GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET_GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET 23/03/2011 6:34 ΜΜ Page 1

Jenny Dooley
Virginia Evans
GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET_GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET 23/03/2011 6:34 ΜΜ Page 2

GRAMMARWAY 1, 2, 3, 4

Grammarway is a series of four grammar books in full colour. Designed for beginner
to intermediate level learners, they practise and revise English grammar structures
systematically. The series can be used to supplement any main course at secondary level.

Key Features
ñ clear, simple presentation of grammar structures through functional examples and
attractive photographs and illustrations
ñ comprehensive theory boxes
ñ a variety of exercises with space for filling in answers
ñ exercises designed to help the learner use correct appropriate patterns in everyday
situations
ñ colourful photographs and illustrations
ñ error correction exercises
ñ oral and writing activities at the end of each unit involving the structures presented
ñ revision units
ñ additional exercises Section offering the option of further practice

Components
ñ Student’s Book
ñ Teacher’s Book
ñ Picture Flashcards

The Teacher’s Book provides:

ñ full key to the exercises in the Student’s Book
ñ notes on how to exploit the exercises in the Student’s Book
ñ photocopiable assessment tests

The Picture Flashcards can be used for classroom presentation and practice of the
new structures in each unit.They can be downloaded from www.expresspublishing.co.uk
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Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

NIT FROM
U
SAMPLE MARWAY 1
GRAM
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Is the sun shining?

Yes, it is. What are
Are the people swimming? they doing
No, they aren’t. now?
What are they doing? They’re
They’re walking along the sunbathing.
beach.

We form the present continuous with the auxiliary verb to be and the main verb with the -ing suffix.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Long form Short form Long form Short form

I am working I’m working I am not working I’m not working Am I working?

You are working You’re working You are not working You aren’t working Are you working?
He is working He’s working He is not working He isn’t working Is he working?
She is working She’s working She is not working She isn’t working Is she working?
It is working It’s working It is not working It isn’t working Is it working?
We are working We’re working We are not working We aren’t working Are we working?
You are working You’re working You are not working You aren’t working Are you working?
They are working They’re working They are not working They aren’t working Are they working?

Add -ing to the verbs and put them in

Spelling Rules 1 the correct box.

walk, dance, swim, shop, lie, study, laugh, write,

play, smoke, look, stop, sleep, die, run
◆ Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and take the
-ing suffix. write ➡ writingbut see - seeing -ie ➡ y + ing
+ ing
◆ Verbs ending in one stressed vowel
between two consonants, double the last
walking
consonant and take the -ing suffix.
sit ➡ sitting, swim ➡ swimming
but open - opening

◆ Verbs ending in -l, double the l and take the

-ing suffix. -e ➡ ing double consonant
travel ➡ travelling + ing
◆ Verbs ending in -ie, drop the -ie and take
-y + ing.
lie ➡ lying, die ➡ dying

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Write questions and negations, as in

Use 3 the examples.

1 He is riding a bicycle.
We use the present continuous for: ...Is he riding a bicycle?...
...He isn’t riding a bicycle....
◆ actions happening now, at the moment of 2 They are listening to the radio.
speaking. .............................................................................
.............................................................................
3 She is drinking Coke.
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
They are walking
4 You are dancing.
in the park now.
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
5 We are playing basketball.
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
6 I am running.
◆ temporary actions happening around now .............................................................................
but not at the .............................................................................
actual moment
of speaking.
Look at the pictures. Then, fill in
She is working 4 the gaps with the correct verb in the
hard these days. present continuous.
(Right now she
is not working.
She is yawning.)

repair take
carry

Time Expressions
sleep
pack
Time expressions used with the present run
continuous are:

now, at the moment, at present, these days, etc.

make play type

2 Fill in with the present continuous.
1 Look at that kangaroo! It ...is carrying.. its baby.
2 Henry .............................. the car at the moment.
1 He ...........is sitting............ (sit) at the desk. 3 Look at Helen! She ................... her dog for a walk.
2 They ......................................... (play) football. 4 John is late for work. He .......................... to catch
3 She ............................................. (eat) dinner. the bus.
4 You .......................................... (read) a book. 5 Be quiet! Dad ............................... .
5 The dog .............................................. (sleep). 6 Susan is in her bedroom. She ...............................
6 Ann ..................................................... (swim). her suitcase.
7 I .................................................... (watch) TV. 7 Mary is in the kitchen. She ........................ a cake.
8 Tony ........................................ (write) a letter. 8 The children aren’t in the house. They ..................
9 The birds .............................................. (sing). .................. in the garden.
10 Mum ....................................... (make) a cake. 9 She is busy. She ...................................... a letter.

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Look at the picture and put the verbs in

Short Answers 6 brackets into the present continuous.

In short answers we use only Yes or No, the

subject pronoun and the auxiliary verb to be. We
do not repeat the main verb with the -ing suffix.

e.g. Are you studying? Yes, I am.

Are you …? Yes, I am/we are. No, I’m not/we aren’t.

Is he/she/it …? Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn’t.

Are they …? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.

The people 1) …are walking… (walk) along the road.
They 2) ................................ (wear) trousers and
jackets. The boy 3) ................................ (push) his
Look at the picture, then, in pairs, bicycle. He 4) ................................ (walk) away from
5 ask and answer questions, as in the the other people. He 5) ................................ (wear)
examples. trousers and a sweater. He 6) ................................
(wear) a helmet on his head.

NOTE: When the verb have is used in the present continuous

it does not express possession but action.

e.g. I’m having a bath. (= I’m in the bath.)

TOM
I’m having a shower. (= I’m in the shower.)
I’m having a lesson. (= I’m doing a lesson.)
JIM I’m having breakfast/lunch/dinner. (= I’m eating
breakfast/lunch/dinner.)

In pairs, ask and answer questions as

7 in the example.
ANN
1 answer the phone / have a bath
SA: ...Can you answer the phone?...
SB: ...No, I’m sorry. I’m having a bath....
2 open the door / wash the dishes
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
1 (Jim / wash his car)
3 help in the garden / do my homework
SA: Is Jim washing his car? SB: Yes, he is. .............................................................................
2 (Tom / read a newspaper) .............................................................................
SA: Is Tom reading a newspaper? 4 come to the phone / have a lesson
SB: No, he isn’t. He’s painting the gate. .............................................................................
3 (Ann / cut the grass) .............................................................................
4 (the children / knit) 5 tidy your room / write a letter
.............................................................................
5 (dogs / chase a cat)
.............................................................................
6 (postman / deliver letters) 6 help me with these bags / have a shower
7 (Grandmother / stand by the gate) .............................................................................
8 (Grandfather / write a letter) .............................................................................

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....................................................................................
In pairs, act out similar dialogues using
8 the prompts below, as in the example.
....................................................................................
....................................................................................

e.g. Grandpa / kitchen / e.g. Mum / Grandpa /

cook kitchen / feed the dog Look at the pictures and fill in the
11 blanks with the correct verb from the
A B list in the present continuous.
A: Grandpa, where are A: Mum, where is
you? Grandpa?
shine, try, drink, use
B: I’m in the kitchen. B: He’s in the kitchen.
A: What are you doing? A: What’s he doing?
1
No, I’m sorry.
B: I’m cooking. B: He’s feeding the dog. Can I take I ................. it.
Dad / Mum / living room / watch TV this pencil?
Grandma / garden / water the flowers
Helen / Tom / dining room / have dinner
Helen / bathroom / wash my hair
Dad / uncle Phil / garage / clean his bike

Look at the picture and put the verbs in

9 brackets into the present continuous.
2
What are
you doing?

I .......................
to repair the
cassette player.

There are three people in the kitchen. The man with the
3
white hair 1) …is sitting… (sit) at the table. He No, the sun ................ now.
2) ................................ (wear) a white shirt and a green
apron. He 3) ................................ (put) the food on the
plates. The other man and the woman 4) .......................
Is it still
(stand) next to the cupboards. They 5) .......................... raining?
(prepare) food.

Describe this picture using the present

10 continuous of the verbs in the list.
sit, smile, wear, hold, eat

Do you want
some coffee?

No, thank you. I .............

.................. orange juice.

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Put the words in the correct order to

12 make sentences.
Activity
1 coming / the train / is?
Students look at the picture in exercise 5. Each
Is the train coming? student chooses to be a person. The teacher
2 why / is / barking / the dog? invites one student to the front of the class. The
............................................................................. other students ask “the leader” questions to find
3 talking / phone / not / is / he / the / on. out who he/she is. The student who guesses
correctly becomes the next leader.
.............................................................................
4 suitcases / are / packing / they / their. e.g. S1: Are you washing the car?
............................................................................. Leader: No, I’m not.
5 not / watching / she / is / TV. S2: Are you reading a newspaper?
Leader: No, I’m not.
............................................................................. S3: Are you painting the gate?
6 where / your / staying / are / friends? Leader: Yes, I am.
............................................................................. S4: Are you Tom?
7 learning / am / at the moment / play / I /to / golf. Leader: Yes, I am.
.............................................................................
8 you / going / shops / are / to / the?
.............................................................................
Activity
Look at the picture and put the verbs in brackets
13 Correct the mistakes. into the present continuous.

This is a photo
1 We looking for a new flat. of my mother
2 I am play tennis now. and our dog,
3 George and Mary is watching TV. Flash. Mum
4 What are you do? 1) ......................
(work) on our
5 You isn’t listening to the teacher.
boat. She
6 He reading a magazine. 2) ......................
(clean) the
deck. She 3) …………………… (use) a mop and a
bucket of water. She 4) …………………… (wear)
14 Match the questions with the answers.
trousers and a sweater. Flash 5) …………………… (lie)
on the floor. He 6) ………………… (look) at my mother.
1 Why is she singing? …C…
Now, describe one of your photographs as in the
2 What are you writing? .........................................
example.
3 Where is he staying? ..........................................
4 What are they watching? .................................... This is a photo of .............
5 Who is he talking to? .......................................... Stick your ...........................................
...........................................
6 Are you leaving now? ......................................... photo here ...........................................
...........................................
A At the Windsor Hotel.
...........................................
B Yes, I am. ...........................................
C Because she’s happy. ...........................................
D A horror film. ...........................................
E Mr Brown. ...........................................
...........................................
F A letter.

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Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

NIT FROM
U
SAMPLE MARWAY 2
GRAM
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A fire broke out yesterday at Crofton Electronics.

1 What were the people doing when the fire broke
out? Look at the pictures. In pairs, ask
and answer questions using the prompts
below, as in the example.

SA: What was Tim doing ?

SB: He was sitting at his desk.

1 2

Jim and Robert/

Tim/sit/at his desk check/some reports
3 4

Were Paul and Claire working at 8 o’clock last night?

No, they weren’t.
They were having dinner at a restaurant.

the directors/
We form the past continuous with was/were (past
Sarah/talk/on the phone have/a meeting
simple of the verb to be) and the main verb with
the -ing suffix. We form questions by putting was/ 5 6
were before the subject. We form negations by
putting the word not after was/were.

Affirmative

Mary/work/on the computer Kim/read/a letter

I was
He/She/It
You/We/They
was
were
} studying.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past

2 continuous.
Interrogative
A: What 1) ...was happening... (happen) at the time of
Was I the robbery?
Was
Were
he/she/it
you/we/they
} studying? B: Well, I 2) ................................. (sit) in my office. I
3) .............................. (talk) to an employee. Some of
the staff 4) ............................. (put) food onto the
Negative shelves. Several customers 5) ........................... (do)
their shopping and a cashier 6) .............................
Long form Short form (stand) behind the till.
A: Can you tell me anything about the robbers?
I was not wasn’t
He/She/It
You/We/They
was not
were not
wasn’t
weren’t
} studying.
B: Yes. They 7) ................................ (wear) black masks
and they 8) .................................... (hold) guns. They
9) ..................................... (shout).
A: How did they get away?
B: They drove off in a car which 10) ................................
(wait) outside.

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Use Time Expressions

We use the past continuous: Time expressions used with the past continuous
◆ for an action which was in progress at a stated time include:
in the past. We do not know when the action started while, when, as, all day/night/morning, etc.
or finished.
when/while/as + past continuous (longer action)
At three o’clock when + past simple (shorter action)
yesterday afternoon
Mike and his son
were washing the
dog. (We do not know
when they started or 3 Match Column A with Column B.
finished washing the
dog.) Column A
1 While I was driving home, ......e......
◆ for a past action which was in progress when 2 We were watching the children ..............
another action interrupted it. We use the past 3 He cut his finger ..............
continuous for the action in progress (longer action) 4 At eight o’clock yesterday morning ..............
and the past simple for the action which interrupted 5 As she was crossing the street, ..............
it (shorter action). 6 While they were talking , ..............

He was reading a Column B

newspaper when
his wife came. (was a as he was chopping wood.
reading = longer b he was sleeping in his bed.
action; came = c while they were playing.
shorter action) d she slipped and fell.
e I ran out of petrol.
f the doorbell rang.

◆ for two or more actions which were happening at

the same time in the Join the sentences using as, when or
past (simultaneous 4 while, as in the example.
actions).
1 Tina was cooking. She burnt herself.
The people were …As/When/While Tina was cooking, she burnt
watching while the herself. …
cowboy was riding …Tina was cooking when she burnt herself. …
the bull. 2 Laura was making some tea. She dropped the kettle.
3 Mrs Jason was sitting in the garden. It started raining.
4 Peter was driving his car. He got a flat tyre.
◆ to give the background information in a story. 5 She was walking in the park. A dog attacked her.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past

The sun was shining 5 simple or past continuous. Which is the
and the birds were longer action in each sentence?
singing. Tom was
driving his old truck 1 As I …was doing… (do) the washing-up, I …broke…
through the forest. (break) a glass. “Doing the washing-up is the
longer action.”
2 We ........................................... (walk) in the woods
when the storm ........................................... (begin).

