CAESAR 

II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

F=KX

How CAESAR II formulates the

global stiffness matrix

© Intergraph 2015

Agenda

 Math basics
 Comparing matrix math to CAESAR II
 Single pipe element
 Single bend
 A two pipe system
 A pipe-bend-pipe system
 A tee
 Other considerations

Content developed as part

of the CAESAR II on-line
video training series.

© Intergraph 2015

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

MATH BASICS
To the guided cantilever method

Concept

 What is the thermal load on single pipe between two anchors?

 4 inch schedule STD
 Temperature = 350°C
 Length undefined (L)

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Approach

 What is the thermal load on single pipe between two anchors?

 4 inch schedule STD
 Temperature = 350°C
 Length undefined (L)
 Determine free thermal growth: ∆=αL

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Approach

 What is the thermal load on single pipe between two anchors?

 4 inch schedule STD
 Temperature = 350°C
 Length undefined (L)
 Determine free thermal growth: ∆=αL
 Calculate load to return the end: P=K ∆ ; K=AE/L

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Math Basics

 What is the thermal load on single pipe between two anchors?

 4 inch schedule STD
 Temperature = 350°C
 Length undefined (L)
 Determine free thermal growth: ∆=αL
 Calculate load to return the end: P=K ∆; K=AE/L
 Both anchors see P=AEα

 And P is large! (P exceeds 1800kN.)

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Math Basics

 Add spring at one end to drop the load

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Math Basics

 Add spring at one end to drop the load

 Again, what is the load (P) required to return free growth?
 Monitor two positions: δ, ∆
 · Δ ·
 ·Δ
·
 · ·Δ

KS KP

δ ∆
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Math Basics

·
 · ·Δ
 If ≫ ; → 1 and · ∆ (our original result)
 If ≫ ; → 1 and · ∆ (based solely on KS!)
 You can dial in any load you wish by adjusting support stiffness!

KS KP

δ ∆
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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Math Basics

 Yes, you can dial in any load you wish by adjusting support stiffness
 But seldom is that an option.

 What if that spring was replaced by a cantilever?

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Math Basics

 Cantilever stiffness is a function of the end conditions:

 Free end (rotation allowed):
3· ·

 Guided end (no rotation):

Assume corner
remains square

12 · ·
?
12 · ·

(Conservative)

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Math Basics

 But things get a little more complicated…

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Math Basics

 But things get a little more complicated…

12 ∆ 2

This bending moment, M,

L produces a calculated
expansion stress range,
12 ∆ MR/I

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Math Basics

 This leads to the guided cantilever approach

∆
 With load known, bending can be calculated ( )
∆
 With bending known, stress can be calculated ( )
 For many years, engineers could estimate the magnitude of stress
with this simple equation
 Compare this formula with the B31.3 “no formal analysis” equation:

Our stress equation Eqn. (16) para. 319.4.1(c):

here: ·
;

6 ∆
·

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Introduction

 Similar to these quick hand calculations, a computer program takes

user input describing system layout, restraints and applied load and
solves for the position of each point identified in the system
 With final position known, the loads on the distorted element can be
calculated
 Pipe stress, then, can be calculated based on these internal forces
and moments
 This session will develop the major steps in creating and evaluating
this stiffness method for piping system analysis

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Flexibility Method – life before the PC

 Beyond the guided cantilever method, larger systems were analyzed

using the flexibility method
 The US Navy’s Mare Island program (MEC 21) was one of the first
 CAESAR II still references the bend formula found in MEC 21
 Flexibility Method – X=AF: position equals flexibility times load
 Direct solution – know A & F, find X
 Piping codes continue to offer flexibility factor for elbows
 Limited to static analysis
 Dynamic solution works with stiffness (e.g. ⁄ ), not flexibility
 Auton Computing’s conversion from Autoflex to Dynaflex in 1970’s
 Stiffness Method – F=KX: load equals stiffness times position
 Know F & K, find X
 n equations with n unknowns

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COMPARING MATRIX MATH TO

CAESAR II
A Series of Examples

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Session Format

 Concepts in F=KX will first be developed.

