Pranayama and Bhakti Yoga Increased Pain Tolerance in Mantra Japa Mantra Japa

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Increased pain tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special reference to

Pranayama and Bhakti Yoga
Article in International Journal of Research · November 2018
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International Journal of Research e-ISSN: 2348-6848
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Increased pain tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special

reference to Pranayama and Bhakti Yoga
Acharya Balkrishna1, Kuldeep Singh2*, Kirti Maurya3, Paran Gowda4
1
Secretary General, Patanjali Yogpeeth, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Contact no: +01334-240008; Email: [email protected]

2
Head, Dental Clinic & Research Centre, Patanjali Ayurved Hospital, Patanjali Yogpeeth Haridwar,
India.
Contact no: +91 9760095217; Email- [email protected]

3
Research Scholar, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Contact no: +91 7417214765 ; E-mail: [email protected]
4
Professor, University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
Contact no: +91 8755366622; Email: [email protected]
Abstract:
Yoga practices to assess the pain tolerance to be both positive and negative effects on
especially in dental pain when compared to oral health. Based on these results, it can be
control group. The bhakti yoga methods said that Yoga is a non drug, non invasive
such as AUM chanting, Mantra Japa, and cost effective method which has
Prayer and Meditation have increased the therapeutic intervention and protective
pain tolerance level of the patients. Based effects on pain tolerance levels. The
on Cohen’s formula, the selected clinical beneficial effects of Yoga as seen in this
sample size is 32 with and without bhakti study may be assumed that adoption of Yoga
yoga practitioners. The statistical ‘t’ test is on long term basis. However, considering
applied to analyze the data by using SPSS. the small sample size, limited methodology,
Significant changes in pain tolerance values and the potential heterogeneity, further
are found at p<0.001.The findings are extensive, large- scale, and long term
discussed and compared with the findings of studies are necessary to support our
other researchers on pain. The OHQoL –UK findings.
is compared with our percentage of oral
health changes. The percentages are found
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Key words: Dental pain, Bhakti yoga, However, yoga also involves focused
Pranayam, Pain tolerance.
attention and has been shown to improve
1. Introduction
mood and depression (Woolery et al.
The practice of yoga in India was
2004; Lavey et al. 2005; Shapiro et al.
documented as early as 3000 BC. The term
2007). Both attentional and emotional
'yoga' is obtained from Sanskrit word ‘yuz’
factors influence pain perception (Wiech et
or in other words as signifying 'union'.
al. 2008). Furthermore, yoga practitioners
Yoga is said to be for motivation behind
are encouraged to adopt an emotionally
joining the brain, body and soul. Yoga
detached observation of the present moment
focuses on body, breathing and mind
and, accordingly, yoga has been shown to
(Kumar et al. 2013) this is accomplished by
improve mindfulness scores (Brisbon and
Asanas (exercise postures), pranayama
Lowery 2011), which are also associated
(breathing techniques) and meditation
with improved pain tolerance (Kingston et
(Cramer et al. 2013).
al. 2007).
Several studies have directly examined yoga
Oral maladies keep on being a noteworthy
as a potential treatment for pain and found
medical issue around the world (Petersen et
evidence for the beneficial and safe use of
al., 2005). Dental caries and periodontal
yoga to alleviate different painful conditions
diseases are among the most important
(Wren et al. 2011; Posadzki et al. 2011;
global oral health problems, although other
Nambi et al. 2014). These studies have often
conditions like oral and pharyngeal cancers
assumed that the benefits of yoga stem from
and oral tissue lesions are also of significant
its effect on the musculoskeletal system (e.g.
concern. Oral health is integral to general
increase in strength and flexibility).