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3 John ....................................................... (repair) his Look at the picture in ex. 6 again and, in
motor bike when his mother ........................ (arrive). 7 pairs, ask and answer questions, as in
4 I …………....................……..… (eat) my lunch when the example.
the phone ……….............................……....…… (ring).
1 the two girls / play / tennis?
5 He ………........…........…… (ride) his bicycle to school
SA: Were the two girls playing tennis?
when he ………........…............…..…… (drop) his bag.
SB: No, they weren’t. They were playing volleyball.
6 We …………....................……… (see) a bad accident
2 the young man / listen to / music?
as we ………….............…....…… (drive) to the airport.
...................................................................................
7 Tom ............................................ (watch) the match
...................................................................................
when the TV ..................................... (break down).
3 the older man / read / a book?
8 We ……….................………… (talk) when she ………
...................................................................................
............................................... (come) into the room.
...................................................................................
4 the women / knit?
...................................................................................
Short Answers ...................................................................................
5 the Japanese tourists / take / pictures?
...................................................................................
e.g. Were you sleeping at eleven o’clock last night? ...................................................................................
Yes, I was.

Were you ...? Yes, I was/we were.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past
No, I wasn’t/we weren’t. 8 continuous.

Was he/she/it ...? Yes, he/she/it was.

No, he/she/it wasn’t. A Yesterday, I went for a walk in the park. While I was
there, I saw lots of children who 1) ...were playing...
Were they ...? Yes, they were. (play). There was a man who 2) ...............................
No, they weren’t. (walk) his dogs. He 3) ....................................
(throw) sticks and the dogs 4) ..................................
(run) to catch them. A gardener 5) ...........................
Yesterday, the people in the picture had to wait ............... (plant) some flowers and some old ladies
6 two hours for their boat which was late. What 6) ................................ (sit) on a park bench enjoying
were they doing while they were waiting? Look the warm sunshine. It was lovely.
at the picture and describe it using the
past continuous. last weekend. It was a
B Harriet and Liam got married
1) .....................
e.g. The two girls were playing with a ball. beautiful wedding. The bridesmaids
.............................
(wear) pink dresses and they 2)
and white flowers.
(all/carry) small bouquets of pink
.................. (take)
The photographer 3) ..................
her 4) ....................
photographs and the bride’s mot
was so happy. The
...................... (cry) because she
and the couple
sun 5) .................................. (shine)
ryone.
6) ............................... (smile) at eve

In pairs, ask and answer questions, as

9 in the example.

1 at six o’clock yesterday evening?

SA: What were you doing at six o’clock yesterday
evening?
SB: I was doing my English homework.
2 at two o’clock this morning?
3 at half past nine last Sunday evening?
4 an hour ago?
5 at noon last Saturday?

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Past Continuous versus Past Simple

Past Continuous Past Simple

We use the past continuous for: We use the past simple for:

ñ an action which was in progress (was happening) ñ a complete action at a stated time in the past.
at a stated time in the past. We do not know when
the action started or
finished. The plane landed at
At nine o’clock yesterday the airport at eight
morning, the plane was o’clock yesterday
flying to Tahiti from New morning. (The time is
York. (We do not stated. The action is
know when it left or complete. The plane
reached its destination.) landed.)

ñ two actions which were happening at the same ñ actions which happened immediately one after
time in the past. the other in the past.

First she read the

He was listening
advertisement and
carefully while they
then she called the
were explaining the
company.
plan to him.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past Put the verbs in brackets into the past
10 continuous or the past simple. 11 continuous or the past simple.

1 We …went… (go) swimming every week when we A Steve 1) …had… (have) an accident yesterday. He
were young. 2) ............................................ (drive) his car when a bird
2 Simon ..................................... (dance) when he fell 3) ........................ (fly) into the windscreen. He 4) ...........
and hurt his leg. .............. (try) to stop quickly but he 5) ................ (crash)
3 Why ...................................................... (you/laugh) into a wall. Luckily, he 6) ........................... (not/be) hurt.
all through your history lesson yesterday?
4 I ............................................ (drink) a glass of milk B Last week, I 1) ............. (go) to a talk by a famous writer.
every day when I was a child. He 2) ........................... (talk) about his new book when I
5 Todd often ................................. (ride) horses when 3) .................... (arrive). He 4) ........................ (give) such
he was a boy. an interesting talk that I 5) ........................................ (be)
6 Bill ........................................... (write) a letter when disappointed when it 6) ........................... (end).
his mother came home.
7 It .................. (rain) while I was waiting for the bus. C Julie 1) ........................ (tidy) her bedroom last weekend.
8 I .......................(play) the guitar when I was young, While she 2) ............................ (tidy) it, she 3) .................
but I don’t any more. (find) some of the toys she 4) ...................... (have) when
9 Debbie ......................................(sing) in the school she was a child. She 5) .......................... (not/want) to
choir many years ago. throw them away, so she 6) ...................... (put) them in
10 Liz ................ (clean) the windows when I saw her. a box and 7) ......................... (store) them in the attic.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the past continuous or the past simple. Then, put the pictures
12 in the right order.

A B C

It 1) ...was... (be) a beautiful spring morning when Emma and her father 2) .................................. (decide) to visit
Seaton Castle. The sun 3) ........................................... (shine) and the birds 4) ......................................... (sing). Emma
5) ................................... (feel) very excited. The castle 6) ............................... (be) very old and made of stone. They
7) ..................................... (climb) the steps to the top of the tower. While they 8) ....................................... (admire) the
view, they 9) ............................ (hear) some noises. They 10) ............................. (look) around but they 11) ...........
...................... (not/see) anybody. ‘That’s funny,’ said Emma. ‘I 12) ............................ (think) I 13) .......................... (see)
someone standing over there.’ After a while they 14) .................................. (decide) to visit the cellar of the castle.
Emma 15) ......................................... (examine) an old barrel when she 16) ................................ (hear) the door of the
cellar close behind them. ‘Dad,’ she 17) ....................................... (say), ‘don’t close the door!’ ‘But, I 18) .................
....................................... (not/close) it, dear,’ her father said. Emma 19) ....................................... (turn) around and
20) ........................... (see) a shadow on the wall. She 21) ............................. (know) then that the ghost of Seaton
Castle 22) ............................... (watch) them!

Put the verbs in brackets into the past

13 simple or the past continuous. 14 Correct the mistakes.

1 Philip was washing the car while the fire started.

Dear Rick, 2 Neil was studying when his sister was listening to
music.
I’m writing to you from my hotel in Switzerland. 3 Harriet was opening the door and walked into the
I’m having a lovely time here but you can’t imagine house.
what 1) ...happened... (happen) to me yesterday. I 4 We were having lunch at a lovely restaurant every
2) ................. (be) on the mountain with my friends day when we were on holiday.
and we 3) .................... (have) a lovely time because 5 Brian drank tea at five o’clock yesterday afternoon.
the snow 4) ....................... (be) perfect for skiing. 6 Dad was repairing the TV while Mum cooked dinner.
Unfortunately the sun 5) .............................. (shine) 7 I was going to the cinema last Saturday.
on the snow, so it 6) ................... (be) difficult to see. 8 I was buying a new dress for my party yesterday.
Suddenly, I 7) ............................. (hit) a rock and I 9 While Jeff built the garden shed, he hurt himself.
8) ................... (fall) over. Luckily I 9) ..................... 10 While the teacher were speaking, the students were
(not/be) seriously hurt — I just 10) ................... (get) listening to him.
a few bruises. Now I’m trying to be more careful!
I’ll see you when I get back.
Best wishes,
Kevin

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Activity
Look at the picture. It shows what the people were
Put the verbs in brackets into the doing/did when a bank robbery happened. In pairs,
ask and answer questions using the prompts below
15 present continuous, present simple,
as in the example.
past simple or past continuous.
e.g. SA: What was the manager doing?
1 I ...was cleaning... (clean) the windows when the SB: He was talking on the phone.
telephone ..................................... (ring). SA: What did he do when he saw the robbers?
2 ‘What is that noise?’ ‘James .................................... SB: He stood up.
(repair) his bike at the moment.’
3 He .................................. (read) a book when his manager / talk on the phone / stand up
mother ............................ (call) him. cashier / count some money / put his hands up
4 ‘........................ (be) you busy?’ ‘No, what ................ child / sit on a chair / start to cry
..................... (you/want) me to do?’ old lady / wait in the queue / faint
5 They ............................. (sing) while we ....................
............................ (play) some music.
6 Susan is a nurse. She usually .............................
(work) at night.

16 Choose the correct answer.

1 The earth ...B... round the sun.

A moved B moves C is moving
2 Sarah ............... a new car last week.
A is buying B buy C bought
3 I .............. when suddenly the dog began to bark.
A study B studied C was studying
4 They .............. hard at the moment.
A are working B were working C worked
5 I .............. home from work when it began to snow.
A am walking B walk C was walking
6 Jane ............ the receiver and dialled the number. Activity
A lifts B was lifting C lifted
7 Walt Disney .............. Mickey Mouse. Imagine that one of the people who saw the robbery
A was creating B creates C created is writing a letter to a friend to tell him/her what was
happening/ happened on that day. Using the picture
8 Helen ............ to the gym every day, but now she and your notes from the Oral Activity, complete the
doesn’t. letter.
A used to go B didn’t use to go C was going
9 We ............. for a new house at the moment. Dear ........................... (friend’s name),
A are looking B look C looked
I’m writing to tell you what happened to me
10 Ted .............. his father in the garden every Sunday.
yesterday while I was depositing some money in
A was helping B helps C is helping
the bank.
11 The ferry to Calais ........... at 3 o’clock every day. I was standing in the queue when two bank
A leave B leaves C was leaving
robbers suddenly appeared at the door. .............
12 You ............. your music too loud! I can’t stand it! .................................................................................
A were always playing B always play .................................................................................
C are always playing

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Unit 20 – a) Prepositions of Place/Movement

(Questions)

Divide the class into two teams. Give them the picture and ask them to look at it for 2 minutes. Then, Ss close
their books and take turns to answer your questions. The winner is the team with the most correct answers.
e.g. Teacher: Where is the woman with the groceries?
Team A S1: She is at the bus stop.

b) Prepositions of Time
(TV Programmes)

Give Ss a handout with programmes which are on TV at the weekend. One student chooses a programme
without telling the others. The other Ss take turns to ask questions to find out what the programme is. The
student who guesses correctly takes the next turn. Ss have to use Prepositions of Time.

Saturday Sunday
morning 9:00 Bugs Bunny 8:00 Sindy
11:00 Popeye 9:00 The Smurfs
afternoon 2:00 Detective Gadget 3:00 The Dinosaurs
4:00 Tom and Jerry 4:00 The Monsters
evening 7:00 Power Rangers 6:00 Pokemon
9:00 The Disney Club 8:00 The Titanic

e.g. (Student chooses The Titanic) S4: Is it in the evening?

S1: Is it on Saturday? S2: Yes, it is.
S2: No, it isn’t. S5: Is it at 8 o’clock?
S3: Is it on Sunday? S2: Yes, it is.
S2: Yes, it is. S6: It’s the Titanic.

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Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

NIT FROM
U
SAMPLE MARWAY 3
GRAM
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The Infinitive The bare infinitive is used:

◆ after modal verbs (may, should, can, etc.).
e.g. You must study hard.
◆ after the verbs let, make, see, hear and feel.
e.g. They made him pay for the damage.
She wants to
finish her work. but: be made/be heard/be seen + to - infinitive
She must work (passive)
overtime. e.g. He was made to pay for the damage.
She hopes to
get a promotion
◆ after had better and would rather.
e.g. You had better sign the contract.
soon.
I would rather go home now.
Note: 1 Help is followed by either the
to - infinitive or the bare infinitive.
The infinitives are: e.g. She helped me (to) fix the tap.
◆ the to - infinitive e.g. I hope to see you soon. 2 If two infinitives are joined by and, the to
◆ the bare infinitive (infinitive without to) of the second infinitive can be omitted.
e.g. He can’t help me. e.g. He decided to go to university and
study biology.
The to - infinitive is used: 3 We form the negative infinitive with not.
e.g. He decided not to accept the job.
◆ to express purpose. She may not come.
e.g. She went to the bank to get some money.
◆ after certain verbs (advise, agree, appear,
decide, expect, hope, manage, offer, promise, Complete B’s answers using a question
refuse, seem, want, afford, pretend, etc.). 1 word + to - infinitive.
e.g. He advised me to apply for the job.
◆ after verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, A: Which catering company are
remember, want to know, etc., when they are you going to hire?
followed by question words (who, what, where, B: I’m not sure 1) ...which catering
how, etc.). ‘Why’ is followed by a subject + company to hire. .........................................
verb, not by an infinitive.
e.g. I can’t decide where to go.
A: Where are you going to have your reception?
I want to know why you’ve decided to leave.
B: I don’t know 2) ...........................................
◆ after adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy,
willing, afraid, ashamed, etc.
e.g. He is glad to be back.
A: How many people are you going to invite? Invitation
◆ after too and enough. B: I can’t decide 3) ........................................
e.g. She’s too shy to talk to the manager.
We’ve got enough money to buy a new car.
◆ after it + be + adjective (+ of + noun/pronoun).
A: How are you going to do your hair?
e.g. It was nice of him to help.
B: I’m wondering 4) .................................
◆ after would like/would love/would prefer
(to express specific preference).
e.g. I would like to learn a foreign language.
◆ after only to express an unsatisfactory result. A: What kind of flowers are you going to order?
e.g. He rushed to the back door only to discover B: I have no idea 5) .........................................
that it was locked. A: Don’t you think it’s time you made a
decision?