 These concepts will be expressed in Mathcad
 Followed with a CAESAR II analysis.
 Results will be compared.

 To keep it simple, all models are planar (2-D)

 Rather than dealing with 6 degrees of freedom for every node, we will
be using X, Y & RZ

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#1 The simple beam element (in 2-D)

 Build and load the stiffness matrix for a single straight pipe
 Set stiffness terms in Mathcad
 Build a 2D (planar) beam stiffness matrix for a 4”Std pipe
 Add anchor at near end
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Displace far end
 Apply loads at far end

CAESAR II Models: 1 ELEMENT PLANAR

1 ELEMENT PLANAR - FORCES

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#2 The bend element

 Build and load a 2D bend element

 What is a flexibility factor

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What of this Flexibility Factor?

 Except for elbows, bends and miters, the component flexibility factor
is 1.
 For an elbow this factor is 1.65/h:

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Flexibility Factor

 Here’s a definition from Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler &

Pressure Vessel Code Volume One:

“The flexibility factor is the length of straight pipe having the same
flexibility as the component divided by the centerline length of the
component.”

 Flexibility, here, refers to the angle of rotation for a given bending

moment (with no control of lateral deflection)

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Flexibility Factor for an Elbow

 B31.3 Appendix D provides an elbow flexibility characteristic as:

·

 The flexibility factor for this elbow is:

1.65

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Flexibility Factor Example

 A 4 inch, standard wall, long radius elbow will have the following
terms:
6.0198 , 152.4 , 54.14
 Therefore flexibility factor for this elbow is:
5.272
 The arc length of this elbow is:
L 2· 239.4
 So a straight pipe that is · 1262 long should have the same
end rotation as this elbow.

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Flexibility Factor Example

 A 4”STD straight pipe that is 1262mm long should have the same
end rotation as its long radius elbow:

1262

Q.E.D.

CAESAR II Model: FLEX CHECK

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

The bend element

 Build and load a 2D bend element

 Build a (local) flexibility matrix
 Check flexibility matrix in CAESAR II
 Generate a stiffness matrix from the
flexibility matrix
 Add anchor
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Displace far end (F=KX)
 Apply loads on far end (X=AF)

CAESAR II Model: BEND

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The bend element

 Build and load a 2D bend element

 Build a (local) flexibility matrix
 Check flexibility matrix in CAESAR II
 Generate a stiffness matrix from the
flexibility matrix
 Add anchor
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Displace far end (F=KX)
 Apply loads on far end (X=AF)
 Other discussion
 B31.3 Appx. D provides an
adjustment for stiffeners
(flanges) that restrict ovalization
 CAESAR II provides a
scratchpad to review these
values
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#3 Assembling elements

 Build a two element system; apply thermal strain

 Rotate a second beam (local to global)
 The transformation matrix
 Assemble global element stiffness matrix
 Add anchors at both ends
 Calculate “self-load” due to thermal strain
 Assemble global load vector
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Use X=AF to solve for corner position
 Solve for internal forces and moments

CAESAR II Model: 2 ELEMENT PLANAR

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More elements in series

 Build a straight-bend-straight “system”

 Build element stiffness matrices for beams
and bend
 Rotate bend and second beam
 Assemble global stiffness matrix from
elements
 Add anchors as boundary conditions
 Calculate/set thermal load for each element
 Assemble global load vector
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Use X=AF to find position of internal nodes
 Calculate element forces and moments using
thermal position
CAESAR II Model: STRAIGHT-BEND-STRAIGHT

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#4 Branches

 Build a branched “system”

 Build local stiffness matrices for beams
 Rotate run pipe to global system
 Assemble stiffness matrix from elements –
focus on offset applied to branch
 Add boundary conditions (anchors and restraint)
 Calculate/set thermal load for each element
 Build load vector – offset vector position
 Compare with CAESAR II
 Use X=AF to find position of internal nodes
 Calculate element forces and moments using
thermal position
 Other points
 Bandwidth CAESAR II Model: TEE

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OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Additional boundary conditions

