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Disclaimer

This learning material is used in compliance with the flexible teaching-learning approach
espoused by CHED in response to the pandemic that has globally affected educational institutions.
Authors and publishers of the contents are well acknowledged. As such, the college and its faculty
do not claim ownership of all sourced information. This learning material will solely be used for
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College of Information and Communications Technology

 1
MODULE Computer Programming

Chapter

Introduction
to
Computer
Programming
Module Overview

This module provides lecture on the introduction to computer programming. It

covers the lessons on programming concepts, generation of programming languages, and
program development life cycle.

Learning Outcomes

By successfully completing this module, you will be able to:

1. Summarize the history of programming languages.
2. State the principles of computer programming.
3. Compare the generations of programming languages.
4. Apply the steps in the program planning and development.
Module Map

summarize the
history of
programming
languages.

Design, implement, test, and

State the principles debug a program, based on a
given specification, that uses
of computer
each of the following
programming fundamental programming
Introduction to
Computer components: (1) primitive CC102
Compare the Programming data types, (2} basic
computation, (3) simple I/0,
generations of
(4) conditional and iterative
programming
structures, (5) definition of
languages functions and parameter
passing, and (6) recursion

Apply the steps in

the program planning
and development.
Definition of Key Terms / Unlocking of Difficulties

Computer Program. Series of instructions written to perform specified task on a computer.

Programming Language. The programmer uses this tool to write or code programs.

Programmer. A person who writes, develops or debugs a computer program.

Introduction

Do you know what a programming is? Have you seen a computer program?

The term programming means to create (or develop) software, which is also called a
program. In basic terms, software contains the instructions that tell a computer—or a
computerized device—what to do.

Software is all around you, even in devices that you might not think would need it. Of
course, you expect to find and use software on a personal computer, but software also plays a
role in running airplanes, cars, cell phones, and even toasters. On a personal computer, you
use word processors to write documents, Web browsers to explore the Internet, and e-mail
programs to send and receive messages. These programs are all examples of software.
Software developers create software with the help of powerful tools called programming
languages.

You will gain understanding on how to create programs by using a programming

language. There are many programming languages, some of which are decades old. Each
language was invented for a specific purpose—to build on the strengths of a previous language,
for example, or to give the programmer a new and unique set of tools. Knowing that there are
so many programming languages available, it would be natural for you to wonder which one is
best. But, in truth, there is no “best” language. Each one has its own strengths and weaknesses.
Experienced programmers know that one language might work well in some situations, whereas
a different language may be more appropriate in other situations. For this reason, seasoned
programmers try to master as many different programming languages as they can, giving them
access to a huge collection of software-development tools.

If you learn to program using one language, you should find it is easier for you to learn
other programming languages. The key is to learn how to solve problems using a programming
approach.
 LESSON 1: History of Computer
Programming

The first computer programming language was created in 1883, when Ada Lovelace
worked with Charles Babbage on his very early mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine.
While Babbage was concerned with simply computing numbers, Lovelace saw that the numbers
the computer worked with could represent something other than just amounts of things. She
wrote an algorithm for the Analytical Engine that was the first of its kind. Because of her
contribution, Lovelace is credited with creating the first computer programming language. As
different needs have arisen and new devices have been created, many more languages have
followed.

1883: Algorithm for the Analytical Engine: Created by Ada Lovelace for Charles
Babbage’s Analytical Engine to compute Bernoulli numbers, it’s considered to be the first
computer programming language.

1949: Assembly Language: First widely used in the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator, assembly language is a type of low-level computer programming language that
simplifies the language of machine code, the specific instructions needed to tell the computer
what to do.

1952: Autocode: Autocode was a generic term for a family of early computer
programming languages. The first was developed by Alick Glennie for the Mark 1 computer at
the University of Manchester in the U.K. Some consider autocode to be the first compiled
computer programming language, meaning that it can be translated directly into machine code
using a program called a compiler.

1957: Fortran: A computer programming language created by John Backus for

complicated scientific, mathematical, and statistical work, Fortran stands for FormulaTranslation.
It is the one of the oldest computer programming languages still used today.

1958: Algol: Created by a committee for scientific use, Algol stands

for Algorithmic Language. Algol served as a starting point in the development of languages such
as Pascal, C, C++, and Java.

1959: COBOL: Created by Dr. Grace Murray Hopper as a computer programming

language that could run on all brands and types of computers, COBOL stands
for COmmon Business Oriented Language. It is used in ATMs, credit card processing,telephone
systems, hospital and government computers, automotive systems, andtraffic signals. In the
movie The Terminator, pieces of COBOL source code were used in theTerminator’s vision
display.