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well-being and relates to the quality-of-life procedure, experienced less pain during
.Dental caries, gingivitis & periodontal drilling and extraction type procedures while
disease are the three most common chronic patients with low-anxiety predicted actual
human diseases, which finally results in level of pain which they experienced during
painful dental conditions (Petersen et al., the procedures. Patients of anxiety expected
2003).. more pain in treatment, than they experience
less pain during treatment, while they

Most of the physicians say cause of pain is
experienced more anxiety and fear than
triggering stimulus, if it is removed then the
fearless samples (Arntz et al. 1990). As per
pain will also reduce (Gulati, & Loh, 2011).
studies carried out by Liddell & Locker
In toothache it is difficult to bite, chew,
(2006), indicates that female patients report
concentrate in the day time and sleep in the
more levels of dental anxiety than males.
night, there for many patients are worried
Further, the same authors indicate that the
about their dental pain and treatment. A non-
younger patients show more dental anxiety
clinical study (Vassend, 1993) based on
than older people. Pain tolerance defer with
anxiety, pain and discomfort associated with
age, gender and race results show in a
dental treatment, shows result of two
research (Woodrow et al. 1972) conducted
samples, by using Corah’s Dental Anxiety
on 41,119 subjects for a year by determining
Scale. A significant correlation of 0.32 -
the mechanical pressure on the Achilles
0.48 range founded between dental anxiety
tendon. From this studies there were three
and dental pain. Another study (Kent, 1984)
findings 1.women pain tolerance level is
also concluded the same findings that those
lesser than men, 2. Pain tolerance level
patients expected more anxiety in dental

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decreases with the age and 3. white people theory of yoga. In our studies, we have
can tolerate more pain than Orientals. In all covered the dental pain tolerance levels,
these studies, the impact of yoga was not while most of the studies mentioned above,
considered in pain tolerance. A study (Tul et doesn’t reflect the dental pain tolerance
al. 2010), conducted on seven adult patients levels, but they do cover the anxiety and
after 8 week yoga program, based on depression levels before and after the
observation and in-depth interview, they procedures. So we made an attempt in this
concluded that pain’s sensory aspects did paper to incorporate bhakti yoga techniques
not change through yoga but it is helpful to of increasing the pain tolerance levels.
control the pain. ISKON movement on

2. Materials & Methods
Krishna consciousness, (Dines, 2015) speaks
The required sample size was obtained
bhakti concept in the form of Nada - Brahma
using Cohen’s formula (Kenny,1986) for an
or the sacrilege of sound for Krishna
effect size of 0.46 and with an alpha value of
devotees. Bhakti yoga methods are most
0.05, powered at 0.90 using G power
enjoyable and helpful methods for reducing
program (Telles, et al. 2008). A sample size
anxiety (Telles et al. 2009). Krishnamurthy
of 32 is decided which is considerably more
& Telles (2007) defines Bhakti as
than 21 required. A comparative study has
“surrendering to a Supreme or Higher
been made on 32 patients (M-23, F-9) aged
Power” and it’s an important part of Yoga
32.696 ± 9.732, selected out of 40 patients
philosophy. However, they have considered
from Dental Clinic and Research Center,
it as a philosophical statement indicator for
Haridwar, through random sampling. The
reducing the anxiety levels along with the
participants were divided into two groups,

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each group having 16 patients. Group 1 patients for rate their pain as 0 for none pain,
participants were practicing yoga and bhakti 1,2,3 combined for mild pain,4,5,6 for
yoga on daily basis for about 10 minutes on moderate, 7,8,9 for severe and 10 number
meditation, mantra japa, Aum chanting and intolerable pain.
prayer for a month’s time. Subjects who are

Assessment of Bhakti practices
practicing yoga for more than one year are
Assessment of dental pain patients is done
only selected for the study. The feedback
by using four practices;
was also received even after a month’s time
of bhakti practices. Group 2 participants  Aum Chanting
were those who were not involved practicing

In ancient India, it was believed that
Yoga. In both groups, there are 3 types of
universe has been derived from the sound
pain levels – gum, teeth and root canal
vibrations of the word AUM and it is a
treatment measured in the visual analog
symbol of super power. A study on Aum
scale of none (0), mild (1,2.3), moderate
(Telles et al, 2009) conducted on 300
(4,5,6), severe (7,8,9) and 10 (unconscious).
participants, shows significant reduction of
They were requested to fill a questionnaire
14.7% in anxiety levels after Yoga practice
developed by dentist and Yoga expert, for
including AUM chanting, Asana and
the assessment of dental pain tolerance by
Pranayama. Another study (Dhanya, 2015)
yoga and bhakti yoga. Six questions were
conducted on 60 older adults selected from
framed for Yoga and pain assessment
old age home in Tamilnadu India shows
separately, 3 of them were based on visual
significance of p≤0.05 and found that AUM
analog scale, which was described to
meditation was effective on improving

