TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – MANILA

GROUP SEATWORK 1&2

INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

CE407 – CE42S1

SUBMITTED BY:

LESTER DASALLA 1911631

CLAIRE JASMIN A. HIPOLITO 1610319
LAICA T. POBLETE 1520095

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. JOHN CARLO R. SAMARITA

DATE
MAY 19, 2021
 Earthquake Risk Assessment,
A Case Study on Laoag Earthquake 1983

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

ABSTRACT: A magnitude 5.3 earthquake (Ml) on the Richter Scale and an intensity of VII on the
Rossi-Forel Scale struck the province of Ilocos Norte on August 17, 1983. The tremor could be felt up
to 400 kilometers away from the epicenter. This earthquake was one of the most powerful
earthquakes to strike North-western Luzon in 52 years, and it was likely the second largest
earthquake to strike Laoag City and its immediate vicinity in recorded history. According to a review
of sources, the earthquake caused several natural hazards, including tectonic movement, ground
shaking, liquefaction, and landslides. The incident is effectively known as a catastrophe since it
resulted in billions that significantly affects different infrastructure costs. This earthquake claimed the
death of 16 people and injured 47 others. This paper investigates the specifics of the notorious
August 1983 Laoag Earthquake, including the complexities of hazards and vulnerability in the tragedy
that followed, a compilation of the lessons learned, and some suggestions for potential use.

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Photo: (Left) Epicenter of the 1983 Laoag City Earthquake in the Philippine Map.
(Right) damaged reinforced-concrete columns of the heavily damaged eight-storey
Philippines Veterans Bank Building, Laoag City.

On the evening of August 17, 1983, an earthquake of Intensity VII (Rossi-Forel Scale),
Magnitude 5.3 (Richter Scale), devastated the province of Ilocos Norte. It was felt at 8:17 pm, and the
tremor can be felt up to approximately 400 kilometers away from the epicenter, in the vicinity of
Laoag City, the capital of Ilocos Norte. Local reports indicate that the earthquake was also felt in
other provinces in Luzon, such as Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Southern Luzon. These other
cities felt the tremor and recorded varying intensities: Vigan, Ilocos Sur (Intensity VI), Aparri, Cagayan
(Intensity V), Baguio, Benguet (Intensity IV), Dagupan, Pangasinan (Intensity III), Metro Manila
(Intensity III), and Puerto Galera, Occidental Mindoro (Intensity I).
1.1 Land Area and Geography
Laoag is in the west-central portion of the province of Ilocos Norte, near the West Philippine
Sea. The Municipality of Sarrat borders it on the east; the Municipality of San Nicolas borders it on
the southeast; the Municipality of Paoay borders it on the southwest; the Municipality of Vintar
borders it on the northeast; the Municipality of Bacarra borders it on the northwest, and the South
China Sea borders it on the west. It is one of the largest cities in Ilocos Norte. The city's land area is
approximately 116.08 square kilometers or 44.82 square miles, accounting for 3.35% of the total area
of Ilocos Norte.

1.2 Population and Demographics

The population was 111,125, according to the 2015 Census. It is accounted for 18.74 percent
of the total population of Ilocos Norte province, or 2.21 percent of the Ilocos region. Based on these
estimates, the population density is 957 people per square kilometer or 2,479 people per square mile.

The majority of the ethnic population is Ilocano, with the Aglipayan Church being the primary
religious grouping, followed by Iglesia ni Cristo and other Protestant communities. In the city of Laoag
in the year 2000, the population of Urban Barangay San Lorenzo was 2,883, followed by Rural
barangay Buttong at 2,277, and then by Barangay 2 Santa Joaquina at 2,048. Rural Barangay 39
Santa Rosa, 592, had the fewest residents, followed by Barangay 52-A San Mateo, 594. The
population of Barangay 23 San Matias has decreased by 740 people.