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Tenses of the Infinitive The verb tenses corresponding to the tenses of the
infinitive are as follows:

The infinitive has four tenses in the active and two Verb tenses Infinitive
in the passive.
he goes / will go ➞ to go
Tenses of the Infinitive
he is going / will be going ➞ to be going
Active Passive he went / has gone / had
➞ to have gone
gone / will have gone
Present (to) give (to) be given
he was going / has been
Pres. Cont. (to) be giving going / had been going / ➞ to have been
will have been going going
Perfect (to) have given (to) have been
given
Perf. Cont. (to) have been
giving In pairs, ask and answer questions using
2 the prompts below, as in the example.

Active SA: Is she shouting?

SB: Yes, she seems to be shouting.
◆ present infinitive: refers to the present or future.
e.g. She wants to talk to him now. (present)
Sandra wants to move to a new house next
year. (future) 2 Did she
◆ present continuous infinitive: (to) be + -ing 1 Is she
burn the
It describes an action happening now. dinner?
shouting? 3 Has he been
e.g. He is believed to be hiding somewhere in the painting?
mountains.
◆ perfect infinitive: (to) have + past participle
It refers to the past and shows that the action of
5 Is he looking
the infinitive happened before the action of the
4 Has he won through the 6 Has he got a
verb.
much money? keyhole? brilliant idea?
e.g. She claims to have met Richard Gere. (First
she met Richard Gere, then she claimed that
she had met him.) A Monica Collins is a famous actress. She is going
3 on holiday to another country. Using the
◆ perfect continuous infinitive: prompts given, say what she expects to
(to) have + been + -ing be done on her arrival, as in the example.
It refers to the past and emphasises the
e.g. She expects to be met at the airport.
duration of the action of the infinitive, which
happened before the action of the verb. ñ meet at the airport ñ photograph for
e.g. She is tired. She claims to have been working ñ give some flowers newspapers and
hard lately. (We emphasise what she has been ñ drive to the hotel magazines
doing lately.) ñ invite to appear on TV
The perfect infinitive is used with verbs such as B Monica is back home now. Things didn’t
seem, appear, believe, know, claim, expect and the happen the way she expected them to. Look
modal verbs. at the prompts above again and make
sentences, as in the example.
Passive e.g. She expected to have been met at the airport.
◆ present infinitive: (to) be + past participle
e.g. He hopes to be given a pay rise soon. 4 Fill in the correct infinitive tense.

◆ perfect infinitive:
(to) have been + past participle 1 I think he left. He must ...have left. ..........................
e.g. He is said to have been injured in an accident. 2 I think they will come. They must ............................
3 I think she is studying. She must ............................
4 I think it will be delivered. It must .............................

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5 I think he was fired. He must ...................................

6 I think they were arguing. They must ...................... The Subject of the Infinitive
7 I think he is lying. He must .......................................
8 I think they had been waiting for her. They must ....
...................................................................................
9 I think she has typed it. She must ...........................
10 I think she had written it. She must .........................
They all want
11 I think they will be staying. They must .....................
to answer the
question.
Complete the sentences with the correct
5 infinitive tense.

1 She has grown taller.

I want John
She seems ...to have grown taller. .........................
to explain this.
2 He is getting used to his new job.
He appears ...............................................................
3 Kate makes friends easily.
She tends ..................................................................
4 He has finished the report.
He claims ..................................................................
5 It is raining over there.
It seems ....................................................................
6 He is on a diet. ◆ The subject of the infinitive is omitted when it is the
He appears ............................................................... same as the subject of the main verb.
7 They have sailed round the world. e.g. She wants to leave now. (The subject of the
They claim ................................................................ main verb and the infinitive is ‘she’.)
8 She is feeling better.
◆ The subject of the infinitive is not omitted when it
She seems ................................................................
is different from the subject of the main verb. The
subject of the infinitive comes before the infinitive
6 Fill in the correct infinitive tense. and can be an object pronoun (me, you, them,
etc.), a name (Kate) or a noun (the woman).
e.g. She wants them to leave now. (The subject of
1 A: What would you like ...to do... (do) tonight?
the main verb is ‘she’, whereas the subject of
B: Let’s ..................... (go) to an Italian restaurant.
2 A: What’s Liz doing? the infinitive is ‘them’.)
B: She seems ............................................... (look)
for something in her bag.
3 A: Alan has been offered a new job! Rephrase the following sentences, as in
B: No, he hasn’t. He just pretended ......................
7 the example.
................................................ (offer) a new job.
4 A: Colin claims ................................. (meet) lots of 1 He must wash the car.
famous people. I want ...him to wash the car. .................................
B: I know, but I don’t believe him. 2 You mustn’t be late for work.
5 A: Look at those two men outside. What are they I don’t want ...............................................................
doing? 3 Claire must tidy her bedroom.
B: They appear ................................... (empty) the I want ........................................................................
rubbish bins. 4 She mustn’t go to the disco.
6 A: Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? I don’t want ...............................................................
B: Not really. I would prefer ............................ (go) 5 They must go to school tomorrow.
to the theatre. I want ........................................................................
7 A: Tara seems ............................................. (work) 6 Gary mustn’t make so much noise.
hard all morning. I don’t want ...............................................................
B: Yes, she hasn’t even stopped for a cup of coffee. 7 You mustn’t make a mess.
8 A: Why is Tom at work so early this morning? I don’t want ...............................................................
B: He wants ............................... (finish) early so that 8 He must mend his bike.
he can go to the concert tonight. I want ........................................................................

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In pairs, ask and answer questions using

Too/Enough 8 the prompts below, as in the example.

SA: Is this film too scary for you to watch?

SB: Yes, it’s too scary. I can’t watch it.

1 film / scary / watch

2 report / boring / read
3 exercise / difficult / do
4 shoes / tight / wear
5 car / expensive / buy
6 dish / spicy / eat
7 suitcase / heavy / carry
8 coffee / hot / drink

Complete the sentences with too or

9 enough and the adjective in brackets.

He is too young to walk There is enough snow

by himself. to build a snowman. 1 A: Would you like to come to the disco?
B: Oh no. I’m ...too tired... to go to a disco. (tired)
◆ Too comes before adjectives and adverbs. It shows 2 A: Can you reach that top shelf?
that something is more than enough, necessary B: No, I’m not ................................ to reach it. (tall)
or wanted, and has a negative meaning. 3 A: Did they go on a picnic yesterday?
B: No. It was .................... to go on a picnic. (cold)
too + adjective/adverb + to - infinitive
4 A: Did Jane enjoy the horror film?
e.g. Tim is too old to join the basketball team.
B: No. She was ....................... to enjoy it. (scared)
(=Tim is so old that he can’t join the basketball
5 A: Does Tom go to school?
team.)
B: No. He isn’t ................ to go to school yet. (old)
They run too fast for me to catch up with them. 6 A: Will you go to London by bus?
(=They run so fast that I can’t catch up with them.) B: No. The bus is ............ . I’ll take the train. (slow)
too ... for somebody/something 7 A: Did she like the dress you bought?
e.g. This plan is too complicated for me. B: Yes, but it was .......................................... . (big)
8 A: Take a photograph of me!
too ... for somebody/something + to - infinitive
B: I can’t. It isn’t ............................ in here. (bright)
e.g. This ring is too expensive for me to buy.

◆ Enough comes after adjectives and adverbs, but

before nouns. It shows that there is as much of 10 Rewrite the sentences using too.
something as is wanted or needed and it has a
positive meaning. 1 This music is so slow that I can’t dance to it.
adjective/adverb + enough + to - infinitive ...This music is too slow for me to dance to. .......
enough + noun
} 2 The bird is so weak that it can’t fly.
...................................................................................
e.g. He’s clever enough to solve the problem.
3 She’s so busy that she can’t come out with us.
(= He is so clever that he can solve the
...................................................................................
problem.)
4 The car was so expensive that he couldn’t buy it.
We’ve got enough money to go on holiday ...................................................................................
this year. 5 These shoes are so small that they don’t fit me.
(= We’ve got so much money that we can go ...................................................................................
on holiday this year.) 6 The book is so boring that she can’t read it.
(not) + adjective + enough + to - infinitive ...................................................................................
e.g. We are old enough to vote. (positive meaning) 7 I was so tired that I couldn’t keep my eyes open.
We are not old enough to vote. (negative ...................................................................................
meaning) 8 The coffee was so strong that he couldn’t drink it.
...................................................................................

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◆ after the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen to

The -ing form and notice to describe an incomplete action, that
is to say that somebody saw, heard, etc. only a
part of the action.
e.g. I heard Jack talking on the phone.
(= I heard Jack while he was talking on the
phone. I heard part of the action in progress.
I didn’t listen to the whole conversation.)
But: see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice +
bare infinitive describe a complete action,
something that somebody saw, heard, etc.
from beginning to end.
e.g. I heard Jack talk on the phone. (= I heard
the whole conversation from beginning to
end.)

Verbs taking the to - infinitive

or the - ing form without a change
in meaning
Windsurfing is a popular summer sport. ◆ begin, start, continue
A lot of young people spend hours windsurfing. We never have two -ing forms together.
e.g. They started talking/to talk.
But: It’s beginning to get dark.
(NOT: It’s beginning getting dark.)
The -ing form is used:
◆ advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage
take the to-infinitive when they are followed by
◆ as a noun. e.g. Swimming keeps you fit.
an object or when they are in the passive form.
They take the -ing form when they are not
◆ after prepositions.
followed by an object.
e.g. He left without saying goodbye.
e.g. They don’t allow us to park here. (object)
We aren’t allowed to park here. (passive)
◆ after love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate and prefer to They don’t allow parking here. (no object)
express general preference.
e.g. She likes going for long walks. ◆ need/require/want + -ing form
This construction often shows that it is necessary
◆ after certain verbs (consider, avoid, deny, look to repair or improve something. ‘Need’ can also
forward to, confess to, fancy, involve, mention, be followed by a passive infinitive.
e.g. The flat needs decorating.
risk, spend, mind, regret, admit, suggest,
The flat needs to be decorated.
imagine, etc.).
e.g. Jessica spent all day shopping.
In pairs, ask and answer questions using
◆ after go for activities. 11 the prompts below, as in the example.
e.g. They often go climbing at the weekends.
SA: Why does Sarah giggle so much?
◆ after: it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, it’s no good, be SB: Well, she doesn’t enjoy giggling, she just can’t
busy, what’s the use of ...?, there’s no point in, help doing it.
can’t help, can’t stand, be/get used to, have
difficulty (in). 1 Sarah / giggle so much?
2 you / always chew your pen?
e.g. It’s no use waiting for the bus. It won’t come.
3 he / blush all the time?
4 she / bite her nails?
5 you / shout at the children?

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Underline the correct preposition and 11 Our teacher makes us ............................ (do)
12 fill in the gaps with the -ing form of the homework every evening.
verb in brackets. 12 The kitchen windows need .......................... (clean).
13 They have begun .................................. (make)
1 He is ill. He is complaining with/about ...having...
preparations for the party.
(have) a headache.
14 He advised her ......................... (speak) to her boss.
2 Marcus went out instead for/of ........................ (do)
15 I dislike .............................. (go) to the theatre alone.
his homework.
16 Mr Roberts was seen ......................... (leave) his
3 Tracy was very excited with/about ..........................
house at 12:15 last night.
(go) to the party.
17 My sister can’t stand .................................... (watch)
4 I hope you have a good excuse of/for ......................
horror films. She gets terribly scared.
(be) so late.
18 Can you imagine .................................. (spend) your
5 Sam is interested in/for .............................. (take up)
holidays on the moon?
French lessons.
19 There’s no point in ................................ (call) again.
6 You can’t stop him to/from ............................ (take)
There’s no one at home.
the job if he wants to.
20 I don’t allow people ........................ (smoke) in my
7 Susie ran because she was worried about/of
house.
............................ (miss) the bus.
21 It was silly of you ............................ (forget) to lock
8 Thank you to/for .............................. (help) me with
the door.
my homework.
22 He risks ........................... (lose) his wallet when he
9 She felt tired because she wasn’t used to/with
leaves it on his desk.
.............................. (work) so hard.
10 His boss blamed him for/of ............................. (lose)
the deal. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
11 I am in charge in/of ........................... (make) the 14 infinitive form or the -ing form.
Christmas deliveries.
12 We are thinking of/from ............................... (buy) a
1 A: Is Anne in the room?
new car next month.
B: Yes. I can see her ...dancing... (dance) with her
13 Sandra apologised for/about ................................
husband over there.
(ruin) the performance.
2 A: Did you see the robber?
14 Ian was talking with/about ............................ (open) B: Yes. I saw him ........................... (get) into the car
a shop in York. and drive away.
3 A: Is John here today?
B: Yes. I heard him ............................ (talk) on the
Put the verbs in brackets into the
13 correct infinitive form or the -ing form. phone as I walked past his office.
4 A: Colin is good at speaking in public, isn’t he?
B: Yes. I heard him .................................... (make) a
1 It’s no use ...talking... (talk) to Bob; he won’t change speech last month. It was excellent.
his mind. 5 A: I walked past the sports centre today.
2 She will ............................. (return) the books next B: So did I, and I stopped for a moment to watch
weekend. some boys ............................ (play) football.
3 It was good of you ................................................... 6 A: Your hair looks great today.
(help) me fix my bicycle. B: Thanks. I watched the hairdresser .......................
4 The man suggested ................................................. (dry) it so I could learn how to do it myself.
(call) the police in, to investigate. 7 A: That’s a music school, isn’t it?
5 I can’t get used to ............................. (live) in such a B: That’s right. I often hear the students ...................
hot country. (sing) as I walk past.
6 He admitted ...................................... (rob) the bank. 8 A: Did you stay until the end of the contest?
7 You had better ............................. (hurry), or you’ll B: Yes. I listened to the chairman .........................
be late for work. (announce) the results before I went home.
8 They refused ........................................ (give) me my 9 A: How do you know Tim is at home?
money back. B: I saw him ........................... (cut) the grass as I
9 She is too short ................................. (become) a was driving home.
fashion model. 10 A: How do you know that man stole the watch?
10 My parents let me ............................. (stay) up late B: I saw him ....................... (put) it in his pocket and
at weekends. leave the shop without paying.

