inÞð12 inÞ2
c2 ¼ 30:83 lbf=in2

c1 B For a tension-controlled section the required reinforce-

ment ratio is
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
Ku
1 1 0
0:383f
 ¼ 0:85f 0c c
fy
As(␤ ⫺ 1) 2As As(␤ ⫺ 1) vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
u
2(␤ ⫹ 1) ␤⫹1 2(␤ ⫹ 1) u lbf
u 30:83 2
1  t1 u  in 
  lbf
The area of reinforcement required in the central band is ð0:383Þ 3000 2
kips in
given by ACI Sec. 15.4.4.2 as ¼ ð0:85Þ 3
in2 kips
60
in2
2As
Ab ¼ ¼ 0:00057
þ1

The remainder of the reinforcement required in the The required area of reinforcement is
transverse direction is
As ¼ Ld
As ð  1Þ ¼ ð0:00057Þð108 inÞð12 inÞ
Ar ¼
þ1
¼ 0:74 in2
This is distributed uniformly on each side of the center
band.

P P I * w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m

www.engbookspdf.com