1959: LISP: Created by John McCarthy of MIT, LISP is still in use. It stands
for LISt Processing language. It was originally created for artificial intelligence research but today
can be used in situations where Ruby or Python are used.

1964: BASIC: Developed by John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz at Dartmouth

College so that students who did not have a strong technical or mathematical understanding
could still use computers, it stands for Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. A
modified version of BASIC was written by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. This was to become the first
Microsoft product.

1970: Pascal: Developed by Niklaus Wirth, Pascal was named in honor of the French
mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is easy to learn and was originally
created as a tool for teaching computer programming. Pascal was the main language used for
software development in Apple’s early years.

1972: Smalltalk: Developed by Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, and Dan Ingalls at Xerox Palo
Alto Research Center, Smalltalk allowed computer programmers to modify code on the fly and
also introduced other aspects now present in common computer programming languages
including Python, Java, and Ruby.

1972: C: Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs, C is considered by many to be the

first high-level language. A high-level computer programming language is closer to human
language and more removed from the machine code. C was created so that an operating system
called Unix could be used on many different types of computers. It has influenced many other
languages, including Ruby, C#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, and Python.

1972: SQL: SQL was developed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce at
IBM. SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used for viewing and changing information
that is stored in databases. SQL uses command sentences called queries to add, remove, or
view data.

1978: MATLAB: Developed by Cleve Moler. MATLAB stands for Matrix Laboratory. It is
one of the best computer programming languages for writing mathematical programs and is
mainly used in mathematics, research, and education. It can also be used to create two- and
three-dimensional graphics.

1983: Objective-C: Created by Brad Cox and Tom Love, Objective-C is the main
computer programming language used when writing software for macOS and iOS, Apple’s
operating systems.

1983: C++: C++ is an extension of the C language and was developed by Bjarne
Stroustrup. It is one of the most widely used languages in the world. C++ is used in game engines
and high-performance software like Adobe Photoshop. Most packaged software is still written in
C++.

1987: Perl: Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a scripting language
designed for text editing. Its purpose was to make report processing easier. It is now widely used
for many purposes, including Linux system administration, Web development, and network
programming.

1990: Haskell: Named after Haskell Brooks Curry, an American logician and
mathematician. Haskell is called a purely functional computer programming language, which
basically means that it is mostly mathematical. It is used by many industries, especially those
that deal with complicated calculations, records, and number-crunching.

1991: Python: Designed by Guido Van Rossum, Python is easier to read and requires
fewer lines of code than many other computer programming languages. It was named after the
British comedy group Monty Python. Popular sites like Instagram use frameworks that are written
in Python.

1991: Visual Basic: Developed by Microsoft, Visual Basic allows programmers to choose
and change pre-selected chunks of code in a drag-and-drop fashion through a graphical user
interface (GUI).

1993: R: Developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland,
New Zealand, R is named after the first names of the first two authors. It is mostly used by
statisticians and those performing different types of data analysis.

1995: Java: Originally called Oak, Java was developed by Sun Microsystems. It was
intended for cable boxes and hand-held devices but was later enhanced so it could be used to
deliver information on the World Wide Web. Java is everywhere, from computers to smartphones
to parking meters. Three billion devices run Java!
 1995: PHP: Created by Rasmus Lerdorf, PHP is used mostly for Web development and
is usually run on Web servers. It originally stood for Personal Home Page, as it was used by
Lerdorf to manage his own online information. PHP is now widely used to build websites and
blogs. WordPress, a popular website creation tool, is written using PHP.

1995: Ruby: Ruby was created by Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto, who combined parts of
his favorite languages to form a new general-purpose computer programming language that can
perform many programming tasks. It is popular in Web application development. Ruby code
executes more slowly, but it allows for computer programmers to quickly put together and run a
program.

1995: JavaScript: Created in just 10 days by Brendan Eich, this language is mostly used
to enhance many Web browser interactions. Almost every major website uses Javascript.

2000: C#: Developed by Microsoft with the goal of combining the computing ability of C++
with the simplicity of Visual Basic, C# is based on C++ and is similar to Java in many aspects. It
is used in almost all Microsoft products and is primarily used for developing desktop applications.

2003: Scala: Created by Martin Odersky. Scala is a computer programming language

that combines functional programming, which is mathematical, with object-oriented
programming, which is organized around data that controls access to code. Its compatibility with
Java makes it helpful in Android development.

2003: Groovy: Developed by James Strachan and Bob McWhirter, Groovy is derived
from Java and improves the productivity of developers because it is easy to learn and concise.