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Verbs taking the to - infinitive ◆ like + to - inf = think that sth is good or right to
or the - ing form with a change do
in meaning e.g. I like to exercise every day.
like + -ing form = enjoy (general preference)
e.g. She likes swimming.
◆ forget + to - inf = not remember would like + to - inf = want (specific preference)
e.g. I’m sorry, I forgot to call you. e.g. I would like to see this film.
forget + -ing form = not recall
e.g. I’ll never forget winning my first gold medal. ◆ be afraid + to - inf (the subject is unwilling to
do sth)
◆ remember + to - inf = not forget e.g. He is afraid to take the test in case he fails again.
e.g. Remember to call Jack tonight. be afraid of + -ing form = (the subject is afraid that
remember + -ing form = recall what is described by the -ing form may happen)
e.g. I don’t remember seeing you here before. e.g. She doesn’t want to ride the horse.
She is afraid of falling and hurting herself.
◆ go on + to - inf = then
e.g. He welcomed us and went on to offer us some
drinks.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
go on + -ing form = continue 15 infinitive form or the -ing form.
e.g. They went on talking for hours.

◆ mean + to - inf = intend to 1 I’ll never forget ...sailing... (sail) down the Danube
e.g. She means to open her own shop. on that warm spring night last year.
mean + -ing form = involve 2 Please don’t forget .............................. (pay) the bill.
3 John said he remembers .........................................
e.g. Being a pilot means travelling a lot.
(buy) the newspaper, but now he can’t find it.
◆ regret + to - inf = be sorry to 4 Did you remember ................................... (post) my
e.g. I regret to inform you that you have failed the letters today?
exam. 5 Gloria regrets ............................ (shout) at her sister.
6 I regret ......................................... (inform) you that
regret + -ing form = feel sorry about
we cannot give you your money back.
e.g. I regret making that mistake; I lost my job.
7 The students went on ..................................... (write)
◆ try + to - inf = attempt, do one’s best for another hour.
8 After cleaning the windows, he went on ..................
e.g. He tried to win the race.
............................. (wash) the car.
try + -ing form = do sth as an experiment 9 We are sorry ................................... (announce) that
e.g. Try exercising, you may lose weight. the 7:15 train to Liverpool has been cancelled.
10 I’m sorry for ................................... (miss) your
◆ stop + to - inf = stop briefly to do sth else
birthday party; I’ll make it up to you.
e.g. He stopped to drink some tea and then
11 She stopped ................................... (go) to the gym
continued working. after she had got back into shape.
stop + -ing form = finish, give up 12 They stopped ...................................... (have) a rest
e.g. He stopped eating junk food because it is before they continued their journey.
unhealthy. 13 They tried ................................... (open) the door,
but it was stuck.
◆ be sorry + to - inf = apologise for a present 14 You should try ..................................... (make) your
action own clothes. It’s much cheaper.
e.g. I’m sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a 15 I’m sorry. I didn’t mean .............................. (break)
question? your vase.
be sorry for + -ing form = apologise for an 16 Being a teacher means ............................. (correct)
earlier action a lot of homework.
e.g. I’m sorry for shouting at you. 17 I like .................................... (tidy) my room at
weekends because I don’t have time during the
week.
18 They like ..................... (play) in the sea on hot days.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the Put the verbs in brackets into the
16 correct infinitive form or the -ing form. 18 correct infinitive form or the -ing form.

My neighbour, Mr Mason, loves 1) ...spending... (spend)

time in his garden. He would rather 2) ........................... Dear Jessica,
(work) outside than stay indoors, even when it is
How are you? I’m busy 1) ...studying... (study) for
snowing! Early in the morning, you can
my exam which is next week, but I’ve decided 2) ......
3) .......................... (see) Mr Mason 4) .............................
......................... (take) a break and 3) .........................
(eat) breakfast in his garden, and late at night he is there
(write) you a letter. 4) ............................. (read) so
again, with a cup of cocoa in his hand. I’d like
many notes and 5) .............................................
5) .................................. (help)
(learn) so many facts is making me very tired. I can’t
sometimes when there is
wait 6) ............................. (finish) my course! Then, I
lots of work to do, but Mr
can start 7) ................................ (look) for a good job.
Mason prefers
Sophie started her new job last month. 8) .............
6) ..............................
......................... (work) at the hospital suits her — she
(do) everything himself.
loves 9) .................................. (look) after people. She
He doesn’t mind
hopes 10) ...................................... (stay) in this job for
7) ...............................
a couple of years and then she intends 11) .................
(get) cold and wet in the
..................... (try) for a promotion.
winter, and his wife says
By the way, how are you getting on now that you
it’s no use 8) .....................
are a manager? I forgot 12) .........................................
(try) to make him wear a
(congratulate) you when I saw you.
waterproof jacket because he hates
Anyway, I’ve got to go now. Write soon and tell me
9) ........................... (wear) them! Mr
all your news, won’t you?
Mason says he will go on 10) ............................. (garden)
Best Wishes,
until he is too old 11) ..................... (do) it!
Maggie
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct
17 infinitive form or the -ing form.

Complete the sentences, as in the

1 I don’t know what 1) ...to do... (do) at the weekend. 19 example.
I fancy 2) .............................. (go) to the cinema, but
none of my friends enjoy 3) .......................... (watch)
1 John said, ‘I didn’t take the money.’
films very much.
John denied ...taking... the money.
2 Paul had his driving test today. He tried 1) ...............
2 ‘I broke the window,’ said Gary.
............................. (not/make) any mistakes, but he
failed. He expects 2) ................................ (pass) the Gary confessed to ............................... the window.
test the next time he takes it. 3 ‘Yes, I’ll look after your dog for you,’ said Anne.
3 Tom often goes 1) ................................ (walk) at the Anne agreed ...................................... after my dog.
weekends. He doesn’t like 2) .................................... 4 Alice said, ‘I hate travelling by bus.’
.............. (take) anyone with him because he prefers Alice complained about .............................. by bus.
3) ..................................... (be) alone while he walks. 5 The boss said to the employees, ‘You have until 5
4 We had better 1) ............................. (hurry) home o’clock to finish the reports.’
tonight because our parents have promised 2) ........ The boss expects his employees .............................
........................... (take) us out for dinner. I don’t ............................................ the reports by 5 o’clock.
know why they want 3) ........................ (eat) out, but 6 My father said to me, ‘Don’t come home late,’ but I
we must 4) ............................. (arrive) home on time. didn’t listen.
5 James is rich and can afford 1) ....................... (buy) My father warned me about ........................... home
expensive things. He is always willing 2) ................. late, but I didn’t listen.
(lend) money to people who need it, because he 7 ‘You can all go home early,’ said the professor.
enjoys 3) ........................... (help) others. The professor allowed us ..........................................
6 My parents let me 1) ............................... (stay) at home early.
my friend’s house last weekend. They agreed 8 The coach said to the players, ‘Don’t let the ball out
2) ................................ (take) me in the car and they of your sight.’
made me 3) ............................. (promise) to behave The coach ordered the players ..............................
myself. It was a great weekend! the ball out of their sight.

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9 ‘Why did you go to the supermarket?’

Put the verbs in brackets into the
20 correct infinitive form or the -ing form. ‘............. some flour.’
A To buy B Buy C Buying
10 ‘Do you know who ............. to in the office?’
S: Good afternoon, madam. Can I 1) ...help... (help) you?
‘Yes, Mrs Jacobs.’
W: Yes, please. I want 2) .......................... (buy) a new
A speaking B speak C to speak
washing machine.
S: I see. How much money would you like 3) ...............
................................. (spend)?
W: I don’t want anything too expensive. IN OTHER WORDS
S: Alright then, I can 4) ....................... (show) you this Study these examples. The second sentence
model over here. It’s reliable, and it doesn’t cost too has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
much money.
W: Is it very difficult 5) ....................... (use)? 1 Spending a lot of money on clothes is foolish.
S: Not at all, but you must 6) ....................... (read) the to It is foolish to spend a lot of money on
instruction manual before you try to turn it on. clothes.
W: Oh, I always have difficulty in 7) ....................... 2 This car is too expensive for me to buy.
(understand) manuals. Could you 8) ....................... enough This car is not cheap enough for me to
(explain) how the machine works? buy.
S: Certainly. You’ll soon learn how 9) ....................... 3 The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it.
(operate) it. It’s very simple. too The tea is too hot for me to drink.
W: That’s good, because, as a working mother, I don’t 4 The teacher made us learn the poem by heart.
have much time to spare for things like this. made We were made to learn the poem by
S: Don’t worry, madam. First, you must 10) .............. heart by the teacher.
.................. (put) the clothes in the machine .... 5 Eating is not allowed in the office.
eat Nobody is allowed to eat in the office.
6 Your room needs cleaning.
cleaned Your room needs to be cleaned.
21 Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘ Welcome home.’
‘Thanks. It’s very nice ..A... back.’ Complete each sentence with two to
A to be B be C to being 22 five words, including the word in bold.
2 ‘............. is good for your health.’
‘I know, but I don’t enjoy it.’ 1 The jumper is so small that I can’t wear it.
A To have exercised B Exercising too The jumper is ...too small for me... to wear.
C To exercising 2 Staring at people is rude.
3 ‘You have to ............. home early tonight.’ to It is ........................................... at people.
‘I will.’ 3 Your hair needs cutting.
A be coming B come C coming cut Your hair needs ...................................... .
4 ‘Do you watch TV very often?’ 4 This house is too small for our family to live in.
‘No. I consider it ............ a waste of time.’ enough This house ................................................
A to be B being C is for our family to live in.
5 Father made me clean my room yesterday.
5 ‘Did you enjoy the play?’
made I ................................................. my room
‘Yes. Were you involved in ............. the scenery?’
yesterday by Father.
A make B to make C making
6 Pictures are not allowed to be taken inside the
6 ‘Does your son study very much?’ museum.
‘No, he spends his time ............. television.’ take Visitors ......................................................
A to watch B watching C watch pictures inside the museum.
7 ‘Did anyone help you with your homework?’ 7 Speaking with your mouth full is bad manners.
‘No. I managed ........... it by myself.’ to It is ............................................................
A do B to do C doing with your mouth full.
8 ‘Let’s go out tonight.’ 8 The ground is so slippery that I can’t walk on it.
‘I’d rather ............. at home. I’m tired.’ too The ground .......................................... to
A staying B to stay C stay walk on.

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Participles 23 Underline the correct word.

1 A: Have you read that new book yet?

The participles are:
B: Only some of it. It’s very bored/boring.
a) present participles (playing, running, etc.),
2 A: Did you enjoy your holiday?
b) past participles (played, written, etc.) and
B: Oh, yes. It was very relaxed/relaxing.
c) perfect participles (having written, etc.).
3 A: I’m going to a lecture tonight. Do you want to
◆ Present and past participles can be used as come?
adjectives. B: No thanks. I’m not interested/interesting in the
The present participle (-ing) describes what subject.
somebody or something is (it answers the question 4 A: Did you hurt yourself when you fell?
B: No, but it was very embarrassed/embarrassing.
‘What kind?’). The past participle (-ed) describes
5 A: Shall I turn off the lights?
how somebody feels (it answers the question ‘How
B: No. I’m frightened/frightening of the dark.
do you feel?’).
6 A: Was Mother upset when you broke her vase?
e.g. It’s a very tiring job. (What kind of job? Tiring.)
B: Not really, but she was very annoyed/annoying.
He’s very tired. (How does he feel? Tired.)
7 A: How do you feel today?
Participles can also be used: B: I still feel very tired/tiring.
◆ to express time. 8 A: I haven’t seen Mr Green for several days.
e.g. After doing/having done her homework, she B: Neither have I. It’s a bit worried/worrying.
watched TV.
Having done her homework, she watched TV.
(=After she had done her homework, she 24 Rewrite the sentences using participles.
watched TV.)
He broke his arm (while) playing hockey.
(=He broke his arm while he was playing 1 He was lying on the bed and he was reading a
hockey.) book.
...He was lying on the bed reading a book. ............
◆ to express reason. 2 Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water.
e.g. Being late, Adam took a taxi.
....................................................................................
(=Because he was late, Adam took a taxi.)
3 Jack burnt his finger while he was lighting a fire.
Having spent all her money, Pam asked for a
....................................................................................
loan.
4 After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put them
(=Because she had spent all her money,
away.
Pam asked for a loan.)
....................................................................................
◆ instead of a relative pronoun and full verb. 5 Because he was cold, James turned on the heater.
e.g. The man standing at the door is my boss. ....................................................................................
(=The man who is standing at the door is my 6 The photographs, which were taken at the
boss.) reception, were blurred.
The information presented in the article was ....................................................................................
invaluable. 7 Alison washed the paintbrushes before she painted
(=The information which was presented in the living room.
the article was invaluable.) ....................................................................................
◆ instead of the past simple in narratives when 8 She was sitting on the sofa and she was knitting a
we describe actions happening immediately jumper.
one after the other. ....................................................................................
e.g. Seeing the shadow, he screamed. 9 The girl who is sitting next to Alison is Vicky.
(=He saw the shadow and he screamed.) ....................................................................................
◆ to avoid repeating the past continuous in the 10 Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he
same sentence. ate out that night.
e.g. She was climbing up a ladder carrying a bucket. ....................................................................................
(=She was climbing up a ladder and she was 11 Emma turned the key in the lock and opened the
carrying a bucket.) door.
....................................................................................

