FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

COURSE CODE : BDA 10203

COURSE NAME : Engineering Mechanics Statics

SEMESTER : Semester 1

SECTION : Section 15 & 16

LECTURER : Puan Sulastri Binti Sabudin

TITLE :Project Sem 1 ( Truss Bridge)

Group Members:
1. AHMAD FAIDHI BIN TABRI (CD180053)
2. MOHD FIRDAUS BIN ZAINUDIN (CD180095)
3. FAIZ IZZUDDIN BIN ABDUL HALIM (CD180043)
4. KAMARUL SYAFIQ BINTI KAMARULZAMAN (CD180099)
ABSTRACT

This group project for the subject BDA10203 Statics is a requirement for Year 1
student evaluation under the course Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering with Hons in
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. The results and analysis done by this project is by all
means of fulfilling course credit requirements and have no relation nor influence to any
outside sources and data.

The objective of this project is to design the structure of a Bridge. Students are
required, in groups of 4 or 5, to design a structure of their own by applying the knowledges
gained in Statics. The project is conducted by studying the available examples of structures
and extracting the physics behind those structures, and using the knowledge to create a new
one. Analysing methods learnt in Statics are then used to improve or strengthen the design
that was created.

The design for the structure chosen to conduct this project is the truss bridge. Based
on these, research was done on its structure and the types of forces analysis that can be done.
The methods of study include structural analysis of the stability, resultant forces and
moments, studying trusses and also the distribution of forces of the bridge along a straight
line.

Based on this study, more knowledge upon the subject of Statics was obtained by the
students as the ability to apply the knowledge was shown into the production of this report.
INTRODUCTION

A bridge is a structure built to across an obstacles such as a river, road, or chasm , for

the purpose of providing vehicles or people over the obstacle. There are many different
designs of bridges in this world, all caters to similar functions but works differently in terms
of Physics. Some examples of the design of bridge are suspension bridge, truss bridge and
cable-stayed bridge. Each design has a particular purpose and apply to different situations.
Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the bridge, the nature of the terrain
where the bridge is constructed and anchored, the material used to make it, and the funds
available to build it.

For this project, the design of the bridge is focused on the idea of a truss. A truss is a
structure composed of slender members joined together at their end points. In order to design
both member and the joints of a truss, it is required to calculate the force in each truss. For
bridges, it is important to calculate the distribution of load thus enabling us to estimate the
maximum load can be supported by the bridge.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

How does a bridge mechanism work in order to withstand a given load?

OBJECTIVE

The objective of making this bridge is to apply simple truss in the bridge and to build
a bridge that can withstand the load given.
METHODOLOGY

Concept:

Truss bridges generally adapts the concepts of using triangles. The load bearing
structure of a truss bridge is completely made up of trusses, which are structures connected in
the form of triangles. The connected beams are usually subjected to forces of tension or
compression, and some could be of zero force members, which does not play a part in the
main frame structure to hold in forces of tension or compression, but at any moment holds the
structure rigid when a load is applied, avoiding the structure from rotating.

Truss bridge is among the oldest bridge type that is still used in the world today. It is
still considered as among those having the best state-of-the-art designs. This structure tends
to hold up well for a long time. As it uses small timbers or beams of metal because of
economical build, the trusses would be light, but is strong enough to handle loads because of
the ridged triangles that are an integral component of its designs.

Other than these, truss bridge has been the preferred structures over other types that is
their versatility to be constructed in places where construction could be difficult, such as
locations needing long span of areas like deep trenches. Moreover, it does not take much
effort to create a suitable environment for these bridges to be properly installed. Even in the
areas where it might be impossible and difficult to build such a structure, truss bridges can
allow for a strong span and can still effectively hold heavy amounts of traffic. Truss bridge
can be built conveniently to connect over railways and between mountains.

Truss bridges can be built under extreme conditions. They can be built quickly in
places where many other types cannot, linking areas that other types will not work in. This is
definitely a huge advantage when it comes to using these bridges. Therefore, in this project,
we were required to propose 3 designs for the bridge and choose the best truss bridge
depending on the calculation of truss for the bridge to be constructed.
Designs

First design

Second design

Third design
Procedure Of Our Project

 By using the Simple truss calculation, determine the best sketch diagram to be
construct out as model to resist the mass of 5kg without break.

 First, use two size of the ice cream stick which has long 11cm, 15cm and with 0.9cm,
1.8cm to construct a bridge same as the sketch diagram that been chooses.
 Next, using hot glue gun to glue all the joint of connection of all ice cream stick.
Make sure the process of glue must be quick because the glue will not stick after it
cooled.