1.3 Industry and Livelihood

Laoag City, with a total land area of 12,747.35 hectares, offers tremendous potential for
economic growth. Laoag is listed as an ecotourism hub by the Department of Tourism due to its
historic scenic tourist spots, internationally competitive lodging and services, and supporting national
government agencies. The Northwestern Luzon Growth Quadrangle also aims to develop rural areas
through an integrated countryside agri-industrial development approach with emphasis/focus on
achieving sustainable and equitable growth; increasing agricultural and fisheries productivity; and
encouraging industrial competitiveness in local and international markets, which will highlight the
Ilocano people's and local industries' rich cultural heritage. Agriculture accounts for most land use in
Laoag City, accounting for 9,949.29 hectares (78.05 percent), and in Laoag City, accounting for
9,949.29 hectares (78.05 percent). Rice, mongo, corn, vegetables, sugar cane, watermelon, peanuts,
tobacco, root crops, and, most notably, garlic and onions are among the crops grown. Laoag and its
neighboring communities still have a sizable workforce. At the moment, the majority of the city's
industries are small-scale, consisting of small-scale food-processing factories, rice mills, jewelry-
making, hollow block factories, and metal crafts. The city is also at the forefront of green energy, as
Danish investors built Southeast Asia's first wind-powered power plant, the Bangui Wind Farm. The
25-megawatt power plant cost USD 47.6 million. Concurrently, an $11 million US dollar expansion is
being built to quadruple capacity. Laoag City has a total forest area of 262 hectares. These are
located in the northern and eastern parts of Laoag City, respectively. Basil forest is the most well-
known forest zone in the city, located in the mountains' eastern area.

1.4 Income level and socioeconomic profile

In terms of per capita income and the Human Development Index, Laoag City is one of the
richest cities in the country. Located at the northernmost point of the Northwestern Luzon Growth
Quadrangle. The city also has a comprehensive banking system, with twenty-five separate local,
domestic, and international banks ready to serve any financial needs. Aside from that, it has a fairly
defined socioeconomic profile. As previously mentioned, its primary industries and sources of income
are tourism and agriculture. Here are some economic indicators that make Laoag City one of the
richest cities in the country:
Average Family Income: P140,565.00
Average Family Expenditure: P110,006.00
Labor Force Population: 65,179
Labor Force Participation rate: 60.25%
Employment Rate: 94.23%
Number of Establishments: 5,684
Number of Hotels/Inn/Lodging: 31
Number of Banks: 33
Crime Solution Efficiency: 95.23%
 CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF EARTHQUAKE HAZARD AND DISASTER

2.1 Earthquake Hazard

According to the United States Geological Survey, an earthquake hazard is associated with an
earthquake that may affect people's everyday activities; this includes surface faulting, ground
shaking, landslide, liquefaction, tectonic deformation, tsunamis, and seiches. The earthquake was
classified as tectonic, and it was triggered by significant movements along the fault line that runs
through the Ilocos area. It was linked to the April 1976 earthquake that jolted Southern Mindanao.
PAGASA Chief Roman Kintarar stressed that Laoag and the neighboring Ilocos Norte regions and
the western coast of Luzon are earthquake-prone areas. Two earthquakes were reported in the
Ilocos area several days before the August 17 earthquake; one on August 11, Intensity V, and one on
August 13, Intensity II.

2.1.1 Sand boils

A sand boil is a sand and water mixture that emerges onto the ground surface during an
earthquake due to shallow-depth liquefaction. Several sand boils were reportedly observed in Laoag
City's Barangay Zamboanga, Pasuquin's Barangay Puyupuyan, and Paoay's Barangay Calayab.
Their craters range in size from a few centimeters to 2.5 meters. Sand blows, also known as sand
boils, are spouts of hydrated sand caused by mild to extreme earthquakes. This connate water, which
was entrapped in the interstices of sediments during deposition, may have come from either the
South China Sea or the Laoag River.

2.1.2 Landslides
Landslides are a form of "mass wasting," which refers to any down-slope movement of soil and
rock caused by gravity. Earthquake shaking and other causes may also trigger underwater
landslides. Several earthquake-induced landslides were observed along with road cuts where the
slopes were steep to very steep. This condition had been exacerbated by long rainy days, a lack of
vegetation to keep the soil in place, and moderately weathered and indurated rocks. Landslides
struck the Sarong Valley in Vintar and the Patapat Mountains in Pagudpud, both in Ilocos Norte. A
landslide buried 45 houses in the Alsem and Surog barrios. On August 19, Laoag City Mayor Rodolfo
C. Farias ordered the suspension of classes to allow inspectors to inspect school buildings with wall
cracks. Education Minister Onofre D. Corpuz stated that regular classes in all schools in Ilocos Norte
had not been suspended but that 150 schools had sustained minor damage and that the Ministry of
Education kept a close eye on international students who might have been affected by the tremor.
Officials from the city have ordered the closing of movie theaters so that they could audit their
systems.