 Displacements
 Add rigid stiffness for each displacement direction
 Update the load vector to include
enough force to produce the required
displacement/rotation
 F=(restraint stiffness)*(displacement)
 Here:

_ 1.75 · 10
1.13 · 10 ·
_
·
·
·

(with enough load, you can

move an anchor anywhere)

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Additional boundary conditions

 Displacements
 Nonlinear restraints
 Initially, include stiffness of all nonlinear restraints (double-acting)
 Calculate position of pipe and loads on these restraints
 If load on the nonlinear restraint is in the correct direction, OK – for that
restraint – it is “active” for the load case
 For example, a -Y load is calculated on a +Y restraint
 If load on the nonlinear restraint is improper – it is “inactive” for this case
 Remove that restraint stiffness and now monitor position
 If any nonlinear stiffness assumption proves wrong, reanalyze with the
update stiffness matrix and updated load vector (if required)
 Continue testing all nonlinear conditions until results are consistent for
the input:
 Monitor load on active restraints
 Monitor displacement on inactive restraints

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Additional boundary conditions

 Displacements
 Nonlinear restraints
 Friction (stick/slip)
 Initial condition (assume stick) – Add translational restraints
perpendicular to the restraint vector with coefficient of friction (μ)
specified
 If restraint load on that pair of added restraints is less than the resisting
force, μN, model is valid
 If restraint load on that pair of added restraints is greater than the
resisting force, μN, model is updated – remove restraints and provide a
friction force, μN, opposite the vector loading those remove restraints

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Additional boundary conditions

 Displacements
 Nonlinear restraints
 Friction (stick/slip)
 CNodes
 Consider as a “partial” element with connection based on restraint type
 For example:
 Matrix at right shows the planar (X,Y,RZ)
stiffness matrix for a 4 node system
 If Node 1 was rigidly connected to Node 4
in the X direction, then
 Add rigid stiffness in X between 1 & 4
 (Other cells in 1:4 and 4:1 remain empty)

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A note on load vectors

 Primitive loads are used to build CAESAR II load cases

 Each primitive provides a load vector component
 Load cases combine these primitive loads
 For example: Load Case 1: W+P1+T1+D1 (OPE)
 Individual load vectors are assembled
(here, w1 is the x,y,z,rx,ry,rz weight load assigned to node 1)

 The load vector used with the global stiffness matrix, then, is:

or

 Solve for X in F=KX

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Flexibility at branch connections

 STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and k-Factor Alignment for

Metallic Pipes
 Table 1 – Flexibility and Stress Intensification Factors (Sketch No. 2+)
 Nonmandatory Appendix D – Calculating Flexibility Factors for Branch
Connection Models in Piping Systems

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

Flexibility at branch connections

 STP-PT-073: Stress Intensity Factor and k-Factor Alignment for

Metallic Pipes
 FEATools

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F=KX AS APPLIED IN CAESAR II

Questions / Comments

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CAESAR II CAUx 2015 3/23/2015

More Information…

 Again, this content was initially developed as part of the CAESAR II

on-line video training series. (Visit www.pipingdesignonline.com)
 Along with the (captioned) videos, there is a workbook for the many
exercises.

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F=KX AS APPLIED IN CAESAR II

Thank you

21
 1 element planar.mcdx 1 of 4

Derivation of the pipe stiffness matrix (planar system)

Input values:
5
OD ≔ 114.3 wt ≔ 6.0198 L ≔ 3000 E ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 ν ≔ .3

Intermediate calcs:

OD 2 2 π 4 4 E
Ro ≔ ―― Ri ≔ Ro − wt A ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎠⎞ I ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ G ≔ ―――
2 4 2 ⋅ (1 + ν)

Units used here are metric:

Lengths: mm
ANSYS defines a shear coefficient Loads: N, N-mm
of 2 for thin walled pipe: shear ≔ 2 Rotation: radian

Phi is a term which accounts for 12 ⋅ E ⋅ I

deflection due to shear which is ϕ ≔ ―――――
⎛ A ⎞ 2
usually small in long beams: G ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ L
⎝ shear ⎠