2009: Go: Go was developed by Google to address problems that can occur in large
software systems. Since computer and technology use is much different today than it was when
languages such as C++, Java, and Python were introduced and put to use, problems arose when
huge computer systems became common. Go was intended to improve the working environment
for programmers so they could write, read, and maintain large software systems more efficiently.

2014: Swift: Developed by Apple as a replacement for C, C++, and Objective-C, Swift is
supposed to be easier to use and allows less room for mistakes. It is versatile and can be used
for desktop and mobile apps and cloud services.

Most computer programming languages were inspired by or built upon concepts from
previous computer programming languages. Today, while older languages still serve as a strong
foundation for new ones, newer computer programming languages make programmers’ work
simpler. Businesses rely heavily on programs to meet all of their data, transaction, and customer
service needs. Science and medicine need accurate and complex programs for their research.
Mobile applications must be updated to meet consumer demands. And all these new and growing
needs ensure that computer programming languages, both old and new, will remain an important
part of modern life.

Synthesis
Computer programming is defined as telling a computer what to do through a special set
of instructions which are then interpreted by the computer to perform some task(s). These
instructions can be specified in one or more programming languages including Java, C, C++ and
a lot more.
A computer goes through a set of steps whose purpose is to achieve something. These
steps are instructed to the computer by computer programs. Essentialy, computer programming
is the process by which these programs are designed and implemented.
The advantages to learning computer programming include gaining new skills, being able
to tell the computer what to do, and becoming better acquainted with computers. Computer
 programming is a challenging and rewarding discipline. Whatever you plan on building, the road
ahead of you is an interesting one.

Supplementary Learning Resources

1. LearningLad. (2017). Introduction to Computer Programming | What is it? Programming
Language Types [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifo76VyrBYo&t=7s
2. freeCodeCamp.org. (2020). Introduction to Programming and Computer Science - Full
Course [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOjov-2OZ0E
3. Jeremy, A. (2013). Computer Programming 1 - Introduction to computer programming (For
the absolute beginner). In YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT4CemTAjAg
4. Double D. (2019b). 5 Basic Concepts of Programming [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quW5dAGpXiU&t=322s
 NAME:
PROGRAM / YR / BLK:
COURSE CODE / TITLE: AEC9 – Business Logic
TIME / DAY:
CHAPTER1

Self-Assessment Questions 1-1

1. Briefly discuss the history of computer programming. (10 pts.)

 LESSON 2: Generations of Computer
Programming Languages

Programming languages have been developed over the year in a phased manner. Each
phase of developed has made the programming language more user-friendly, easier to use and
more powerful. Each phase of improved made in the development of the programming languages
can be referred to as a generation. The programming language in terms of their performance
reliability and robustness can be grouped into five different generations:

2.1. First Generation Language (Machine language)

The first-generation programming language is also called low-level programming

language because they were used to program the computer system at a very low level of
abstraction. i.e. at the machine level. The machine language also referred to as the native
language of the computer system is the first-generation programming language. In the machine
language, a programmer only deals with a binary number. It is difficult to understand, write as
well as modify. Because how do you understand when an instruction is supposed to be written
like “00011100101010”. The whole process of writing, updating codes are also time consuming
since it requires a lot of calculations to write anything in the form of binary. The first-generation
programming language doesn’t require any translator or converter to run the codes by a
machine. So, the codes are very fast and efficient. But for each type of processor, it requires
its own type of language. This is the reason that the first generation of programming languages
are also known as the machine dependent language.

Advantages of First-Generation Language

• They are translation free and can be directly executed by the computers.
• The programs written in these languages are executed very speedily and efficiently by
the CPU of the computer system.
• The programs written in these languages utilize the memory in an efficient manner
because it is possible to keep track of each bit of data.

2.2. Second Generation Language (Assembly Language)

The second-generation programming language also belongs to the category of low-

level- programming language. The second-generation language comprises assembly
languages that use the concept of mnemonics for the writing program. In the assembly
language, symbolic names are used to represent the opcode and the operand part of the
instruction. The instructions are written in the form of mnemonics to simplify the program. To
execute these instructions, all mnemonics are converted into binary form with the help of a
translator known as the assembler. The program written using mnemonics is called source
program and the translated binary form of the source program is called object program.
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is commonly used to
translate the source program into the object program. The second generations of programming
languages are still used to write programs for electronic controls using microprocessors like
computerized copier machine, computerized telephone billing etc.

Advantages of Second-Generation Language

• It is easy to develop understand and modify the program developed in these languages
are compared to those developed in the first-generation programming language.
• The programs written in these languages are less prone to errors and therefore can be
maintained with a great case.