 After been glue, let it cool for a moment before proceed to glue next connection.
 The length of the bridge been construct must be 60m long, and with the width of
11cm.
RESULT

After we discussed, all of our members approved the third design which is the Howe
Truss design. Howe truss is a type of bridge design that was introduced by an American
architect William Howe.

It utilizes similar design such as Pratt truss, but with a strong difference. Here the
diagonal structural beams slope toward the bridge center, while Pratt truss utilizes diagonal
beams that slope outward from the center of the bridge. This approach makes diagonal
members of Howe truss bridge in compression, while vertical web members are in tension.

William Howe was born in Spencer, Massachusetts, on May 12, 1803. After working
as an apprentice in his father’s sawmill, he enrolled and graduated as an engineer at Leicester
Academy in Leicester, Massachusetts. After several years of buildings homes and churches,
in 1840 he managed to finally focus on his dream projects building bridges. That same year
he designed his first railroad bridge over the Connecticut River utilizing never before seen
truss design that he devised. This Howe Design was purchased by his employer Amasa Stone
for exclusive use in New England, where he created hundreds of bridges with this design
approach.

Howe made numerous smaller improvements to his design and patented them under
new Howe Truss design in 1846.

The result was recorded when the load 49.05N were applied on the Howe Truss we
builded. The truss can withstand the load well and without breaking or bending the truss.
 ANALYSIS

49.05 N
B E

A F

C D

∑ Fx =0

Ax=0

∑ Fy=0

Ay + Dy – 49.05 = 0 …..Eq 1

+ ∑MA = 0

(Dy*60) + (-49.05* 20) =0

60Dy -981 = 0

Dy= 16.35

Sub Dy=16.35 into Eq 1

Ay + Dy -49.05 =0

Ay + 16.35 -49.05 = 0

Ay= 32.7
At Joint G

GB

GA G GE

∑ Fx =0

GE -32.69 = 0

GE= 32.69

∑Fy = 0

GB -(-49.05) = 0

GB = -49.05

Ans: GE = 32.69

GB = -49.05
 D

20 cm

A C
30 cm B 30 cm

∑ Fx = 0

Ax = 0

∑ Fy = 0

Ay + Cy -49.05 = 0 ….Eq 1

∑ MA = 0
+

(Cy * 60) + (-49.05 * 30) = 0

60Cy -1471.5 = 0

60Cy = 1471.5

Cy = 24.52

Sub Cy =24.52

Ay + Cy – 49.05 = 0

Ay + 24.52 – 49.05 = 0
Ay = 24.53

At joint A

A
B

∑ Fx = 0

AB + ( 30/36.05)AD = 0

AB = -0.832 AD …Eq 1

∑ Fy = 0

24.52 + (20/36.05)AD = 0

24.52 + 0.55AD = 0

0.55AD = -24.52

AD = -44.58

Sub AD= -44.58 into Eq 1

AB = -0.832 (-44.58)

= 37.09
 B D F I K

A L
C E G H J
10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm 10cm

24.52 N 49.05 N 24.52 N

At joint A B

A
C

∑ Fy =0

24.52 – FAB sin 60 = 0

FAB = 28.31

∑ Fx =0

FAC – FAB cos 60 = 0

FAC = FAB cos 60

FAC = 14.2
At joint B

B
D

∑ Fx =0
FBA sin 30 – FBD = 0
(28.31) sin 30 = FBD
14.2 = FBD

∑ Fy = 0
FBA cos 30 – FBC = 0
28.31 cos 30 = FBC
24.52 = FBC
At joint C

A E
C

∑ Fy = 0
FCB – FCD sin 60 = 0
FCD = 24.52/ sin 60
FCD = 28.31

∑Fx = 0
FCE – FCD cos 60- FCA = 0
FCE – 28.31 cos 60 – 14.2 = 0
FCE = 14.2 + 14.2
FCE = 28.4
At joint D

B F

∑ Fy = 0
FCD + FDE = 0
28.31 cos 30 + FDE = 0
24.52 + FDE = 0
FDE = -24.52

∑ Fx = 0
FBD + FCD sin 30 =0
FBD = -28.31 sin 30
FBD = -14.2
At joint E

D
F

C G
E

∑ Fy = 0
-FDE + FEF sin 60 = 0
-(- 24.52) + FDF sin 60 = 0
24.52 + 0.8660 FEF = 0
FEF = -24.52/0.8660
FEF = -28.31