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Prepositions
angry at/with sb for sth polite to sb
annoyed with sb for sth rude to sb
complain to sb about sb/sth shout at sb
different to/from sb/sth wait for sb/sth
differ from sb/sth write to sb
27 Choose the correct answer.

1 ‘Do you like going to the cinema?’

25 Underline the correct preposition. ‘Yes. I usually ...B... at least once a month.’
A am going B go C have gone
1 Mary is always polite to/at her parents. 2 ‘You look serious.’
2 Sam was told off for being rude at/to his teacher. ‘Yes. I ................... to solve a difficult problem.’
3 The policemen shouted at/to the thieves who tried A have tried B try C am trying
to run away. 3 ‘Would you like to go out tonight?’
4 Jessica waited to/for the bus for an hour in the rain. ‘Not really. I’m exhausted. I ................... hard all
5 Rosie is writing to/at her pen-friend. day.’
6 I am angry about/with Sue for taking my favourite shirt. A have worked B am working
7 He was annoyed with his brother in/for making so C have been working
much noise. 4 ‘When are you going to buy a new car?’
8 I’m going to complain to my boss with/about the ‘Well, I ................... two that I like, but I can’t decide
lighting in the office. which one to buy.’
9 John’s opinions differ to/from Anne’s, so they argue A have been seeing B have seen
a lot. C see
10 The film is different from/at the book.
5 ‘Does Stuart often go sailing in the winter?’
‘He ................... .’
A does seldom B seldom does
Phrasal Verbs
C doesn’t seldom
get away: escape 6 ‘Does Peter know how to drive?’
get on: 1) make progress (also get along) ‘Of course. He ................... for years, now.’
A has driven B is driving
2) enter a bus, train, etc. (opp. get off)
C has been driving
get on with sb: have a friendly relationship with sb; 7 ‘Has Sarah moved out of her parents’ house yet?’
get along with sb ‘Oh, yes. She ................... in a flat in town now.’
A has lived B has been living C lives
get through: 1) reach sb by telephone
8 ‘Do you have breakfast in the morning?’
2) manage to finish sth ‘No, I ................... .’
A do never B never do C don’t never
9 ‘When are you seeing Paul next?’
Fill in the gaps with the correct phrasal ‘We ................... to meet next Tuesday.’
26 verb. A have been arranging B arrange
C have arranged

1 I ...get on... very well ...with... my new neighbours. 10 ‘Is there a supermarket in your town?’
(get along with) ‘Yes. There ................... one here for quite a while.’
2 I tried to ............................................ all morning but A is being B has been C is
the phone was engaged. (reach sb by telephone) 11 ‘Have you done your homework yet?’
3 I’ll go home early tonight if I ..................................... ‘Yes. I always .................... it before dinner.’
all my work. (manage to finish) A am doing B have done C do
4 Tom ............................................ the bus outside the 12 ‘Where is Bob?’
cinema. (entered) ‘He ..................... Jimmy to the park.’
5 The police chased the thieves but they managed to A has been taking B has taken C takes
............................................. . (escape)

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Activity
Edith Grant is an advertising executive. She was recently
interviewed about her life. Look at the reporter’s notes
and make sentences, as in the example.
Put the verbs in brackets into the
28 correct tense. e.g. Edith is busy planning a new campaign for a food
company these days.
Last night, a bomb 1) ...exploded... (explode) outside
the main branch of the Trusty Bank in Barton. The
police 2) ............................ (receive) an anonymous
phone call minutes before the explosion. The bomb
squad 3) ...................... (drive) to the bank when the
bomb 4) ....................... (go off). There 5) ......................
(be) no one inside the bank, but a security guard
6) .................................... (sit) at the car park entrance.
He suffered minor injuries from pieces of broken glass.
Late last night, police officers 7) ...................................
(still/search) the scene for evidence and they 8) ..........
................................. (question) the people living in the
area. The security guard 9) ............................ (recover)
from his injuries in hospital. No one 10) ....................... ñ be busy / plan / a new campaign for a food company
............................ (yet/claim) responsibility for the blast. these days
ñ spend / hours / try out / new ideas
ñ enjoy / work / with young people as they are very
29 Choose the correct answer. imaginative
ñ find it difficult / combine business and family life
ñ can’t stand / travel / abroad on business
1 She ...A... the door when she heard the phone ring. ñ would like / see / more older people in commercials
A had just locked B is locking C locks ñ hope / win / award for her work at the next advertising
2 They ............. for hours when they stopped to have awards ceremony
lunch. ñ want / go on / work for a number of years
A were working B had been working C worked
3 I ............ for two hours by 12 o’clock.
A will have been reading B will have read
C am reading
4 He ............ the letter as soon as it arrived.
A had opened B opened C had been opening Activity
5 Sarah ............ dinner when she burnt her finger. Jason Watson is the reporter who interviewed Edith
A was cooking B cooks C is cooking Grant. He’s written an article about her. Look at the Oral
6 Philip ............ his dinner by the time we get home. Activity again and complete his article.
A had been having B will have had C will have
7 The people ............ for an hour before the rescuers L O C A L Advertising execubusin
tive Edith Grant started
ess. Now, she has
came.
A had been waiting B waited C are waiting SUCCESS with a very small
to organise her time very carefully. She is
8 Emily ............ her lunch already, even though it’s S T O R Y busy planning a new camp aign for a food
.............
only 10 o’clock. company these days. ........................................
........ ........ .............
A has eaten B was eating C ate ........................................................
........ ........ .............
9 Tom ............ his homework ever since he got home ........................................................
................ .............
from school. ........................................................
........ .....................
A has been doing B is doing C does ........................................................
........ ........ .............
10 My parents ............ to bed by the time I got home. ........................................................
........ ........ .............
A are going B had been going C had gone ........................................................

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GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET_GRAMMARWAY INT LEAFLET 23/03/2011 6:35 ΜΜ Page 31

Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans

NIT FROM
U
SAMPLE MARWAY 4
GRAM
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◆ The verbs can, could, may, might, must, will, would, the subject in questions and are followed by not in
shall, should and ought are modal verbs. They do not negations. e.g. Can I say something? I couldn’t
take a suffix (-s, -ing or -ed). e.g. He should stay here. understand him. Modal verbs do not usually have
They are followed by a bare infinitive, except for ought tenses. They can refer to the present or the future.
which is followed by a to-infinitive. e.g. They may e.g. I must go now. (present) You must call me early
come tonight. You ought to get a job. They go before tomorrow morning. (future)

Ability (Can-Could-Be able to) Obligation/Duty/Necessity

(Must-Have to-Should/Ought-Need)

He was able to
climb up the tree. Everyone should
recycle their rubbish.

Can is used in the present and future. Could is the We use must to refer to the present or future.
past tense of can. We use be able to to form all the
other tenses. ◆ must = it is your duty/you are obliged to do sth
e.g. You must listen to your teacher.
◆ Can = be able to - ability in the present ◆ have to = it is necessary to do sth
e.g. Tom can play the guitar. e.g. We have to be at the airport at 9 o’clock.
◆ will be able to - ability in the future We use must when the speaker decides that
e.g. When you graduate, you will be able to get a job. something is necessary. We use have to when
But we use can when we decide now about somebody else other than the speaker has made
something we will do in the near future. the decision.
e.g. I haven’t got any money now, but I can pay you e.g. I must finish the report by tomorrow. (The speaker
tomorrow. (= I decide now about something I will decides.)
do tomorrow.) I have to finish the report by tomorrow. (Somebody
◆ Could = used to be able to else has made the decision.)
ability in the past (repeated past action) ◆ Must and have to have different meanings in
We can use was/were able to with no difference in questions.
meaning. e.g. Must I tidy my room? (= Do you insist that I tidy
e.g. I could/was able to run fast when I was young. my room?)
◆ was/were able to = managed to do Do I have to tidy my room? (= Is it necessary for
ability in the past (single past action) me to tidy my room?)
We use was/were able to to show that someone ◆ Have got to has the same meaning as have to, and
had the ability to do something in a particular is often used in everyday speech.
situation in the past. e.g. ‘I’ve got to phone Mum tonight.’
e.g. Although it was dark, he was able to find his way.
◆ We use have to when we need to use other tenses.
◆ We normally use could with the verbs see, hear, e.g. We had to call for the doctor when Aunt Lucy
smell, taste, feel, understand, guess and remember. fainted last night.
e.g. She listened carefully and she could hear people
talking in the next room. ◆ should/ought (less emphatic than must)
(NOT: ... she was able to hear ...) Should and ought express duty.
e.g. People should take/ought to take better care of
◆ In negations we can use couldn’t or wasn’t/
the environment.
weren’t able to with no difference in meaning.
e.g. I couldn’t/wasn’t able to reach him on the phone. ◆ need = it is necessary to
e.g. Need I talk to the boss right away?

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NOTE: Need can be used as a main verb or as a modal Fill in the gaps with can, can’t, could, couldn’t
verb with no difference in meaning. When it is used as 1 or was/wasn’t able to.
a main verb it is followed by a to - infinitive and takes
-s in the third person singular. We form questions and 1 I had my hands full, so I ...couldn’t/wasn’t able to...
negations with do/does. e.g. Mike needs to buy some open the door.
new clothes. You don’t need to do this right now. 2 When I was young, I ..................... stand on my head.
Need is used as a modal verb mainly in questions and 3 Although he felt ill, he ............................. finish all the
negations. e.g. Need I book a room in advance? (Also: Do I paperwork.
need to book ...?) You needn’t give me a lift home. (Also: You 4 Tony is clever. He ................. speak three languages.
don’t need to ...) 5 I ............................ afford that bag. It’s too expensive.
6 Although it was dark, he .......................... find his way
∞bsence of ¡ecessity through the woods.
7 I heard his voice calling me, but I ................. see him.
(Needn’t/Don’t have to/Don’t need to- 8 We’re busy tonight, so we ............ come to the party.
Didn’t need to-Needn’t have done) 9 When I entered the house, I ...................... smell fresh
bread baking.
10 I .................. drive a car. I learnt when I was eighteen.

You Fill in the gaps with must, mustn’t or

don’t need to look 2 needn’t/don’t have to.
up his phone number. I’ve
got it right here. 1 A: You ...must... study hard to pass the exams.
B: I know. I study every evening.
2 A: You ......................... be late for your job interview.
◆ needn’t/don’t have to/don’t need to + present B: I know. I’ll leave early so as to get there on time.
infinitive (present or future) = it isn’t necessary to 3 A: Shall I collect the children from the party?
do sth B: No, you ........................ collect them. Mrs Shaw is
e.g. You needn’t/don’t have to/don’t need to work giving them a lift home.
tonight. (It isn’t necessary for you to work tonight.) 4 A: Do you want me to wait for you after work?
B: No, you ............. wait. I can walk home by myself.
◆ didn’t need to/didn’t have to = it was not necessary 5 A: You .................. interrupt while people are talking.
to do sth B: No. It’s very bad manners to do that.
This structure suggests that an action did not 6 A: My dog has been ill all week.
happen in the past because we knew then that it B: Oh dear! You .......................... take him to the vet.
was not necessary. 7 A: It’s Sally’s birthday on Wednesday.
e.g. She didn’t need to/didn’t have to take a taxi. (It B: I know. I ............. remember to buy her a present.
wasn’t necessary, so she didn’t.) 8 A: Shall I wash the dishes for you?
B: No, you .......................... do that. I’ll do them later.
◆ needn’t + bare perfect infinitive = it was not
necessary to do sth, but it was done
Fill the gaps with needn’t have or didn’t need
This structure shows that an action happened in
the past, even though it was not necessary.
3 to and the correct form of the verb in
brackets.
e.g. You needn’t have bought any bread. I’d already
bought some. (It wasn’t necessary, but you did.) 1 I ran all the way to work, but I ...needn’t have hurried...
(hurry) because I was the first person to arrive.
2 We ................... (hurry), so we stopped to have lunch
Prohibition (Mustn’t/Can’t) on the way.
3 I went to college today, but I ........................... (go) as
all the lectures were cancelled.
◆ mustn’t/can’t = it is forbidden 4 I................................ (ask) the way to Lewes, since I’d
to do sth/you are not allowed been there before.
to do sth/it is against the 5 I .......................... (buy) any food, so I didn’t go to the
rules/law to do sth supermarket.
e.g. You mustn’t/can’t drive 6 I ......................... (buy) any food after all, because we
over 35 mph. (= It’s against the had plenty at home.
law. You are not allowed to 7 I ..................... (pack) my shorts, as it rained all week.
drive over 35 mph.) 8 We ......................... (pack) many things, as we would
only be away for one night.

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Logical Assumptions Possibility (Can-Could/May-Might)

(Must-Can’t/Couldn’t)
John
isn’t answering
his phone. Where
They’re wearing light clothes. can he be?
It must be summer.
It can’t be winter. I don’t know. He
could be in the
manager’s office.

◆ must = I’m sure/certain that sth is true ◆ can + present infinitive = general possibility - it is
Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses theoretically possible
positive logical assumptions. This structure is used in affirmative sentences to
e.g. It is Sunday. He must be at home. (I’m sure he is show that something is possible theoretically or in
at home.) general, that is, when we are not referring to a
◆ can’t/couldn’t = I’m sure that sth isn’t true, real, etc. specific situation.
Can’t and Couldn’t are used in negations and e.g. This road can get very busy.
expresses negative logical assumptions. (In general, not in a specific situation.)
e.g. It is Sunday. He can’t/couldn’t be at work. (I’m sure Could/May/Might + present infinitive = it is
he isn’t at work.) possible/it is likely/perhaps
It is used to show that something is likely to
Probability (Should/Ought) happen in a specific situation.
e.g. The roads could/may/might get very busy
tomorrow afternoon because there is a
demonstration. (NOT: The roads can get ...)
It’s NOTE: In questions we use can (to talk about
four o’clock. general or specific possibility), could or
The children should might. We do not use may.
be/ought to be e.g. ‘I got a bouquet of flowers, but there was no card.’
home by now. ‘Who can/could/might they be from?’