Build stiffness matrix

Nomenclature:
Kax - axial stiffness
Others:
1st char. - Force (R) or moment (M) generated at
2nd char. - A end (a) or B end (b) due to unit
3rd char. - displ. (d) or rotation (r) at B end

E⋅A
Kax ≔ ――
L

12 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I (4 + ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rbd ≔ ―――― Mbd ≔ ―――― Rbr ≔ ―――― Mbr ≔ ――――
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

−12 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I 6⋅E⋅I (2 − ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rad ≔ ―――― Mad ≔ ―――― Rar ≔ ―――― Mar ≔ ――――
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
 1 element planar.mcdx 2 of 4

⎡ Kax 0 0 −Kax 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 Rbd −Mbd 0 Rad −Mad ⎥
⎢ 0 −Rbr Mbr 0 −Rar Mar ⎥
K≔⎢
−Kax 0 0 Kax 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 Rad Mad 0 Rbd Mbd ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥
0 Rar Mar 0 Rbr Mbr ⎦

Columns 2 & 5 start with "R"; columns 3 & 6 start with "M".
Q1 & Q3 have "b" as center subscript; Q2 & Q4 have "a".
Rows 2 & 5 end subscript with "d"; rows 3 & 6 end with "r".

Here:

⎡ 136518 0 0 −136518 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 265 397341 0 −265 397341 ⎥
⎢ 0 397341 796707814 0 −397341 395316412 ⎥
K=⎢
−136518 0 0 136518 0 0⎥
⎢ 0 −265 −397341 0 265 −397341 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 397341 395316412 0 −397341 796707814 ⎦

Add anchor at node=1 (A)

13 N ⎛ 11 N Here are the metric rigid

0.17512 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ―― = ⎝1.751 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ ―― stiffnesses (X, Y, RZ):
cm mm

N⋅m ⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
12 15 N ⋅ mm
.11298 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ――= ⎛⎝6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ ――― ⎢ 11 ⎥
deg rad ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.474 ⋅ 10 ⎦

i3 ≔ 1 , 2 ‥ 3

NODE ≔ 1

offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

⎡ 175100136518 0 0 −136518 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 175100000265 397341 0 −265 397341 ⎥
⎢ 0 397341 6474000796707810 0 −397341 395316412 ⎥
K=⎢
−136518 0 0 136518 0 0⎥
⎢ 0 −265 −397341 0 265 −397341 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 397341 395316412 0 −397341 796707814 ⎦
 1 element planar.mcdx 3 of 4

Apply a unit movement on B end and review resulting loads

i6 ≔ 1 , 2 ‥ 6

a ≔0 b ≔0 c ≔0
i6 i6 i6

NODE ≔ 2

offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

π
a ≔ .01 b ≔1 c ≔ 0.1 ⋅ ――
1 + offset 2 + offset 3 + offset 180
⎡0 ⎤ ⎡0⎤ ⎡0 ⎤
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢0⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
a=⎢ b=⎢ ⎥ c=⎢
0.01 ⎥ 0 0 ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢1⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.0017 ⎥⎦

⎡ −1365 ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ −265 ⎥ ⎢ 693 ⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ −397341 ⎥ ⎢ 689957 ⎥
Fa ≔ K ⋅ a = ⎢ Fb ≔ K ⋅ b = ⎢ Fc ≔ K ⋅ c = ⎢
1365 ⎥ 0⎥ 0⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 265 ⎥ ⎢ −693 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −397341 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1390517 ⎥⎦

Compare with restraint report of job 1 ELEMENT PLANAR:

(change sign on all loads in the CAESAR II restraint report shown here)
 1 element planar.mcdx 4 of 4

Apply a unit load and review resulting displacement and rotation

CAESAR II model is 1 ELEMENT PLANAR - APPLY FORCES

−1
A≔K

x=Af; apply load

X Y RZ

⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0.000000 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.000000 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.000000 ⎥
A⋅⎢ = A⋅⎢ = A⋅⎢ =
10000 ⎥ ⎢ 0.07325 ⎥ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.000000 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 100 ⎥ ⎢ 1.49861 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.074740 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.00075 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10000 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.000050 ⎥⎦