2.3. Third Generation Languages (High-Level Languages)

The third-generation programming languages were designed to overcome the various

limitations of the first- and second-generation programming languages. The languages of the
third and later generation are considered as a high-level language because they enable the
programmer to concentrate only on the logic of the programs without considering the internal
architecture of the computer system.

In the third generations of programming languages, English language with symbols

and digits were used to write the programs. The third generation programming languages are
also known as high-level languages. FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL, PASCAL, PROLOG, C,
C++ etc are the commonly used high-level programming languages.

In order to execute the instructions or programs written in third generation language,

the source program is to be translated to the binary form. This is done by a compiler or
interpreter. The compiler is also used to translate source program to object program and the
interpreter is also used for translation, but it translates the program line by line.

For example, C language uses a compiler to translate the programs written in C

language to machine understandable language. To execute the source program, it is also
necessary to create an executable program to execute those instructions by linking the input
and output devices in the program. The program which performs this job done is called linker.
The linker links the input-output devices and generates an executable program from an object
program.

Advantages of Third Generation Programming Language

• It is easy to develop, learn and understand the program.

• As the program written in these languages are less prone to errors, they
are easy to maintain.
• The program written in these languages can be developed in very less time
as compared to the first- and second-generation language.

2.4. Fourth Generation Language (Very High-level Languages)

The languages of this generation were considered as very high-level programming

languages required a lot of time and effort that affected the productivity of a programmer. The
fourth-generation programming languages were designed and developed to reduce the time,
cost and effort needed to develop different types of software applications.

The fourth generations of programming languages basically referred to the software

packages which are mostly written in one of the high-level languages like C, C++, JAVA, Python
for any specific application. Here, a user can perform a task without writing any programs. The
user only has to enter the command which calls the specific program that is available in the
package.
 Oracle, SQL, MS Word, PageMaker, AutoCAD etc are some of the most commonly
used fourth-generation packages. These programs are specially developed for performing
some specific task and they are also referred as Application Software. You can also make use
of coding tests to hire developers of the all the generations of programming languages.

Advantages of Fourth Generation Languages

• These programming languages allow the efficient use of data by implementing the
various database.
• They require less time, cost and effort to develop different types of software
applications.
• The program developed in these languages are highly portable as compared to the
programs developed in the languages of other generation.

2.5. Fifth Generation Language (Artificial Intelligence Language)

The programming languages of this generation mainly focus on constraint

programming. The major fields in which the fifth-generation programming language are
employed are Artificial Intelligence and Artificial Neural Networks

Advantages of Fifth Generation Languages

• These languages can be used to query the database in a fast and efficient manner.
• In this generation of language, the user can communicate with the computer system
in a simple and an easy manner.

Supplementary Learning Resources

1. Techno Creats. (2017). Generations of programming languages [YouTube Video]. In

YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFcYll6uJCo
2. Simply Coding. (2019). Generation of Computer [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqgpZ_v4Ne8
 NAME:
PROGRAM / YR / BLK:
COURSE CODE / TITLE: AEC9 – Business Logic
TIME / DAY:
CHAPTER1

Self-Assessment Questions 2-1

1. Give at least two (2) programming language in each generation and discuss them
briefly. (20 pts)
 LESSON 3: Programming Concepts

The concepts discussed here are essential knowledge to anyone who wants to become
skilled in computer programming. While some are not universal, these concepts are present in most
computer programming languages and/or are a fundamental part of the programming process.

3.1. Source code

The actual text used to write the instructions for a computer program. This text is then
translated into something meaningful the computer can understand.

3.2. Compiler

A software tool that translates source code into data that the computer can understand.
Specifically, a compiler is used to turn source code into object code. The object code is then
passed through a program called a linker which turns it into an executable program.

3.3. Data type

The classification of pieces of information in a program. The amount of different data

types varies between languages. Typically, there are data types for integers (whole numbers),
floating-point numbers (numbers with a decimal part), and single characters. To distinguish
between different data types, a computer uses special internal codes.

3.4. Variable

A container which represents a value in a program. Variables can store different types
of data including numeric values, single characters, and text strings. The value of a variable
can change all throughout a program.

3.5. Constant

The same thing as a variable with one major difference - the value of a constant does
not change, while the value of a variable can change all throughout a program.

3.6. Conditional

A set of code that will execute only if a certain condition is true. Conditionals are used
to test expressions and perform certain operations accordingly. For example, you could test a
 number input by the user and if it is too high print the message "The number entered is to high"
and the program exits. Thanks to conditionals, a program can work differently every time it runs.

3.7. Array

A special type of variable used in many programming and web languages including
PHP, Javascript, and Java that contains a list of related values. For example, a colors array
would contain a list of colors.