◆ could/might + perfect infinitive (refers to the past)

◆ should/ought = probably = it was possible, but it didn’t happen
Should and ought are used to express that e.g. Yesterday, I left the car unlocked. It could/might
something is likely to happen in the present or future. have been stolen, but luckily it wasn’t.
e.g. It’s 10 o’clock. He should be/ought to be at work.

4 Look at the pictures and answer the questions using must/can’t, as in the example.

e.g. No, they can’t be in the city.

A B C D

Are they in the city? Do they go fishing often? Did they walk up the Has she been interviewing
Are they tired? Is it winter? mountain? the man?
Do they know each other? Are they bored? Do they enjoy walking? Is she a reporter?
Is the weather very hot? Are they in an office?

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Study these examples:

I’m sure she knows him well. She must know him well.
present inf.
Perhaps he will be late. He may be late.
It’s possible that he’s working late tonight. He could be working late tonight.
present cont. inf.
I’m sure she’ll be working tomorrow. She must be working tomorrow.
I’m sure he didn’t know the truth. He can’t have known the truth.
Perhaps they have missed the bus. perfect inf. They might have missed the bus.
It’s possible he had got lost. He may have got lost.
I’m certain he was sleeping. He must have been sleeping.
Perhaps she has been lying. perfect cont. inf. She may have been lying.
It’s likely they had been hiding. They could have been hiding.

5 It’s likely they have gone to the cinema.

Complete the sentences using must or can’t,
5 as in the example.
They ..............................................................................
6 Perhaps they are asleep already.
They ..............................................................................
1 I’m sure she has gone on holiday.
7 It’s likely he hasn’t been promoted.
She ...must have gone on holiday....
He ..................................................................................
2 I’m certain he doesn’t know the secret.
8 It’s possible she called while we were out.
He ..................................................................................
She ................................................................................
3 I’m certain Mike hasn’t got a new car. 9 It’s likely we will go shopping this afternoon.
Mike .............................................................................. We ..................................................................................
4 I’m sure Susan has paid the phone bill. 10 Perhaps he is outside in the garden.
Susan ............................................................................ He ..................................................................................
5 I’m sure they don’t live here. 11 It’s possible they didn’t receive our message.
They .............................................................................. They ..............................................................................
6 I’m sure they left the party early. 12 Perhaps she is visiting a friend.
They .............................................................................. She ................................................................................
7 I’m certain he didn’t call me.
He ..................................................................................
8 I’m certain Marie sent you a birthday card. 7 Fill in can, can’t, must, mustn’t, needn’t or have to.
Marie .............................................................................
9 I’m sure she has been keeping secrets from me. 1 A: Is Jason at work today?
She ................................................................................ B: He ...can’t... be. His car isn’t in the car park.
10 I’m certain she is looking for a new job. 2 A: I can’t do my German homework. It’s too difficult.
She ................................................................................ B: I’ll help you. I ................................ speak German.
11 I’m sure David didn’t go to the supermarket. 3 A: I’m going to watch television.
B: Alright, but you ............................ stay up too late.
David .............................................................................
4 A: We ................ book a taxi to take us to the airport.
12 I’m certain he is working at the library.
B: I’ll do it now.
He ..................................................................................
5 A: I didn’t know Rachel was in the choir.
B: Oh yes. She .................................. sing beautifully.
6 A: Shall I cook dinner tonight?
Rephrase the following sentences in as
6 many ways as possible. B: No, you ................... . We’re going to a restaurant.
7 A: Has Tim bought a car yet?
1 It’s likely she has forgotten about the meeting. B: He .............................. have. I saw him on the bus
yesterday.
She ...may/might/could have forgotten about the
8 A: She ..................................................... be very rich.
meeting....
B: Yes. She’s got a huge house and an expensive car.
2 Perhaps he will be home soon.
9 A: I did the washing-up for you.
He ..................................................................................
B: Oh, you .................... have, but it was kind of you.
3 Perhaps we won’t stay in a hotel.
10 A: Would you like to come to my party on Saturday
We ................................................................................. night?
4 It’s possible she has been delayed in traffic. B: I’d like to, but Mum says I ......................... visit my
She ................................................................................ grandparents.

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There is a difference in meaning between may and

Permission be allowed to in questions.
(Can/Could/May/Might) Study the examples:
e.g. a) May I use your phone? (= Will you allow me to
use your phone?)
b) Are we allowed to use the office phone?
(= What is the rule?)

◆ We use could or was/were allowed to to say that

we had general permission to do something in the
past.
Can I
We use was/were allowed to and not could, to say
look at the figures,
please? that we had permission to do something in a
particular situation in the past.
e.g. I could/was allowed to go to parties when I was
Asking for permission young. (I was allowed to go to parties in general.)
BUT: I was allowed to go to John’s party last night.
◆ Can/Could/May/Might I ...? = Do you/Would you (NOT: π could go ... as this is a particular situation.)
mind if ...?
Could and may are more polite than can. Might is
formal. May and Might are used to ask for
permission when we do not know the other person
Fill in the gaps with could or was/were
very well. We normally reply with: ‘Certainly.’/ ‘Of 8 allowed to.
course.’/ ‘Why not?’/‘¡Ô, π’m afraid you can’t.’
e.g. ‘Can I use your pen for a minute?’ ‘Of course.’
‘May I see the manager, please?’ ‘Certainly.’ 1 The children ...were allowed to... go to the cinema on
their own yesterday.
Giving permission 2 When I was young, we ........................................ wear
whatever we liked to school.
3 Peter ................................. watch a concert on TV last
◆ can/may = you are allowed to do sth
night, although it was on quite late.
(can - informal, may - formal)
4 When we were children, we ................................. play
May is usually used in writing. outside until it got dark.
e.g. You may make a phone call here. 5 Yesterday, we ................................ bring our favourite
We do not use could or might to give permission. toys to school.
e.g. ‘Could I borrow your dictionary?’ ‘Yes, you can.’/ 6 When Dennis lived with his parents, he .......................
‘Yes, you may.’ (NOT: Yes, you could.) come in at whatever time he liked.

Refusing permission
9 Underline the correct word(s).
◆ can’t/mustn’t/may not = you are not allowed to do
sth 1 A: Could I sleep at my friend’s house tonight?
May not is formal and is usually used in writing. B: Yes, of course you could/can.
e.g. I’m sorry, but you can’t/mustn’t use the fax. 2 A: I could/was allowed to go to the disco last night.
Customers may not enter this area. B: Was it good fun?
We do not use couldn’t to refuse permission. 3 A: Can/Might I have a biscuit please, Mum?
e.g. ‘Could I stay a little longer?’ ‘I’m sorry, but you B: Of course. Help yourself.
can’t.’ (NOT: I’m sorry, but you couldn’t.) 4 A: Excuse me, sir. May I/Am I allowed to leave the
room?
B: Yes, but don’t be too long.
Talking about permission 5 A: Must/Might I borrow these files for a moment, sir?
B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.
◆ We use can and be allowed to to refer to laws or 6 A: Might I use your pen?
regulations. B: Of course you may/might.
e.g. All citizens over the age of 18 can/are allowed to 7 A: May I/Am I allowed to park in the company car
vote. (law) park?
B: Of course you are!

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Requests (Can/Could/Will/Would/ Suggestions (Shall/Can/Could)

May/Might)

Could We could
you send the have the meeting on
samples to my office, Tuesday instead.
please?

◆
◆ Can/Could/Will/Would you ...?
We use this structure to ask someone to do
Shall I/we ...?
I/We can/could } =
Why don’t we ...?/How about ...?/
What about ...?/Let’s ...
e.g. ‘Shall we go the theatre tomorrow night?’
something for us. Can and will are informal. Would ‘I’d rather not. We can/could go to the cinema
and could are more polite than can and will. instead.’
e.g. Can/Will you get me a glass of water? (informal)
◆ We use shall in questions when we are asking for
Could/Would you type these letters for me,
suggestions or instructions.
please? (more polite)
e.g. ‘Where shall I put these flowers?’
We normally reply with: ‘Yes, I’d (would) be happy
‘In this vase.’
to.’/‘Yes, I’d be glad to.’ / ‘Certainly.’ / ‘Of course.’ / ‘I’m
sorry, but I can’t.’
◆ May/Might/Can/Could I ...?
We use this structure to ask for something politely.
Might is formal and is not often used. ∞dvice (Should/Ought/Must)
e.g. Can/Could/May I have a piece of that cake,
please?
We normally reply with: ‘Certainly.’ / ‘Yes, certainly.’ /
‘Of course.’ / ‘Yes, of course.’

Offers (I’ll-Shall/Can/Could)

You should always wear a life jacket when you go canoeing.

Shall ◆ should/ought + present infinitive = I advise you

I explain it to/You had better do sth
again? e.g. It’s late. You should go/ought to go home as soon
as possible.

◆ I’ll = I’m willing to do something (informal)

◆ We use must to give strong advice. Compare the
examples:
e.g. You look tired. I’ll do the ironing for you.
e.g. ‘You must follow a healthy diet,’ the doctor said to
◆ Shall/Can/Could I/we ...? = Would you like me/us me. (an order which is likely to be obeyed)
to ...?/Do you want me/us to ...? e.g. ‘You should follow/ought to follow a healthy diet,’
e.g. Shall/Can/Could I give you a hand with the my friend said to me. (a piece of advice which may
preparations? or may not be followed)

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2 Liz bought an expensive jacket yesterday and now she

Criticism (Should/Ought) hasn’t got enough money for the rest of the week.
She ........................................................ (buy) such an
expensive jacket.
3 Your sister eats a lot of junk food which is bad for her
The owners shouldn’t health.
have left/ought not to You ...................................... (eat) so much junk food.
have left the window 4 Mr Jackson had a stiff back. He lifted some heavy
unlocked. boxes and now his back is worse.
He ..................................................... (lift) those heavy
boxes.
5 Tony always drives too fast. Yesterday, he was
arrested for speeding.
He ................................................ (drive) more slowly.
6 Sally is clumsy. She is always breaking things.
She .............................................................. (be) more
◆ should/ought + perfect infinitive = it would have careful.
been better if you had ... 7 Paul didn’t do his homework. The teacher punished
We use these structures to criticise someone else’s him.
actions. He ................................................. (do) his homework.
e.g. You should have come/ought to have come to 8 Amy borrowed her brother’s car without asking. He
me for help. (But you didn’t.) was very angry.
She ..................................................... (borrow) his car
without asking.

10 Fill in shall or will.

12 Underline the correct word(s) in bold.

1 A: ...Shall... I help you with the washing-up?

B: No, I can manage by myself. 1 A: I found a briefcase on the train.
2 A: .......................... we have pizza for dinner tonight? B: You ought to/can take it to the police station as
B: I’d rather have steak. soon as possible.
3 A: ................................ you carry this for me, please? 2 A: Did you get some money from the bank?
B: Certainly. It looks heavy. B: No, I didn’t need to/needn’t. I had enough in my
4 A: What ........................... we buy for Bob’s birthday? wallet.
B: I think he’d like a book. 3 A: Sorry I’m late again.
5 A: ............................. you answer the phone, please? B: You should/might wear a watch.
B: Of course. 4 A: Couldn’t/May I speak to Claire, please?
6 A: Where ............................. we sit in the classroom? B: Just a moment, please. I’ll call her.
B: Next to the window. 5 A: We could/must go out for a meal this evening, if
7 A: ..................... you take the rubbish outside for me, you like.
please? B: Oh, yes. That would be nice.
B: Yes, in a minute. 6 A: I wonder if Paul and Jim have got lost.
8 A: ..................... we have a barbecue next weekend? B: They can’t/mustn’t have got lost because I gave
B: Yes, if the weather’s fine. them a map.
9 A: .................................... you babysit for me tonight? 7 A: Could/Would I use your telephone, please?
B: I’m sorry, but I can’t. B: Yes, of course.
10 A: .............................. we try this new recipe tonight? 8 A: Was the exam very difficult?
B: Yes. We’ve got all the ingredients. B: Yes, but I can/was able to answer all the questions.
9 A: We mustn’t/needn’t go shopping this week. We’ve
got plenty of food.
Read the situations and complete B: Alright. We’ll go next week instead.
11 the sentences with should/shouldn’t, ought 10 A: Should/May I sit down, please?
to/ought not to and the correct tense of the B: Yes, of course. Make yourself at home.
infinitive. 11 A: When will/shall I visit you next?
1 Your friend didn’t see a film on TV last night. You saw B: You can/must call in tomorrow, if you like.
it and it was very good. 12 A: Helen should be here by now.
You ...should/ought to have seen... (see) the film. B: She ought to/could have missed the train.

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3 The guests are supposed to arrive at 8 o’clock.