∑Fx = 0
FCE – FEG + FEF cos 60 = 0
28.4 – FEG + 0.5(-28.31) = 0
28.4 – FEG – 14.2 = 0
-FEG = -28.4 +14.2
-FEG = -14.2
FEG = 14.2
At joint F

F
D

E
G

∑Fy = 0
FEF cos 30 + FFG = 0
-28.31 cos 30 + FFG = 0
-24.52 = -FFG
24.52 = FFG

∑Fx = 0
FDF + (-28.31) sin 30 = 0
FDF = 14.2

DISCUSSION
Source of Error
  When making the bridge, the amount of hot glue been used to glue the joint of the ice
cream stick is not constant. This will cause the strength of the joint that hold the
bridge may be slightly different.
 Zero error also have to been consider in this project.
 Reading may occur error due to the method of measure the length, height and width is
using normal ruler.

Step to Overcome

1. Using the same among of hot glue by measure the volume used is constant at every
part of the connection joint.
2. To avoid parallax error while reading scale , make sure use the inner scale of the ruler
and read the scale with eye perpendicular to the reading.
3. Use the vernier caliper to take the reading, also using the formula which is (Actual
Reading= Total reading – Zero error) to get the actual and correct reading.

In our project, we choose the third sketch to construct out as the prototype to do the
experiment whether can receive the 5kg load on it without break. This is because after using
simple truss calculation, we found that if we assume the load apply (5kg) is at the joint point
C, the truss members at joint C will share the total force of the weight more equally than the
other two sketch. This make all the truss members more stable and hard to break when the
load is apply to it. Also in this calculation we found that member truss CL and CJ is 0N force
because of the system is already achieve equilibrium. The other joint D is also sharing the
same result as the joint C because two of them are same and equal. Hence, this make the
bridge became more strong and stable.

CONCLUSION
As conclusion, the objectives were achieved. We can say that the structure of the bridge
applied will affected the tensed or compressed the trusses are. In this experiment, we used the
load with 49.05N to evaluate the data from the trusses. From this experiment, we learnt the
criteria about the structure ability to carry load with variety mass safety. We also learnt how
to calculate the theoretical result as we studied in structural analysis module. Through this
experiment, we know that the different results of the experimental value and theoretical value
may affect by many factors such as parallax error, the environment condition, the digital
meter faulty and also the wear-and-tear of equipment used.

In order to complete the project effectively, we divided our work to each of the group
members. We learnt how to design our bridge and have our teamwork in structuring the
bridge in getting our experimental reading and through this project, we gained the new
knowledge and more understand about structural analysis skills. This project also improve
our knowledge about the application of engineering in practical application and enhance the
technical competency in structure engineering through laboratory application.

REFERENCES
1) Braja M. Das, Mechanics for engineering statics, J Ross Publishing, China, 2010.
2) Russell C. Hibbeler, Structural Analysis, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2002.
3) Russell C. Hibbeler, Engineering Mechanics Statics. Tenth Edition, Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 2004.

ATTACHMENTS
 MINIT MESYUARAT 1

Pembahagian Tugas Bagi Projek Pembinaan Replika

Jambatan

Tarikh: 20 November 2018

Masa: 8.30 Malam

Tempat: Kafe Kolej Kediaman Tun Syed Nasir

Kehadiran :

1. Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri (K)

2. Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarulzaman
3. Firdaus Bin Zainudin
4. Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim

Bil Agenda Tindakan

1 Ucapan Ketua Projek  Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

 Mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua ahli

kerana menghadiri mesyuarat .
 Perjumpaan kali pertama ini diadakan bagi
membahagikan tugas kepada ahli-ahli bagi
memudahkan kerja pembinaan projek.
2 Perlantikan AJK  Kesemua Ahli
Projek Pembinaan
Pengerusi : Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri Replika
Setiausaha : Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman
Bendahari : Firdaus Bin Zainudin
AJK :
 Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim
3 Penetapan Harga Barang  Firdaus Bin Zainudin
  Setiap ahli dikenakan RM 6.00 seorang bagi
membeli peralatan dan bahan bagi membuat
replika.

Mesyuarat akan ditangguhkan sehingga 24 November 2018

Disediakan Oleh :

------------------------------

(Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman)

Setiausaha , Projek Pembinaan Replika,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia ,

86400 Parit Raja , Batu Pahat .

Disemak dan disahkan oleh :

-------------------------------

(Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri)

Pengerusi , Projek Pembinaan Replika.