3.8. Loop

A segment of code that executes repeatedly based on a certain condition. Loops are used
to perform tasks repeatedly a certain amount of times. For example, if you needed to print the
numbers 1 to 10. You can use a loop for this task instead of manually printing all the numbers.

3.9. Function

A set of code used to carry out specific tasks. A function can take parameters
which will affect its output as well as return values. Functions prevent unnecessary
redundancy because you can use them as much as needed instead of retyping some
code over and over. For example, if you need to multiply two numbers, instead of doing
the calculation manually every time, you can supply the data to a function through some
parameters which will do it for you.

3.10. Class

A template for a real-world object to be used in a program. For example, a programmer

can create a car class which represents a car. This class can contain the properties of a car
(color, model, year, etc.) and functions that specify what the car does (drive, reverse, stop, etc.).
Classes are used in object-oriented programming.

Supplementary Learning Resources

1. Finch, E. (2016). Intro to Programming: Concepts [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbFoZhC_wdY
2. Double D. (2019a). 5 Basic Concepts of Programming [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quW5dAGpXiU
 NAME:
PROGRAM / YR / BLK:
COURSE CODE / TITLE: AEC9 – Business Logic
TIME / DAY:
CHAPTER1

Self-Assessment Questions 3-1

1. What are the elements of a program? (5pts)

2. Discuss the different data types used in programming and give valid example. (5pts)
3. Differentiate do-while, while and for loop. (5pts)
4. What is the difference between a function and a class and give examples? (5pts)
 LESSON 4: Program Development Life Cycle

When we want to develop a program using any programming language, we follow a

sequence of steps. These steps are called phases in program development. The program
development life cycle is a set of steps or phases that are used to develop a program in any
programming language. Generally, program development life cycle contains 6 phases, they are
as follows….

• Problem Definition
• Problem Analysis
• Algorithm Development
• Coding & Documentation
• Testing & Debugging
• Maintenance

Figure 1. Program Development Life Cycle Model

4.1 Problem Definition

In this phase, we define the problem statement and we decide the boundaries
of the problem. In this phase we need to understand the problem statement, what is
our requirement, what should be the output of the problem solution. These are defined
in this first phase of the program development life cycle.
4.2 Problem Analysis

In phase 2, we determine the requirements like variables, functions, etc. to

solve the problem. That means we gather the required resources to solve the problem
defined in the problem definition phase. We also determine the bounds of the solution.
4.3 Algorithm Development

During this phase, we develop a step by step procedure to solve the problem
using the specification given in the previous phase. This phase is very important for
program development. That means we write the solution in step by step statements.

4.4 Coding & Documentation

This phase uses a programming language to write or implement actual

programming instructions for the steps defined in the previous phase. In this phase,
we construct actual program. That means we write the program to solve the given
problem using programming languages like C, C++, Java etc.,

4.5 Testing & Debugging

During this phase, we check whether the code written in previous step is solving
the specified problem or not. That means we test the program whether it is solving the
problem for various input data values or not. We also test that whether it is providing
the desired output or not.

4.6 Maintenance

During this phase, the program is actively used by the users. If any
enhancements found in this phase, all the phases are to be repeated to make the
enhancements. That means in this phase, the solution (program) is used by the end
user. If the user encounters any problem or wants any enhancement, then we need to
repeat all the phases from the starting, so that the encountered problem is solved, or
enhancement is added.

Supplementary Learning Resources

1. Alyssa joy salazar. (2014). Program Development Life Cycle [YouTube Video]. In
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YV6ykfG1nQY
2. Destin Learning. (2019). What Are The Steps of the Software Development
Lifecycle? [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNmrGZSGK1k
3. FuseupTech. (2020). FuseupTech [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8q1r99CUs4
 NAME:
PROGRAM / YR / BLK:
COURSE CODE / TITLE: AEC9 – Business Logic
TIME / DAY:
CHAPTER1

Self-Assessment Questions 4-1

1. Discuss the stages the stages in the program development process ( 10 pts)

2. If will develop an application program, what would it be? State your reasons. (10 pts)
 NAME:
PROGRAM / YR / BLK:
COURSE CODE / TITLE: AEC9 – Business Logic
TIME / DAY:
CHAPTER1

Assignment

1. Create an infographic timeline of the history of programming language.

2. Briefly explain why it is necessary for programmers to follow the sequence of steps of the
program development life cycle – especially programmers working for real clients in the
business world.
3. Discuss the following scenario: Joe’s Electronics Company needs a new program to better
manage their inventory. They need a report each day that shows what products were sold
during the day and the quantity available at that time. Using the PDLC model, show how
the project should be developed.
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