Expressions Similar to Modal .......................................................................................
Verbs 4 It wasn’t necessary for Toby to go to school today.
.......................................................................................
5 I advise you to book a table in advance.
◆ Be supposed to + infinitive (= should) .......................................................................................
This structure is used to show that someone else 6 They are obliged to wear helmets at work.
expects us to do something. .......................................................................................
e.g. π’m supposed to work this weekend. (My boss 7 You are to wait here until the manager arrives.
expects me to do so.) .......................................................................................
8 Steve managed to repair the bike after trying for two
◆ Be to + infinitive (= must) is used to give orders. hours.
e.g. You are to stay here until I return. .......................................................................................
This medicine is to be taken three times a day. 9 Perhaps we will go to Italy for a holiday next summer.
◆ Be likely to + infinitive/It is likely that + clause (= .......................................................................................
probably - more emphatic than may but less 10 We are obliged to wear a uniform for school.
emphatic than should/ought). They are used to .......................................................................................
express possibility. 11 You aren’t allowed to run in the corridors.
e.g. The Austrian racing driver is likely to win the race. .......................................................................................
It is likely that the Austrian racing driver will 12 How about inviting some friends over to dinner?
win the race. .......................................................................................
Is Mary likely to get the job she applied for? 13 It isn’t necessary for you to buy me a present.
.......................................................................................
14 Do you mind if I use your telephone?
.......................................................................................
15 Would you like me to clean the windows for you?
Match the items in column A to their .......................................................................................
13 synonyms in column B. 16 How about going for a walk this afternoon?
.......................................................................................
A B
1 You mustn’t ... a You are supposed to ... Answer the questions using a suitable
b It wasn’t necessary for
15 modal verb.
2 You can’t be ...
us to ... (but we did)
3 You needn’t ...
c Let’s ...
4 They ought to ... d He managed to ...
5 She didn’t need to ... e They had better ...
f It is forbidden ...
6 You should ...
g I’m sure they are ...
7 May I ...?
h Do you mind if I ...?
8 We needn’t have ... i You are to ...
9 He was able to ... j It isn’t necessary for you
to ...
10 Shall we ...?
k I’m certain you aren’t ...
11 You must ... l It wasn’t necessary for
12 They must be ... her to ...

1 Are the men criminals?

They may be criminals.
Rephrase the following sentences in as
14 many ways as possible.
2 Are they trying to escape?
3 Are they in the countryside?
4 Is it a cloudy day?
1 It is possible that Sue will be late this evening. 5 Is this their own boat?
Sue may/might/could be late this evening./ Sue is 6 Are they going to a hiding place?
likely to be late this evening. 7 Are the police chasing them?
2 I’m sure David isn’t going to the party tonight.
.......................................................................................

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Functions of Modal Verbs

Expressing ability Asking for permission

a) Terry is twenty years old. He can drive a car. (present) a) Can I ask you a question, please? (informal)
b) When he was ten, he could/was able to ride a bicycle. b) Could I ask you a question, please?(more polite)
(past repeated action) c) May/Might I ask you a question, please? (formal)
c) Paula was able to climb to the top of the mountain.
(managed to do; past single action) Giving/Refusing permission
a) You can park your car here. (informal)
Expressing lack of ability
b) You may park your car in this area. (formal - usually
a) Sue can’t dance. (present) written)
b) He couldn’t/wasn’t able to play chess when he was c) You can’t/mustn’t use this phone. (informal)
younger. (past repeated action) d) You may not use this phone. (formal - usually written)
c) She couldn’t/wasn’t able to finish the book. (past single
action) Talking about permission

Expressing obligation/duty/necessity a) All students can/are allowed to use the library.

(regulation)
a) You must attend the meeting. (You are obliged to/You b) I could/was allowed to go out alone when I was 18.
have to/You need to/It is necessary.) (general permission)
b) I must attend the meeting. (I have decided.) c) I was allowed to go out alone last night. (permission
c) I have to attend the meeting. (Someone else has decided.) for one particular action)
d) We ought to/should respect the elderly. (less strong than
must)
e) Need I buy her a present? (Is it necessary?) Making requests

a) Can/Will you explain this to me? (informal)

Expressing absence of necessity b) Could/Would you explain this to me? (more polite)
c) Can I have some water? (informal)
a) She doesn’t need to/doesn’t have to/needn’t do the d) Could/May I have some water? (formal)
shopping. I’ll do it later. (It isn’t necessary.) e) Might I have some water? (very formal)
b) She didn’t need to/didn’t have to do the shopping as I
had already done it. (It wasn’t necessary for her to do it.)
Making offers
c) She needn’t have done the shopping. (It wasn’t
necessary for her to do the shopping, but she did.) a) I’ll help you with your essay. (I’m willing to help you.)
b) Shall/Can/Could I carry this bag for you? (Would you like
Expressing prohibition me to/Do you want me to do it?)
You mustn’t/can’t be late for work. (it’s forbidden/you
aren’t allowed to/it’s against the rules/law) Making suggestions
a) Shall we visit Grandma (Why don’t we....?/How
Expressing certainty
a) He must be at home. (positive; I’m sure he is.)
b) He can’t be sleeping. (negative; I’m sure he isn’t.)
this weekend?
b) We can/could go to
a concert tonight.
} about....?/What about...?/
Let’s ...)

c) Where shall we go? (What is your suggestion?)

Expressing probability
Giving advice
He ought to/should be in now. (He is probably in.)
a) You ought to/should study harder. (I advise you to)
b) You must study harder. (I strongly advise you to.)
Expressing possibility
Expressing criticism
a) It can get very hot in July. (it is theoretically possible)
b) We could/may/might be a little late. (it is possible) a) You ought to/should have been more careful. (It would
c) He could/might have been injured. (but he wasn’t) have been better if you had been more careful.)

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Complete the sentences, as in the

Rephrase the following sentences in as
16 many ways as possible.
18 example. Sometimes more than one
answer is possible.

1 You had better ask your teacher to help you with your
Modal Use
studies.
...You ought to/should ask your teacher to help you
1 You ...can... go to the
with your studies.... giving permission
cinema.
2 Can you hold this bag for me, please?
....................................................................................... 2 You .................. have any
refusing permission
3 Why don’t we go for a picnic this weekend? sweets.
....................................................................................... 3 ...................... we go for a
4 It wasn’t necessary for John to go to work because it making a suggestion
walk?
was Sunday.
....................................................................................... 4 ................. I stay at Paul’s
asking for permission
5 We managed to do the puzzle, although it was difficult. house tonight, please?
....................................................................................... 5 You ......................... have
expressing criticism
6 You are to report to the manager as soon as you reach worked harder.
Manchester. 6 You ................. talk in the
....................................................................................... expressing prohibition
library.
7 You are forbidden to enter this area.
....................................................................................... 7 Sally ....................... invite
expressing possibility
8 Do you mind if I take this chair? us to her party.
....................................................................................... 8 They ................... be lost. expressing a positive
9 You don’t need to feed the dog. I’ve already done it. logical assumption
.......................................................................................
9 You .................... do your
10 You ought to have locked the doors when you went out. expressing obligation
homework before you go
.......................................................................................
out.
11 I strongly advise you to take legal action.
....................................................................................... 10 She ................... be older expressing a negative
12 We are supposed to obey the law. than me. logical assumption
....................................................................................... 11 Steve ...................... walk. expressing lack of
He’s broken his leg. ability
17 Choose the correct answer. 12 ....................... I paint the
making an offer
fence for you?
1 Shall I make you a cup of tea?
A Yes, please. B No, you won’t.
2 Would you help me please? My car won’t start.
Rephrase the following sentences in as
A I’d be happy to. B Yes, I would. 19 many ways as possible.
3 Could you open the door for me, please?
A Yes, I could. B Of course.
1 Why don’t we go to Spain on holiday this year?
4 Can you do the washing-up for me, please? ...We can/could go to Spain on holiday this year....
A No, I may not. B No problem. 2 Perhaps Tony has gone to work early.
5 We could go for a walk this afternoon. .......................................................................................
A That’s a nice idea. B No, we might not. 3 Policemen are obliged to wear a uniform while on duty.
.......................................................................................
6 Could I sit down for a minute, please? 4 Simon managed to climb the mountain, although it
A Yes, of course. B No, you couldn’t. was steep.
7 Can I get you anything, madam? .......................................................................................
A No, you can’t. B No, thank you. I’m just looking. 5 It is forbidden to sound the alarm for no reason.
8 Can I go and play football now, please? .......................................................................................
A Not at all. B Yes, if you like. 6 How about watching a video this evening?
.......................................................................................
9 Shall I pick you up from work this evening? 7 I’m certain Martin heard me calling him.
A Yes, please. B No, you won’t. .......................................................................................
10 Will you hold this box for me, please? 8 I’m sure Paul isn’t an engineer.
A Yes, I may. B Certainly. .......................................................................................

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20 Choose the correct answer. 8 ‘.............. you open the door for me, please?’
‘Yes, certainly.’
A Shall B Must C Would
1 ...B... I borrow your pen? Mine doesn’t work.
A Needn’t B Can C Ought 9 ‘Ben had a hard time trying to find the leak in the pipe.’
‘But he .............. stop it, wasn’t he?’
2 I .............. go to the bank. I haven’t got any money. A was allowed to B was able to C could
A must B mustn’t C may
10 ‘I saw Tina in town last night.’
3 Lizzie .............. spell her name before she was three. ‘You .............. have seen her. She’s on holiday in
A might B could C must Spain.’
4 .............. you help me with the shopping, please? A would B could C can’t
A Must B Shall C Will 11 ‘Where’s Colin?’
5 You .............. go to the post office. I’ll go later. ‘I’m not sure. He .............. be in the study.’
A needn’t B might C must A might B will C ought

6 You .............. to study hard for your exams. 12 ‘I feel very tired today.’
A need B can’t C shall ‘You .............. have stayed up so late last night.’
A shouldn’t B could C might
7 You .............. to be at work by nine o’clock.
13 ‘Did you phone Alan yesterday?’
A must B should C are
‘No, I .............. . He came round to see me.’
8 No reporters .............. approach the scene of the A didn’t need to B needn’t C have to
accident.
14 ‘.............. you give me a lift to work tomorrow?’
A might have B were allowed to C needn’t
‘Yes. I’ll pick you up at eight o’ clock.’
9 We .............. phone Mary. It’s her birthday today. A May B Shall C Will
A needn’t B ought to C are able to
15 ‘.............. I help you, madam?’
10 What time .............. I pick you up from work? ‘Yes, I’m looking for the manager.’
A mustn’t B will C shall A Would B Must C May

Imagine you’re a detective. You are at the scene

22 of a crime and have found some clues. Look at
the things you have found and answer the
21 Choose the correct answer.
questions below using must and can’t.

1 2 3
1 ‘You ...C... pay the bills today.’
‘I know. I promise I won’t forget.’
A would B shall C must
2 ‘.............. we go to the beach tomorrow?’
‘Yes. That’s a great idea.’
A Shall B Mustn’t C Would
3 ‘I’m going to the cinema. Do you want to come with
me?’
4 5 6
‘No, thank you. I .............. do my homework.’
A could B would C have to
4 ‘You .............. put that shirt in the washing machine.’
‘I know. It has to be dry-cleaned.’
A must B mustn’t C couldn’t
5 ‘Was your suitcase very heavy?’
‘Yes, but I .............. carry it by myself.’
A was able to B can’t C ought
1 Were the thieves wearing gloves?
6 ‘.............. you drive?’ ...They can’t have been wearing gloves....
‘Yes, but I haven’t got my own car.’ 2 How many thieves were there?
A Might B Should C Can 3 How did they get into the house?
7 ‘I .............. ride a bicycle until I was eight.’ 4 Did they have a getaway car?
‘Neither could I.’ 5 Were they looking for something?
A couldn’t B could C can’t 6 Did they want money?

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IN OTHER WORDS 10 It wasn’t necessary for him to help me, but he did.
have He ............................................................. me.
Study these examples. The second sentence 11 It’s forbidden to take your bag into the building.
has a similar meaning to the first sentence. mustn’t You ................................... into the building.
12 I’m sure she understood what I was saying.
1 It’s forbidden to go near the launch pad. have She ................................ what I was saying.
mustn’t You mustn’t go near the launch pad. 13 Perhaps he took the train to work this morning.
allowed You aren’t allowed to go near the launch may He .................................................................
pad. the train to work this morning.
2 I advise you to send them a letter of apology. 14 Running in the corridors is forbidden.
should You should send them a letter of apology. allowed You ..................................... in the corridors.
ought You ought to send them a letter of apology. 15 Is it possible that Jane is leaving school at the end of
3 I’m certain Andrew didn’t reveal your secret. this week?
can’t Andrew can’t have revealed your secret. be Could ...............................................................
4 Let’s discuss this over lunch. at the end of this week?
can We can discuss this over lunch. 16 We’ll probably have a party for Simon’s birthday.
5 Do you think Laura will leave for Chicago earlier than likely It’s ....................................................................
she thought? a party for Simon’s birthday.
likely Is Laura likely to leave for Chicago earlier 17 I’d better start studying for my exams soon.
than she thought? ought I ............................................................ for my
6 It isn’t necessary for Ron to pay for our tickets. exams soon.
have Ron doesn’t have to pay for our tickets.
need Ron doesn’t need to pay for our tickets.
7 I’m sure Robert realised how wrong he was. 24 Underline the correct word(s).
must Robert must have realised how wrong he
was.
1 A: Shall/Would/Could I speak to the manager, please?
8 It is possible that they will sell their house.
B: I’m afraid he’s busy at the moment.
may They may sell their house.
2 A: The Taylors brought us a bottle of wine for our
9 It wasn’t necessary for her to come early, but she did.
anniversary.
have She needn’t have come early.
B: They needn’t/couldn’t/mightn’t have done that, but
10 Everyone is supposed to pay taxes to the government.
it was very kind.
should Everyone should pay taxes to the 3 A: Could/May/Shall you tell me where the bank is,
government. please?
B: Certainly. It’s on the corner.
4 A: You mustn’t/needn’t/couldn’t clean the floor.
B: Oh, have you done it already?
Complete each sentence with two to five
23 words, including the word in bold.
5 A: Would/Shall/Will we go for a walk this afternoon?
B: Why not? It’s a lovely day.
6 A: Can/Shall/Would I have a milkshake, please?
1 I’m sure the books are in this cupboard
B: Yes, of course. What flavour would you like?
must The books ...must be in this... cupboard.
7 A: May/Should/Would I borrow your pen, please?
2 Let’s have lunch in half an hour.
B: Yes, of course. Be my guest.
can We ....................................... in half an hour.
8 A: Shall/Will/Would I pour you a glass of orange juice?
3 It isn’t necessary for you to work on Saturday.
B: Yes, please. Could/May/Shall you put some ice in
have You .......................................... on Saturday.
it, too?
4 I advise you to open a bank account. 9 A: I put your blue trousers in the washing machine.
should You .................................... a bank account. B: Oh, no! You shouldn’t/mustn’t/can’t have done that.
5 It is possible that she has forgotten to call. They have to be dry-cleaned.
may She .................................................... to call. 10 A: Where’s Alan?
6 It wasn’t necessary for him to buy a gift, but he did. B: Well, it’s five o’clock. He ought/mustn’t/needn’t to
have He ....................................................... a gift. be here by now.
7 Perhaps Alice is at the hairdresser’s. 11 A: What are you doing on Saturday morning?
could Alice ................................... the hairdresser’s. B: I have to/will/should go into the office for a couple
8 I advise you to have your car serviced. of hours.
should You ............................................ car serviced. 12 A: I want to get a better job.
9 I’m sure Sylvia didn’t mean what she said. B: You didn’t need to/should/needn’t get some more
can’t Sylvia ...................................... what she said. qualifications.