ATTACHMENTS
MINIT MESYUARAT 2

Mesyuarat Kali Kedua Bagi Projek Pembinaan Replika

Tarikh : 24 November 2018

Masa : 8.30 Malam

Tempat: Kafe Kolej Kediaman Tun Syed Nasir

Kehadiran :

1. Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

2. Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman
3. Firdaus Bin Zainudin
4. Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim

Bil Agenda Tindakan

1 Ucapan Ketua Projek  Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

 Mengucapkan terima kasih kepada

semua ahli projek yang menghadiri
mesyuarat
 Perjumpaan kali kedua ini diadakan
bagi membincangkan jenis “Truss”
yang ingin digunakan untuk projek
2 Pemilihan “Truss”  Semua Ahli Projek

 Ada banyak Truss yang boleh

digunakan bagi membina replika ini ,
tetapi hanya 3 Truss yang telah
disenarai pendekkan .
 Hasil buah fikiran Firdaus Bin
Zainudin “Camelback Truss” telah
dipilih sebagai Truss yang akan
 digunakan
3 Pengutipan Wang  Firdaus Bin Zainudin

 Seperti yang telah ditetapkan pada

mesyuarat sebelum ini kutipan wang
sebanyak RM 6.00 telah pun dikutip

Disediakan Oleh :

------------------------------

(Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman)

Setiausaha , Projek Pembinaan Replika,

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia ,

86400 Parit Raja , Batu Pahat .

Disemak dan disahkan oleh :

-------------------------------

(Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri)

Pengerusi , Projek Pembinaan Replika.

MINIT MESYUARAT 3
Tarikh: 5 Disember 2018

Masa: 10 pagi

Kehadiran:

1. Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

2. Mohamad Firdaus Bin Zainudin
3. Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman
4. Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim

Bil Agenda Tindakan

1 Semakan semula minit mesyuarat sebelum ini Ketua Kumpulan
2 Kedatangan Mengambil kedatangan
3 Laporan Bajet : Dipersetujui Kesemua
 Disediakan di dalam laporan Ahli
 Setiap ahli memberikan RM10
4 Pembinaan Jambatan  Faidhi
 Firdaus
 Faiz
 Kamarul
5 Pemberitahuan tentang mesyuarat yang akan 8 Disember 2018
diadakan pada tarikh

6 Bersurai pada pukul 5 petang Mesyuarat akan

dating bertujuan
untuk mencuba
jambatan

Disediakan oleh :
-----------------------

Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman

Setiausaha Kumpulan

Disahkan Oleh :

-----------------------

Ahmad Faidhi BinTabri

Ketua Kumpulan
 MINIT MESYUARAT 4

Tarikh: 7 Disember 2018

Masa: 10 pagi

Kehadiran:

1. Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

2. Mohamad Firdaus Bin Zainudin

3. Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman

4. Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim

Bil Agenda Tindakan

1 Semakan semula minit mesyuarat sebelum ini Ketua Kumpulan
2 Kedatangan Mengambil Kedatangan
3 Membuat “Finishing” pada jambatan -Faidhi
-Firdaus
-Faiz
-Kamarul
4 Percubaan jambatan -Kesemua Ahli Kumpulan
 Jambatan mampu menampung 10kg Beban
5 Pemberitahuan tentang mesyuarat yang akan diadakan 10 Disember 2018
selepas ini
6 Bersurai pada pukul 5 petang Mesyuarat akan datang akan
diadakan untuk
pembahagian tugas
menyediakan laporan
Disediakan oleh :

------------------------

Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman

Setiausaha Kumpulan

Disemak Oleh :

-----------------------

Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

Ketua Kumpulan
 MINIT MESYUARAT 5

Tarikh: 10 Disember 2018

Masa: 10 pagi

Kehadiran:

1. Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

2. Mohamad Firdaus Bin Zainudin

3. Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman

4. Faiz Izzuddin Bin Abdul Halim

Bil Agenda Tindakan

1 Semakan semula minit mesyuarat sebelum ini Ketua Kumpulan
2 Kedatangan Mengambil kedatangan
3 Membincangkan tentang tugas masing-masing bagi Ditentukan oleh ketua
menyiapkan laporan kumpulan
4 Tiada lagi perjumpaan selepas ini , ini merupakan -
perjumpaan terakhir .

Disediakan Oleh : Disemak Oleh :

----------------------- ------------------------

Kamarul Syafiq Bin Kamarul Zaman Ahmad Faidhi Bin Tabri

Setiausaha Kumpulan Ketua Kumpulan