2.1.3 Shear Fractures

According to the article "Learning Geology," A shear fracture, also known as a slip surface, is a
fracture where the relative displacement is parallel to the fracture. The term shear fracture refers to
fractures with small (mm- to dm-scale) displacements, while the term fault refers to discontinuities
with larger offsets. A sloping road pavement was observed along J. P. Rizal Street in Laoag City
regarding the vital tremor. Gaping stress fractures were also found along the Vintar-Bacarra Road
and the asphalt pavement on the southern approach to the Bacarra Bridge. A gaping step tension
fracture was discovered along the Vintar Poblacion-Tamdagan route. Along seashores, riverbanks,
and alluvial fans, numerous irregular cracks and tiny fissures were discovered.
2.2 Earthquake Disaster and Impact

2.2.1 Infrastructure and built environment

Several reinforced concrete buildings either completely collapsed or suffered significant
structural damage that rendered them unrepairable. The collapse of the majority of the damaged
buildings can be due to shear and compressional waves, which trigger horizontal and vertical
stresses. Structures and the Laoag River flood plain and reclaimed stream channels are the most
severely damaged in Laoag City. The City Engineer's Office condemned these structures. Almost all
of the damaged buildings in the city had reinforced concrete frames. The majority of the exterior walls
and internal partitions were constructed of hollow concrete blocks. However, there are several
buildings with wood partitions.

In a survey of the Defense Ministry done three days after the earthquake, they identified 87
major structures destroyed by the quake, and 212 others were partially damaged. Initial estimates
made by Vice Governor Roque Ablan Jr; the damages were estimated at 50 million pesos. In an
unusual assessment, Public Works Minister said that the damage to Ilocos Norte was only minimal,
that only a small number of commercial, residential, and government buildings were damaged.
According to the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) report, Laoag City registered the most significant
number of collapsed and severely damaged infrastructures, including commercial buildings, municipal
and school buildings, libraries, museums, and private houses. The towns of San Nicolas, Bacarra,
Currimao, Batac, Vincar, and Sarrat, President Marcos’ hometown. In Laoag City, the initial survey
identified three buildings collapsed, and five bridges destroyed, 12 other structures damaged,
including two churches and dozens of houses. Succeeding reports indicate almost 40 buildings were
damaged, many of which were newly constructed. Three bridges from Laoag City to Sarrat town
collapsed, and a 25-meter portion of the highway caved in. Significant buildings in the city that
suffered included the Llanes Building, Benson Building, Yabes and Juan Building, Goodwill Building,
Linus Building, Dempson Building, Tecson Chemical Storage House, the Laoag City Sinking Tower,
the Philippine Veterans Bank, and the Laoag City International Airport.

2.2.2 Human health and safety

The earthquake occurred at 8:17 pm and surface wave magnitude 5.3. It was the most
powerful earthquake to hit the Philippines in seven years. The shaking lasted 20 seconds and was
extensively damaged seven of the cities. The tremendous damage occurs in Pasuquin town, Sarrat,
and Batac in Ilocos Norte. Early reports claimed 17 were killed and 80 injured, but these figures were
later revised down to 16 and 47, respectively. The four-storey building collapsed, and salespeople
inside waited for 17 hours to be saved. One man was rescued only to die in the hospital.