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25
Add the correct
derivatives.
prefixes to form
Common mistakes
1 Carl is very ...anti...social and doesn’t like to be with
ñ You should to exercise regularly. ✗
other people.
You should exercise regularly. ✓
2 The fact that Tony and Sue caught the same plane was
a ...........incidence. ñ I must study very hard last week. ✗
3 Simon is ...........lingual — he is fluent in both French I had to study very hard last week. ✓
and English. ñ Although he didn’t feel well yesterday, he could finish
4 The thieves managed to ...........activate the alarm his work. ✗
before entering the building. Although he didn’t feel well yesterday, he was able to
5 This exam gives you an .......nationally recognised finish his work. ✓
degree.
ñ Need I to pay cash for my ticket? ✗
6 I forgot to set my alarm and I ...........slept.
Need I pay cash for my ticket? ✓
7 After the earthquake, the town was slowly ...........built.
8 Tara was so nasty to Bob — her behaviour was ñ The shops can be very crowded tomorrow because
.......forgivable. it’s the last shopping day before Christmas. ✗
9 Brian had to ..........write several chapters of his book The shops could/may/might be very crowded
before it could be published. tomorrow because it’s the last shopping day before
10 Daniel is very .......reliable — he never turns up for Christmas. ✓
anything. ñ May this letter be from my friend? ✗
Can/Could/Might this letter be from my friend? ✓
Fill in the the blanks with the correct form
26 ñ ‘Could you lend me some money?’ ‘Of course I could.’ ✗
of the word in brackets.
‘Could you lend me some money?’ ‘Of course I can.’ ✓
1 His ambition in life is to become a famous ...actor.... ñ I could watch the late film on TV last night. ✗
(act) I was allowed to watch the late film on TV last night. ✓
2 The fireworks at the party were very .......................... .
(impress)
3 Body language is an important part of ...................... .
(communicate)
27 Correct the mistakes.

4 He is very ............................. and uses hand gestures

to emphasise whatever he says. (express) 1 ‘Could you help me lift this box?’ ‘Of course I could.’
5 The .................................... was very proud of his time 2 I could go to Emma’s party last Saturday.
machine. (invent) 3 Need I to book a table in advance?
6 Many jobs require workers to wear .............................. 4 May these flowers be from your fiancé?
clothing. (protect) 5 Although she was exhausted, she could finish the race.
7 The .................................... from the gas plant took us 6 You should to brush your teeth twice a day.
all by surprise. (explode) 7 I must have my car repaired last month.
8 His most valuable .......................................... is a gold 8 The bus can be late today because there is a lot of traffic.
pocket-watch. (possess)
9 Her knowledge of the region is quite ...........................
(extend) 28 Cross out the unnecessary word.
10 She has an amazing ............................... of seashells.
(collect)
11 One of the most popular .................................... at the 1 They shouldn’t to have called the police.
funfair is the Ghost Train. (attract) 2 Paul was been able to change the flat tyre by himself.
12 Claire is a .............................. girl and gets upset very 3 She needn’t to have bought such an expensive dress.
easily. (sense) 4 The Prime Minister is to will give a speech at the
13 The audience showed their ............................... of the conference tomorrow.
performance by cheering loudly. (appreciate) 5 Jennifer is likely that to look for another job.
14 Although she will be ninety this year, she is still a very 6 How about we driving to the coast?
............................... woman. (act) 7 That can’t to have been Paul. He’s on holiday in
15 These chemicals are ............................................. and Jamaica.
should be treated with extreme care. (explode) 8 Would you mind if my staying here for a couple of days?
16 We could tell from the ............................................. on 9 They might have been forgotten about our meeting.
his face that he was very angry. (express) 10 Jack has had to see the General Manager yesterday.

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Phrasal Verbs 11 There’s no getting .................................. paying taxes.

12 What he said really got ........................... her, and she
get across: (tr) communicate ideas; become started to cry.
understood 13 Despite the cold, they got ...................................... the
get along (with): be on friendly terms; get on (with) winter without too many problems.
get at: 1) (tr) reach; find, 2) (int) imply 14 Bill got ...................................... his illness quickly and
get away: avoid capture returned to work.
get away from: avoid 15 By the time we got home, it was getting .....................
get away with: (tr) 1) escape punishment for wrong- for midnight.
doing, 2) escape capture with stolen 16 The burglars got ..................................... the jewellery.
goods 17 After several attempts, I finally got ...............................
get by: (int) survive despite difficulties the radio station.
get down to: (tr) start doing sth seriously 18 No one should get ........................... breaking the law.
get off: 1) (int) avoid punishment, 19 The news got ........................................ the office fast.
2) start a journey 20 No problem is too big to get ...................................... .
get off with: (tr) not be punished; be treated 21 The thieves managed to get ............................... even
leniently though the police were looking for them.
get on: 1) (int) advance; make progress, 22 I can’t get .......................... that box because the shelf
2) become late; get nearer 3) (int) it’s on is too high.
have a friendly relationship with; 23 Susan got .................................... the work quickly, so
get along she was able to leave early.
get on with: (tr) 1) be on good terms with; get
along with, 2) continue after an
interruption
30 Underline the correct preposition.

get over: 1) recover, 2) overcome

get round: (int) to spread (news) 1 I have a high opinion of/on/for Sarah’s teacher.
get round to: (tr) find the necessary time to do 2 Tom refused to join on/of/in the football match.
3 I’ve lost my earring. Will you help me look after/for/at it?
sth
4 I need someone to look at/after/for my children while
get through: 1) (tr) finish (a piece of work),
I’m at work.
2) (int) survive through difficult times,
5 I looked closely after/at/for the man, but I didn’t
3) (tr) use up all of sth (supplies, recognise him.
money, etc), 4) (tr) reach sb by 6 I mistook that woman for/of/about my French teacher.
telephone; get through to 7 She earns hardly enough money to live on/with/for.
get to: (tr) have an effect on sb’s feelings 8 Since the company changed management there has
been an increase on/of/in profits.
9 It is rude to laugh at/with/for other people.
29 Fill in the correct particle. 10 What he lacks of/in/to size he makes up for in strength.
11 Her lack of/in/with confidence was the reason she
1 I generally get ...on/along with... my boss, although we didn’t get the job.
disagree sometimes. 12 I have no intention of/for/to selling my car.
2 You really must get .......................... work. The exams 13 There is no need of/about/for such childish behaviour.
start next week! 14 Some people had objections about/to/for the
3 The teacher tried to get ....................... the main ideas proposed changes.
of the theory to her class without confusing them. 15 The new teacher made a great impression on/by/with
4 We have to get ........................ early to get to London the class.
on time. 16 The manager was impressed with/on/of the new
5 I haven’t got ........................ ironing those clothes yet. player’s technique.
I’ve been very busy. 17 Jane likes to be comfortable, so she is not keen
6 I earn enough money to get ................................., but in/at/on camping.
I haven’t managed to save much lately. 18 Sam is keen on/to/of join the army when he leaves
7 I don’t understand what you’re getting ...................... . school.
Can you explain what you mean? 19 Take no notice from/for/of Amanda. She’s showing off.
8 We get .............................. two loaves of bread a day. 20 I don’t want to get involved on/about/in this argument.
9 After the phone call, I got ............................. my work. 21 Julia insisted in/for/on paying for lunch.
10 Because it was his first offence, he got ....................... 22 She is completely ignorant for/about/to computer
technology.
a warning from the judge.

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Put the verbs in brackets into the correct 5 A: .......................................... (you/ever/go) to Spain?
31 tense. B: No, but Chris ................... (go) there last summer.
6 A: Were you at home when I called you?
B: Yes, but I ............................... (cut) the grass and I
didn’t hear the phone.
7 A: Steve is a famous singer now.
B: Yes. He ............................... (make) his first record
in 1993.
8 A: Why did you pay for the meal last night?
B: Because Joe ................................ (lose) his wallet,
so he couldn’t pay.
9 A: Why are you in such a hurry?
B: Because I’m going to the theatre and the play
.............................................. (start) in ten minutes.
10 A: Shall we go for a picnic tomorrow?
Dear Phil, B: I can’t. My cousins ................................. (come) to
plans for visit tomorrow.
I 1) ...’m writing... (write) to tell you about the
er Fun Day. We 2) ...................... ........... ......... 11 A: I can’t believe we’re going on holiday in a few days.
the school Summ
table s in the schoo l field, but I don’t B: Just think. This time next week, we .......................
(already/put) some
we 4) ........... (ski) in the Alps.
think there 3) .............................. (be) enough, so
more.
....................................... (probably/borrow) some
come and open
I 5) .............................. (arrange) for the mayor to
the event. He 6) ........................................... (arrive) at
ten o ’clock on 33 Choose the correct answer.
on, 7) .................................
the day and the headmaster, Mr Pears
(take) him on a guided tour of the schoo l.
When Simon woke up, he knew it 1) ...B... a good day.
rday to buy
We 8) .................................. (go) shopping yeste The sun was shining through the curtains and he felt
ns. We also 9) ....................
some prizes for the competitio strangely 2) .......... . Today was 3) .......... day he had been
coffe e, tea, orang e juice and
............................... (buy) some waiting for. Six weeks 4) .........., Simon had taken his school
biscuits for the refre shme nts stall.
exams. He had been 5) .......... nervous, but he had told
t ready.
Anyway, as you can see, everything is almos himself, ‘I 6) .......... for months and I know I can pass. I’ll stay
10) ............................................... (go) well.
I hope everything calm and, by the time the exam finishes, I’ll have answered
See you on Satu rday at the fair!
every question as 7) .......... as I can.’
Lily
And now the day when Simon would 8) .......... his results
had come. He ran down the stairs and picked up the large
envelope which 9) .......... on the mat. His hands were
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct shaking as he read the results. He 10) .......... with top marks!
32 tense.
1 A is going to be B was going to be C will be
1 A: What does Tony do for a living? 2 A excited B excite C exciting
B: He ...works... (work) for a large company in London. 3 A one B the Ca
2 A: Are you busy this evening? 4 A since B before C after
B: Yes. I ................................. (meet) some friends at 5 A very B far C much
eight o’clock. 6 A have been studying B had been studying
3 A: Mum ........................................ (bake) all morning. C was studying
B: I know. She ......................... (make) a lot of cakes. 7 A good B well C best
4 A: Is Simon going to school today? 8 A to get B getting C get
B: No. He ............................ (feel) ill all week, so he’s 9 A was lying B lies C is lying
going to stay in bed. 10 A passed B had passed
C has passed

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Activity
Look at the pictures and the prompts below and, in
pairs, ask and answer questions using appropriate
modal verbs, as in the example.

34 Underline the correct word. e.g. SA: Is he happy?

SB: He can’t be happy. He must be angry, etc.

1 Tony’s new job involves travelling/to travel around the A

country.
2 David is eighteen. He is too old to join/joining the
1 Is he happy?
youth club.
2 Is he a businessman?
3 We considered to go/going to France, but then we
3 Does he want
decided to go/going to Italy.
someone to help him?
4 Sarah learnt how to sew/sewing when she was eight.
4 Is he worried about
5 The thief finally confessed to steal/stealing the jewels.
something?
6 I regret to speak/speaking so angrily to my brother.
7 Try eat/eating more fruit. You will feel much healthier.
8 Mary is busy to clean/cleaning the house.
9 He would like going/to go to the cinema this evening.
10 Gary opened the door only to find/finding that there B
was nobody there.
1 Have they
jumped out of
a plane?
Complete each sentence with two to five
35 words, including the word in bold. 2 Are they
frightened?
3 Do they enjoy
1 We haven’t been on holiday for five years.
doing this?
since It’s ...five years since we went... on holiday.
4 Will they land
2 The last time she went to a party was three months ago.
safely?
been She ................................................................
a party for three months.
3 I’ve never heard such a funny joke. C
funniest It’s ....................................... I’ve ever heard.
4 How long ago did you take your driving test?
took How long ...................................................... 1 Is he at school?
your driving test? 2 Is he enjoying himself?
5 He hasn’t tidied his room yet. 3 Is he jumping up and
still He ................................................. his room. down?
6 ‘No, I didn’t take your wallet,’ the young man said. 4 Will he be told off by his
denied The young man ............................................ parents?
my wallet.
7 Mark is more energetic than his brother.
as Mark’s brother isn’t .........................................
Mark. D
8 He is interested in literature. That’s why he buys so
1 Has she been
many books.
sleeping?
finds He .................................................................. .
2 Is it late at
That’s why he buys so many books.
night?
9 Sally is the most graceful dancer of all.
3 Has the phone
as No one else .....................................................
call woken her
Sally does.
up?
10 They made me reveal the secret.
4 Is it an
was I ...................................................... the secret.
emergency?

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