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subjective well being among older adults.
Based on these findings, we have assessed  Meditation
the dental pain tolerance levels using the

Meditation is the concentration on any
visual analog scale (from 0 to 10) and facial
object or thought (Kirkwood et al. 2005).
pains (0- No hurt, 1-2, Hurts little bit, 3-4
The practice of breathing techniques such as
hurts little more, 6-7, hurts even more, 8-9
meditation on breath will reduced breathing
hurts whole lot, 10- hurts worst).
rates, the tolerance level is found to be on
raise. A statistical analysis (Kabat-Jinn et al.
 Mantra Japa 1985) find significant reduction of chronic
pain observed as negative body image,

Mantra Japa is a repetition of positive words
present moment pain, inhibition of activity
silently which produces harmonious and
by pain, symptoms, mood disturbance and
resonant waves, which first affects our
psychological symptomatology including
emotions and then behavior. A significance
anxiety and depression after practicing
level (Pradhan, B., & Derle, S.G., 2012) of
mindfulness meditation for ten week. The
p≤0.001 found between Gaytri Mantra Japa
result was also compared with a control
and poem learning among 60 school
group in this study. The control group
students (boys 30 and girls 30) for the age
patients did not get significant improvement.
group of 12-15 years. We have used this
The assessment is done based on daily
Bhakti technique in assessing the pain
meditation for 10 minutes for the tolerance.
tolerance levels. As mentioned above, we
have used the analog and facial pains for  Prayer
assessing the dental pain

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Prayer is worship to the almighty. The non Yoga groups and their pain tolerance,
participants were given universal prayer, the degrees of freedom is 15 and the
such as – “Om, Sarve bhavantu sukhinah, standard deviation to the variance mean is
Sarve santu niramayah, Sarve bhadrani ±6.28 and the non Yoga group it is ±5.57.
pasyantu, Ma kashchit dukha bhagbhavet, The data obtained from the SPSS analysis is
Om Shantih, Shantih, Shantih”,it is shown in the bar diagram (Figure 1) where it
translated as- May all be prosperous and is explicitly clear that with practice of Yoga
happy, May all be free from illness, May all the pain tolerance is higher than the non
see what is spiritually uplifting, May no one practice group. Difference of 1.73% in pain
suffer. Om Peace, Peace, Peace. This prayer tolerance level found between Bhakti Yoga
is repeated both in the morning and evening Group and Control Group.
in a group for about 10 minutes. The

4. Discussion
feedback received very increasing. A
Regular and long-term practice of yoga may
correlation study (Dezutter, & Corveleyn,
improve pain tolerance, according to a
2011) done on 202 patients with chronic
recent study. Findings from the study also
pain fund that prayer is significantly related
show that yoga practitioners have more gray
with pain tolerance but not with pain
matter in multiple brain regions compared
severity.
with individually matched people who did
3. Result
not practice yoga. There are many types of
The data presented in Table 1, shows pains in the physical body level. Dental pain
significant difference (2 - tailed) at p<0.001. is very much a different pain like Achilles
While comparing groups- Yoga group and pain in the literature (Woodrow et al.1972).

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Achilles pain was measured by Automated from none to extreme in the scale Each item
Multiphase Screening Examination unlike in thus could be scored on a scale from 1 to 9.
the dental pain where it is measured using a Summing up the individual item responses
psychological questionnaire scale. Dental would generate an overall OHQoL – UK
pain is measured in the term of score with possible scores ranging from 16
psychological scale Visual Analog Scale to 144 (McGrath, and Bedi, a 2001, b 2002).
(VAS), none-0, mild-1, 2,3, modrate-4,5,6, The post yogic study respondents perceived
severe-7,8,9 and 10 for unconscious. This their oral health has changed their quality of
scale is little modified at the level 10 as life. This supports earlier findings of the
unconscious or maximum limit of pain studies done in Britain using the same items
leading to unconscious state. The dental pain of OHQoL measure. Though the clinical
relief through yoga and bhakti yoga method, sample size is small, the validation requires
we have used the Oral health related quality repeated trials to prove the reliability of the
of life – UK items which includes the data. However, the findings by Pradeep, and
physical, social and psychological domains. Pushpanjali, (2014) support our study. As
Each of these oral health questions was reported by Pradeep and Pushpanjali (2014)
scored first on effect with response ranging some other studies claimed that with oral
from good to bad effect on the quality of health did not bring the desired effect
life. The respondents were asked to rate the (Murariu et al. 2014; Caglayan et al., 2009).
impact of each effect on the scale ranging In their individual or with social
from none to extreme impact by the way of interactions, perhaps, the OHQoL has the
incorporating an individual weighing factor dimensions of both positive and negative