2.2.3 Vulnerable communities

The towns of Sarrat, Bacarra, and San Nicolas followed Laoag as the most devastated in the
11 towns in the province affected by the earthquake. In Sarrat, the Marcos hometown, damaged
structure included the Sta. Monica Church, convent, bell tower, town hall, Edralin Bridge, the
Welcome Arch, the Marcos Museum, the People’s Center, the municipal town hall, and schools and
health centers.1293 The Sta, Monica Church was the site of the televised wedding of presidential
daughter Irene Marcos and businessman Greggy Araneta, collapsed on both ends, destroying the
altar and choir loft; the bell tower was heavily damaged.
 CHAPTER 3
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO SEISMIC VULNERABILITY

According to Confirm and Spence (2002), seismic vulnerability refers to the degree of loss to
the given element at risk resulting from the occurrence of an earthquake event. Vulnerability is the
weakness of an area, whether it's human-social, physical, economic, and environmental. The seismic
vulnerability can give us the value of quantity and knowledge to evaluate the expected damage from
the future earthquake. In this chapter, we're going to discuss the contributing factor to the seismic
vulnerability of Laoag City to August 17, 1983, Laoag Earthquake.

3.1 Geographical Location

Photo: (Left) The Ilocos Norte in Philippine Map.

(Right) Laoag City in the Ilocos Norte

According to the NAMRIA report (2020), the Philippines is an archipelago made up of 7,641
islands with a total area of a 300,000-kilometer square. It is situated in the Pacific Ocean near the
equator. It lies in the ring of fire that makes it vulnerable to different natural disasters such as
typhoons, volcanic hazards, and earthquakes. Add the fact, according to the site UNDP, that the
Philippines is still considered a poor country as there are wide disparities when it comes to quality of
life that put people unprepared when natural disasters come such as an earthquake.

Laoag city, known as the capital of Ilocos Norte Region, is a coastal city situated at the west-central
part of the Ilocos Norte Province bordering the West Philippines Sea and the South China Sea. It lies
at the east of Manila Trench makes it vulnerable to the enormous magnitude of earthquakes. Most of
the structures in Laoag City are historical structures that are prone to extensive damage when
earthquake event occurs. Among the provinces in the Philippines, Laoag city also experiences
typhoon or heavy rainfall which make it vulnerable to landslide as the local report said before August
17, 1983, Laoag Earthquake occur a prolonged heavy rain.
3.2 Seismic History
From 1862 up to 1981, fifty-six earthquakes have hit and damage Laoag City. The strongest
among these was recorded on March 19, 1931. It was reportedly had an intensity of VII-IX, which
leaves a vast amount of damages in the city. Before the August 17 earthquake, two tremors were
recorded on the (Intensity V) and the thirteenth (Intensity II) of August 1983. These were said to be
foreshocks of the intensity VII earthquake (Macalincag, T. G., personal communication). The August
17 Earthquake made the damage from the 1931 Batac Earthquake worsen.

The Bacarra Bell Tower (photo on the left) is an

antique tower that was erected in the 1930s by Fr.
Bergier. It is a 50-meter-tall and a three-storey tower
having a very thick wall. Its base is measured 16x16
that narrows to the top. The bell tower was damaged
during the earthquake on March 19, 1931, which made
the tower lean. Another earthquake followed on August
17, 1983, which worsen the damage to the tower. It was
the time that the tower finally collapsed from a three-
storey tower to a two-storey tower.

Photo: Damaged Bacarra Bell Tower

3.3 Substandard Construction

According to the PHILVOLCS report, several numbers of reinforced concrete structures were
found either totally damaged or sustained significant structural damage that unrepairable by August
17, 1983, Laoag Earthquake.
Some buildings are found not engineered well. And the urban planning is not good enough,
knowing that there are structures situated near the Laoag River flood plain and along the stream
channel in Laoag City that experienced more significant damage by the 1983 Laoag Earthquake.
Most all the damaged structures in the area were of the reinforced concrete frame. Most of the
external walls and internal partitions were of hollow concrete blocks. Although, some buildings are of
wood partitions.
Substandard Construction might lead to the collapse of a building when an earthquake event
occurs. According to the Lawinsider dictionary, the building has a tendency to be totally damaged
when it fails to comply with the minimum standard set forth by any other provisional codes.
Photo: Damaged buildings in different towns in Laoag City by 1983 Laoag Earthquake
 CHAPTER 4
IMPORTANT FACILITIES AFFECTED BY THE DISASTER

4.1 Important Facilities

The 1983 Laoag Earthquake was a destructive event that damages lots of historic structures. It
brings tremendous sadness since Laoag City's attractive assets to tourism are those historic
structures. And it commemorates them to their ancestors. An estimate made by Vice Governor
Roque Ablan Jr., the vice governor at that time, the estimated damages were worth 50 million pesos.
It has been claimed by the Defense Ministry via a survey that 87 major structures were totally
damaged by the earthquake, and 212 others were partially damaged. A sloping road pavement was
observed along J.P Rizal Street in Laoag City. Gaping stress fractures were doing along the Vintar-
Bacarra Road. A gaping step tension failure was found along the Vintar-Poblacion-Tamdagan route.

