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Loops: Syntax

Loops allow code to be executed repeatedly as long as a condition is met, which can save time and reduce errors compared to writing out repetitive code. Strings are used to represent text data in Java and provide many useful methods like length(), indexOf(), toUpperCase(), and concatenation. Special characters in strings must be escaped using the backslash character to avoid errors.

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Bogdan Chindris
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22 views9 pages

Loops: Syntax

Loops allow code to be executed repeatedly as long as a condition is met, which can save time and reduce errors compared to writing out repetitive code. Strings are used to represent text data in Java and provide many useful methods like length(), indexOf(), toUpperCase(), and concatenation. Special characters in strings must be escaped using the backslash character to avoid errors.

Uploaded by

Bogdan Chindris
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Loops

Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is reached.

Loops are handy because they save time, reduce errors, and they make code
more readable.

Java While Loop


The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition
is true:

Syntax
while (condition) {

// code block to be executed

In the example below, the code in the loop will run, over and over again, as
long as a variable (i) is less than 5:

Example
int i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

Try it Yourself »
Note: Do not forget to increase the variable used in the condition, otherwise
the loop will never end!

The Do/While Loop


The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the
code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it will repeat
the loop as long as the condition is true.

Syntax
do {

// code block to be executed

while (condition);

The example below uses a do/while loop. The loop will always be executed
at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code block is
executed before the condition is tested:

Example
int i = 0;
do {

System.out.println(i);

i++;

while (i < 5);


Java Strings
❮ PreviousNext ❯

Java Strings
Strings are used for storing text.

A String variable contains a collection of characters surrounded by double


quotes:

Example
Create a variable of type String and assign it a value:

String greeting = "Hello";

Try it Yourself »

String Length
A String in Java is actually an object, which contain methods that can
perform certain operations on strings. For example, the length of a string can
be found with the length() method:

Example
String txt = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

System.out.println("The length of the txt string is: " + txt.length());

Try it Yourself »
More String Methods
There are many string methods available, for
example toUpperCase() and toLowerCase():

Example
String txt = "Hello World";

System.out.println(txt.toUpperCase()); // Outputs "HELLO WORLD"

System.out.println(txt.toLowerCase()); // Outputs "hello world"

Try it Yourself »

Finding a Character in a String


The indexOf() method returns the index (the position) of the first occurrence
of a specified text in a string (including whitespace):

Example
String txt = "Please locate where 'locate' occurs!";

System.out.println(txt.indexOf("locate")); // Outputs 7

Try it Yourself »

Java counts positions from zero.


0 is the first position in a string, 1 is the second, 2 is the third ...

String Concatenation
The + operator can be used between strings to combine them. This is
called concatenation:

Example
String firstName = "John";

String lastName = "Doe";

System.out.println(firstName + " " + lastName);

Try it Yourself »

Note that we have added an empty text (" ") to create a space between
firstName and lastName on print.

You can also use the concat() method to concatenate two strings:

Example
String firstName = "John ";

String lastName = "Doe";

System.out.println(firstName.concat(lastName));

Try it Yourself »

Special Characters
Because strings must be written within quotes, Java will misunderstand this
string, and generate an error:

String txt = "We are the so-called "Vikings" from the north.";

The solution to avoid this problem, is to use the backslash escape


character.

The backslash (\) escape character turns special characters into string
characters:

Escape character Result

\' '
\" "

\\ \

The sequence \"  inserts a double quote in a string:

Example
String txt = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.";

Try it Yourself »

The sequence \'  inserts a single quote in a string:

Example
String txt = "It\'s alright.";

Try it Yourself »

The sequence \\  inserts a single backslash in a string:

Example
String txt = "The character \\ is called backslash.";

Try it Yourself »

Six other escape sequences are valid in Java:

Code Result

\n New Line

\r Carriage Return
\t Tab

\b Backspace

\f Form Feed

Adding Numbers and Strings


WARNING!

Java uses the + operator for both addition and concatenation.

Numbers are added. Strings are concatenated.

If you add two numbers, the result will be a number:

Example
int x = 10;

int y = 20;

int z = x + y; // z will be 30 (an integer/number)

Try it Yourself »

If you add two strings, the result will be a string concatenation:

Example
String x = "10";

String y = "20";

String z = x + y; // z will be 1020 (a String)

Try it Yourself »

If you add a number and a string, the result will be a string concatenation:
Example
String x = "10";

int y = 20;

String z = x + y; // z will be 1020 (a String)

Try it Yourself »

Complete String Reference


For a complete reference of String methods, go to our Java String Methods
Reference.

The reference contains descriptions and examples of all string methods.

Test Yourself With Exercises


Exercise:
Fill in the missing part to create a greeting variable of type String and assign it the
value Hello.

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