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effects on oral health. Further, our findings tools to tolerate more pain, and this
may be related to the model proposed by increased pain tolerance could be mediated
Melzack (1999), Rome and Rome, (2000) through autonomic activation of the insular
disused about neuro matrix model. As per cortex. The strategies used by yogis,
the model, the brain is a dynamic entity including breathing techniques, focusing on
involved in the processing of pain. The sensations without reacting, relaxing the
processing includes inhibition, modulation, mind or body, and accepting pain, are all
and excitation through sensory, thalamic, part of yoga training and are similar to
limbic, hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) mindfulness practice that has been shown to
and cortical pathways. This model also improve pain tolerance (Kingston et al.
discusses about Oral Health Quality of Life 2007). Yoga practitioners are encouraged to
in term of bio psychosocial paradigm which adopt an emotionally detached observation
includes psychological, somatic and social of the present moment and, accordingly,
aspect of life. These three aspects are also yoga has been shown to improve scores on
discussed in the form of 16 questions of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory
OHQoL-UK. In our findings also the same (Brisbon and Lowery 2011).
oral health questionnaire Table 2 was used

Yoga practitioners tolerate more pain
and compared with the findings of Pradeep
and have more brain GM in multiple cortical
and Pushpanjali (2014).
regions related to affective pain processing,
The strategies used by yoga practitioners to pain regulation and attention than do
tolerate pain, it appears that it is the yoga individually matched controls. Nevertheless,
training itself that equips individuals with only the increased GM in the insular cortex

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correlated with the higher pain tolerance insula, from nociceptive input in the
across groups. Further, the results of our posterior insula to autonomic integration in
exploratory whole-brain regression analysis the midinsula to subjective feelings in the
indicate that the duration of yoga practice anterior insula (Craig 2011)., The results of
positively correlated with GM volume in the post operated patient’s shows the pain
left insular cortex, suggesting that yoga decrease from 60 to 30 percentages while
practice contributed to the anatomical the pain tolerance level increased when
differences, rather than the yoga compared to control groups. The study
practitioners having fundamentally different carried out by Villemure et al. (2014) shows
brains before beginning to practice yoga. In that insulator gray matter untimely
addition to GM differences, the WM tract correlated with pain tolerance and it is
running along the posterior/anterior length positively correlated with Yoga experiences.
of the left insular GM showed signs of The experimented study improves the pain
higher integrity, indicating an increased tolerance level in Yoga practitioner.
intrainsular connectivity. We also observed

5. Conclusions
that yoga practitioners, but not control
This study confirms the useful role of Yoga
subjects, used cognitive strategies involving
in managing the dental pain. Significant
parasympathetic activation and interoceptive
changes in pain tolerance values are found at
awareness to tolerate pain. These types of
p<0.001. Based on these results, it can be
strategies constitute an integral part of yoga
conclude that Yoga is a nondrug, non
practice. Since other studies show a
invasive and cost effective method which
sequential processing of pain in the human
has therapeutic intervention and protective

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effects on pain tolerance levels. The There are declaring that there are no relevant
beneficial effects of Yoga as seen in this conflicts of interest.
study may be assumed that adoption of

Funding
Yoga on long term basis. However,
No external source of Funding
considering the small sample size, limited
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Table 1: Pair Sample Statistics
Group Mean N Std. T Df Sig. (2-

Deviation tailed)
Yoga Group 29.4375 16 6.28192 4.155 15
0.001
Control 19.5000 16 5.57375