Among the essential structures affected by the 1983 Laoag Earthquake is Yabes Juan
Department Store Building, Golden Hardware Building, Laeno Building, Avenue Lumber and
Hardware, Philippine Veterans Bank Building, Teresita Building, Philippine National Bank Building,
Shirley Building, Far Eat Building, Sunrise building, Isabel building, SE Asia Building, Julian Building,
Pichay’s Building, Castro Building, Mique Residences, Gerardo Building, E. Ang Residences, and
San Nicolas Kaunlaran building.

Historical churches have a massive impact not just on the life of every people also on the
economy of every place. Also, these are vulnerable that can be damage specifically by the
earthquake. These historical churches in Laoag City and other towns have surpassed many years
before being totally damaged by the 1983 Laoag Earthquake. These are said to be Laoag Cathedral,
Sinking Bell Tower, San Nicolas Church, and Bell Tower, Bacarra Church, and Bell Tower in Bacarra,
Sta. Monica Church and Bell Tower in Sarrat, Vintar Church in Vintar, and Burgos Bojeador
Lighthouse.

Some essential facilities, especially to the officials, didn't spare from being damaged by the
1983 Laoag Earthquake. These are Sarrat Municipal Hall, Vintar Municipal Hall, and the late
President Ferdinand Marcos' guesthouse. As for the schools, the San Nicolas Academy has also
been damaged.
 CHAPTER 5
LESSONS LEARNED AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Lessons Learned

Since the Philippines is in the ring of fire, it is vulnerable to different calamities, and
earthquakes can occur to happen in the future. We can't predict when or where the earthquake and
calamities will happen. Therefore we have learned to be prepared at all times. Below are some
lessons that we learned from the Laoag Earthquake in 1983.

5.1.1 Adherence to the code can pay dividends in the long run
Since the NSCP was published in 1972, there are some structures that are lack plans or not
engineered well, especially the historical structure that was built centuries ago. Therefore the lesson
from this disaster is that the flexural yielding of the wall is in the code of NSCP can help to reduced or
minimized the damages in the structure caused by the impact of the earthquake. According to the
PHILVOLCS report, there are some reinforced concrete structures that have been totally damaged or
sustained major damage that can't be repaired, like the Bacarra Bell Tower that has been hit two
times by the earthquake, if this historical structure were fully engineered and checked by the engineer
this structure must be saved from the earthquake in 1931 and 1983 in Laoag City.

5.1.2 Structural retrofitting can be a potential solution

Structural retrofitting can be an option to help to improve the structures that have been
already erected and built centuries ago that concerns with seismic vulnerability. The codes kept
updating by the time changes. This can improve the flexibility of the structure. This can help people to
be less worried about the possibility of collapsing structures when another earthquake will occur
when the magnitude arises.

5.1.3 Preservation of national heritages is important

We can’t predict how strong the earthquake when another earthquake will occur in the future.
Laoag City is one of the largest cities in Ilocos Norte. Laoag has a lot of historical structures and
essential facilities that bring damages a lot by the earthquake in 1983. This brings sadness to the city
of Laoag because the historical churches have a massive impact on the people's life. So this must
me preserve, and also it brings a tourist attraction to Laoag like the Bacarra Bell Tower. To order to
protect the historical churches and structures, structural retrofitting can help to preserve the structure
and well maintain checked by the engineer.

