University of Bahrain

College of engineering
Department of process instrumentation and control engineering

Simultaneous Determination of the concentrations of Cobalt

(||) and Nickel (||) by UV/Vis Spectroscopy

CHEMY 313
Analytical Chemistry

Date of experiment

Done by:

Submitted to: Mr. Sadiq Maayoof Submitted on: 22 / 10 /2020

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 Table of Contents
1. Aim.................................................................................................................3
2. Theoretical Background.................................................................................3
2.1 Equipment And Chemicals......................................................................3
2.2 Testing Procedure.....................................................................................4
3. Calculation......................................................................................................4
3.1 Observation..............................................................................................4
3.2 Raw Data..................................................................................................4
3.3 Substituting..............................................................................................6
4. Discussion.....................................................................................................7
5. Conclusion....................................................................................................8
6. References.....................................................................................................8

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1. Aim
Determination of the concentration of Nickel (||) and Cobalt(||) , as a two
components of a mixture by UV/VIS spectroscopy .

2. Theoretical Background
When a beam of radiation passes through a matter, a portion is frequently
absorbed; this process involves a transfer of radiant energy to the system, thus
electrons of atoms or molecules are excited to higher energy levels. In order for
absorption to occur, the energy of exciting photon, must match the energy
difference between the ground state and the excited state of the absorbing species.
A study of the frequencies (or wavelengths) of the absorbed radiation provides a
mean of characterizing the constituents of a sample of matter. However, the
quantity of the absorbed radiation by a certain species is a function of its
concentration.
The relationship between energy absorption (Absorbance: A) and the
(Concentration) (C) of the absorbing species is given by:
A=ε C l

Where: ε = molar absorptivity , l = path length

In practice, the quantity of the absorbed radiation is

determined with a spectrophotometer.

essential components of a spectrophotometer.

2.1 Equipment And Chemicals

 UV/Vis Spectrophotometer
 25 volumetric flasks,

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  pipettes,
 250 ml beakers,
 measuring cylinders,
 droppers
 Chemicals:
 Fresh solutions of standards
 Fresh unknown mixture
 Distilled water

2.2 Testing Procedure

1. Prepare standard solutions of cobalt (||).

2. Measure the absorbance of cobalt standard solutions at 395 nm and 510 nm .
3. Prepare standard solutions of nickel (||).
4. Measure the absorbance of nickel standard solutions at 395 nm and 510 nm .
5. Measure the absorbance of the unknown sample at 395 nm and 510 nm .

3. Calculations

3.1 Observation

A two-component mixture, may be analysed by making absorbance measurements

at two characteristic maxima (one for each component) and solving the following
pair of simultaneous equations:

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A1=ε 1 C 1 l+ ε 2 C 2 l at λ1 (Equation 1)

A1=ε ' 1 C 1 l+ ε ' 2 C 2 l at λ2 (Equation 2)

The four molar absorptivity (ε 1 , ε 2 , ε ' 1 , ε ' 2) are the gradient (slope) of the Beer's law
plots (calibration curve of standard solutions) of the two components. While b is
the cell thickness/path length, A, and A, are the absorbances measured
experimentally and C, and C are the concentrations of the two species calculated
using the equations.

3.2 Raw Data

Conc. Of Cobalt (II) Absorbance at Conc. Of Cobalt(II) Absorbance at

standard solutions standard solutions
395 nm 510 nm
(ppm) (ppm)

0.0375 0.011 0.0375 0.168

0.0750 0.029 0.0750 0.334

0.1125 0.046 0.1125 0.520

0.150 0.064 0.1500 0.699

Conc. Of Nickel (II) Absorbance at Conc. Of Nickel (II) Absorbance at

standard solutions standard solutions
395 nm 510 nm
(ppm) (ppm)

0.0375 0.166 0.0375 0.001

0.0750 0.340 0.0750 0.004

0.1125 0.516 0.1125 0.007

0.1500 0.695 0.1500 0.010

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 cobalt
0.07

cobalt
395 (nm)

0.06 f(x) = 0.47 x − 0.01

0.05
at 510 at(nm)

0.8
0.04 0.7
0.7
0.03 f(x) = 4.74 x − 0.01
absorbance

0.6 0.52
0.02
0.5
0.01
0.4 0.33
absorbance

0.3
0
0.02 0.17
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
0.2
0.1
0concentration of cobalt (ppm)
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

concentration of cobalt (ppm)

Nickel
0.8 0.7
absorbance at 395 (nm)
0.7
f(x) = 4.7 x − 0.01
0.6 0.52
Nickel 0.5
0.4 0.34
0.01
absorbance at 510 (nm)

0.01 0.3
0.01 0.17
f(x) = 0.08 x − 0 0.2
0.01 0.01 0.1
0.01 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
0

0 0
concentration of nickle (ppm)
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

concentration of nickle (ppm)

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3.3 Substituting
Sample1: A1 = 0.205 at 395 nm, A2= 0.273 at 510 nm
A1=ε1c1l + ε2c2l @λ1=395nm (Eq 1)
A2=έ1c1l + έ2c2l @λ2=510nm (Eq 2)
0.205 =0.4693 c1+ 4.7013c2 @λ1=395nm (Eq 1)
0.273 =4.744 c1 + 0.08 c2 @λ2=510nm (Eq 2)
By mode 5,1 in calculator (solving two equations and two unknowns)
Concentration of cobalt c1 = 0.0569 Concentration of nickel c2 = 0.0379

4. Discussion
1-This relationship is expressed by the Lambert-Beer law, which is more
commonly known as Beer’s law. This law states that the absorbance of a light
absorbing material is proportional to its concentration in solution. The Lambert-
Beer law can be used to calculate the concentration of a solution if its extinction
coefficient is known . In words, this relationship can be stated as "e is a measure of
the amount of light absorbed per unit concentration”. Molar absorptivity is a
constant for a particular substance, so if the concentration of the solution is halved
so is the absorbance, which is exactly what you would expect.

2- The latter methods include flame atomic absorption (FAA) and graphite furnace
atomic absorption (GFAA), polarography, neutron activation analysis, the
inductively-coupled plasma method (ICP) and ionic chromatography.
The Table shows comparisons of determinability in some of the methods.

Abbreviations explained:
 FAA -flame atomic absorption
 GFAA - graphite furnace atomic
absorption
 SV - striping voltamperometry
 ICP-AES - inductively coupled
plasma - atomic emission
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 ICP-MS — inductively coupled
plasma — mass spectrometry
 NAA - neutron activation
5. Conclusion
In this experiment, we use the UV/VIS spectroscopy method experiment to
measure the concentration of Nickel (||) and Cobalt(||) .we used Beer’s law which
is showing a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration .by plotting
the relation we find the molar absorptivity that indicates to the value of slope then
we got the concentration for the two metals in the mixture in our sample .

6. References

1- Ppt slides , Mr. Sadiq Maayoof , Chemistry Department , University of Bahrain .

2- D. Barałkiewicz J. Siepak, Adam Mickiewicz University, Chromium, Nickel
and Cobalt in Environmental Samples .
3- bioscience and chemistry page, Sheffield Hallam university website, Sheffield
Hallam university .