Group

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Table 2: Comparative studies of OHQoL of the present study with Pradeep Y. &
Pushpanjali (2014) study.
Aspect of Oral Impact on Quality of Life (%)
Health
None Little Moderate Great Extreme
S.No. Items Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present Pradeep’s Present
study Study study Study study Study study Study study Study
data data data data data
1. Eating 21.8 10 24.6 23 32.9 32 19.3 24 1.4 11
2. Appearance 14.7 18 22.2 20 37.2 35 22.0 20 3.9 7
3. Speech 24.5 8 22.0 35 31.3 30 20.3 24 1.9 6
4. General 61.6 40 10.1 20 18.5 25 9.0 13 0.8 2
Health
5. Comfort 36.1 20 20.4 22 30.1 38 10.2 17 3.1 3
6. Breath 32.2 42 22.2 19 30.2 28 15.1 9 0.4 2
Odor
7. Social Life 55.6 25 14.2 10 18.6 40 11.1 20 0.5 5
8. Romantic 57.4 20 11.8 22 20.9 29 9.3 21 0.7 8
Life
9. Smile 20.2 18 26.8 21 29.3 37 21.0 16 2.7 7
10. Usual 67.7 32 10.5 37 12.0 25 9.1 5 0.7 1
Work
11. Finance 58.6 30 15.6 18 20.6 37 4.1 12 1.1 3
12. Confidence 32.2 25 23.5 31 28.2 30 15.1 9 1.0 5
13. Lack of 58.8 23 13.9 18 17.8 36 8.9 14 0.6 9
Worry
14. Sleep 29.8 21 18.9 23 27.7 33 22.5 13 1.1 10
15. Mood 68.8 16 9.0 19 15.9 34 6.2 30 0.1 1
16. Personality 66.2 13 10.4 32 15.0 29 8.2 24 0.2 2
Fig 1: Pain tolerance level of Yoga and Control group
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Increased pain tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special reference to

Article in International Journal of Research · November 2018

Herbal Remedies for Pain Relief in dental care View project

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Increased pain tolerance in dental patients by Yoga with special

Contact no: +01334-240008; Email: [email protected]

Contact no: +91 9760095217; Email- [email protected]

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2003).. more pain in treatment, than they experience

less pain during treatment, while they

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observation and in-depth interview, they procedures. So we made an attempt in this

control the pain. ISKON movement on

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meditation, mantra japa, Aum chanting and intolerable pain.

prayer for a month’s time. Subjects who are

of bhakti practices. Group 2 participants  Aum Chanting

were those who were not involved practicing

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subjective well being among older adults.

Based on these findings, we have assessed  Meditation

the dental pain tolerance levels using the

raise. A statistical analysis (Kabat-Jinn et al.

 Mantra Japa 1985) find significant reduction of chronic

pain observed as negative body image,

have used the analog and facial pains for  Prayer

assessing the dental pain

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Om Shantih, Shantih, Shantih”,it is shown in the bar diagram (Figure 1) where it

in a group for about 10 minutes. The

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Multiphase Screening Examination unlike in thus could be scored on a scale from 1 to 9.

psychological questionnaire scale. Dental would generate an overall OHQoL – UK

incorporating an individual weighing factor dimensions of both positive and negative

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in term of bio psychosocial paradigm which adopt an emotionally detached observation

discussed in the form of 16 questions of the Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory

oral health questionnaire Table 2 was used

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exploratory whole-brain regression analysis the midinsula to subjective feelings in the

addition to GM differences, the WM tract correlated with pain tolerance and it is

higher integrity, indicating an increased tolerance level in Yoga practitioner.

intrainsular connectivity. We also observed

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beneficial effects of Yoga as seen in this conflicts of interest.

study may be assumed that adoption of

Therapy, 28(1), 29-41.

medical data procurement and interpretation. hatha yoga practitioners. Journal of

We are thankful to Scientists of Patanjali Religion and Health, 50(4), 931-941.

team members. Patol Oral Cir Bucal, 14(11), e573-e578.

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[4]. Craig, K. D. (1984). Psychology of evaluation. In Essentials of Pain

pain. Postgraduate medical journal, 60 Management (pp. 57-74). Springer, New

(710), 835. York, NY.