5.2 Recommendations
The Laoag Earthquake in 1983 that we felt proved that to be one of the strongest
earthquakes that occur in Laoag City, but this lesson should not be understated. We should keep in
mind that there are different hazards that cause by the impact of the earthquake this is a
recommendation of the researchers.

i. Learn from the lessons of the Laoag Earthquake in 1983

There are some lessons mentioned above from the earthquake event. These are
the codes of NSCP, structural retrofitting, the national heritage, and preservation of the
structures. We should use the codes properly and apply them to the structures, and
improved in time changes. The retrofitting should be applied to the historical structure to
preserved its history. This lesson is to reduce more damages in the future when an
earthquake in the future.
ii. Be aware of the risks and be prepared at all times.
Since we already experienced the earthquake, we should be alert and prepared all
the time. The government should have seminars or activities that promote awareness in the
event of an earthquake. These drills should be pursued. Duck, cover, and hold should
practice in this event and go to the safest place. People should take note to be calm and
prepared emergency kits for future use. This can help when an actual earthquake arises.

iii. Practice measure of disaster risk reduction

There is a seismic safety checklist (i.e., PHILVOLVS' How Safe is my House?).
This can be used when doubting the foundation of the structure. This can be used to rate
the vulnerability of the Philippines Veterans Bank Building, Bacarra Bell Tower, and also
the other structures in Laoag City. Through this survey, the people will be aware and
informed when a structure is in good condition. And also, they may ask some professional
civil engineer for advice to strengthen the structure, or they need to be evacuated as soon
as possible.
 REFERENCES

• Santiago, N.G and Rillon, E.A (December 1983): Assessment on the effects of the August 17,
1983 Earthquake in Laoag City: Bureau of Mines and Geo-sciences.
• Valenzuela, R.G. and Garcia, L.C. (10 October 1983) Laoag Earthquake of 17 August 1983
Summary Report: PAGASA.
• (n.d.). USGS Earthquake Hazards Program.
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0001xr0/region-info
• Very strong mag. 6.5 earthquake (n.d.). VolcanoDiscovery: volcanoes worldwide – news, info,
photos, and tours to volcanoes and volcanic areas, earthquake information /VolcanoDiscovery.
https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/earthquakes/quakeinfo/3052491/mag6quake-Aug-17-1983-
Luzon-Philippines.html
• Philippine Institute of volcanology and seismology (Phivolcs), dost, Republic of the Philippines
– Chan robles virtual law library. (n.d.). ChanRobles and Associates Law Firm: Home of
ChanRobles Virtual Law Library : chanrobles.com – chanrobles.com.ph.
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• E-physico-SOCIO economic profile | Neda RO-I – Ilocos Region. (n.d.). NEDA RO-I – Ilocos
Region | Government Organization. https://ilocos.neda.gov.ph/e-physico-draft-2/
• Seismic vulnerability assessment: Reinforced concrete structures. (n.d.). SpringerLink.
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-642-35344
• About the Philippines. (n.d.). UNDP in Philippines. https://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines
• Bacarra Bell tower. (n.d.). Vigattin Tourism (ARTICLES) – Philippines.
https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/
• Law insider. (n.d.). Law Insider. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/substandard-building13
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

One of the authors, Lester Dasalla, is a 4th-year student taking up a

Bachelor of Science major in Civil Engineering at Technological Institute of
the Philippines-Manila. He is the Vice President for External Affairs in
American Concrete Institute Philippines TIP Manila student Chapter. He is
currently residing in Blk 9 Lot 2 Barn Owl St. Phase 2A Monteverde Royale
Subd. Brgy. San Juan Taytay, Rizal. He may be contacted at this email
[email protected] or through her number 0939 442 7541.

Claire Jasmin Hipolito is a 4th-year student taking up a Bachelor of Science

major in Civil Engineering at Technological Institute of the Philippines.
She's currently residing in Phase 7B Blk 38 Lot 47 Pkg 2, Barangay 176
Caloocan City, Philippines. She likes to read until she comes up with an
idea to write. You can contact her in this email [email protected] or
you through her number +639282770946.

Laica Poblete taking up a Bachelor of Science major in Civil Engineering at

Technological Institute of the Philippines, is a 4th-year student. She likes to
draw different structures and characters in anime. She’s residing in 1047
unit E Gerardo st. Balic Balic, Sampaloc, Manila. She may be contacted in
EmailEmail: [email protected] or through her number
09994149792.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors wish to thank Engr. John Carlo R. Samarita for the class lectures and references.

“I accept responsibility for my role in ensuring the integrity of the work submitted by the group in which I
participated.”