180
A ⋅ 100 ⋅ ―― = 0.04282 180
5,6 π A ⋅ 10000 ⋅ ―― = 0.00285
6,6 π

C2 moment input is N-m, here N-mm:

 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 1 of 6

Build a 2D bend element

Set "Bend Axial Shape" to FALSE for this exercise

Input values:
5
OD ≔ 114.3 wt ≔ 6.0198 E ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 ν ≔ .3

Intermediate calcs:

OD 2 2 π 4 4 E
Ro ≔ ―― Ri ≔ Ro − wt Area ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎠⎞ I ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ G ≔ ―――
2 4 2 ⋅ 1 + ν)
(

Here are the metric rigid

Units used here are metric: stiffnesses (X, Y, RZ):
Length: mm ⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
Load: N ⎢
ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
11 ⎥

Rotation: radian ⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎦

Bend Radius (R) (long radius bend on 4 inch

pipe):
R ≔ 152.4

Bend angle (theta) = 90 degrees

π
θ≔―
2

From B31.3 Appendix D - flexibility characteristic, flexibility factor:

wt ⋅ R 1.65
h ≔ ―――― k ≔ ―― k = 5.2718
2
h
⎛ OD − wt ⎞
⎜⎝―――2 ⎟⎠
 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 2 of 6

Build a flexibility matrix for the bend

"The flexibility factor is the length of straight pipe having the same
flexibility as the component divided by the the centerline length of the
component." - Companion Guide Vol.1 pg 523

The following equations come from MEC-21 (1964 and a change in 1977)

3
⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ 3
4 1
α ≔ ―⋅ ――――――― B1 ≔ θ − sin (θ) B2 ≔ 1 − cos (θ) B3 ≔ ―⋅ (2 ⋅ θ − sin (2 ⋅ θ))
3 ⎛⎝Ro + Ri 2 ⎞⎠ ⋅ (Ro − Ri)
2
4

Displacement in "a" caused by load in:

3
k⋅R α⋅R −5
a: δaPa ≔ ――⋅ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ B1 − B3⎞⎠ + ――― ⋅ ⎛⎝B3⎞⎠ = 1.2556 ⋅ 10 :R/AE term removed
E⋅I Area ⋅ G

2
k ⋅ R ⎛ B2 ⎞ B2 ⎞
3
α⋅R ⎛ −5
c: δaPc ≔ ――⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ + ――― ⋅ B2 ⋅ ⎜1 − ―⎟ = 1.6462 ⋅ 10
E ⋅ I ⎝ 2 ⎠ Area ⋅ G ⎝ 2 ⎠

2
k⋅R −7
b: δaMb ≔ −――⋅ B1 = −1.1608 ⋅ 10
E⋅I

Displacement in "c" caused by load in:

a: δcPa ≔ δaPc
⎛ k ⋅ R3 ⎞ α⋅R −5
c: δcPc ≔ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ B3 + ――― ⋅ ⎛⎝θ − B3⎞⎠ = 2.5858 ⋅ 10 :R/AE term removed
⎝ E⋅I ⎠ Area ⋅ G

2
k⋅R −7
b: δcMb ≔ −――⋅ B2 = −2.0336 ⋅ 10
E⋅I

Rotation in "b" caused by load in:

a: ϕbPa ≔ δaMb

c: ϕbPc ≔ δcMb

k⋅R⋅θ −9
b: ϕbMb ≔ ――― = 2.096 ⋅ 10
E⋅I

⎡ δaPa δaPc δaMb ⎤ ⎡ δaPa −δaPc δaMb ⎤

Aabc ≔ ⎢ δcPa δcPc δcMb ⎥ convert to X, Y, RZ: A ≔ ⎢ −δcPa δcPc −δcMb ⎥
⎢⎣ ϕbPa ϕbPc ϕbMb ⎦⎥ (by hand) ⎢⎣ ϕbPa −ϕbPc ϕbMb ⎥⎦
 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 3 of 6

Calculate displacement based on end loads (X=AF)

set load vector F:
⎡x⎤ ⎡ 10000 ⎤
4
x ≔ 10 y≔0 z≔0 F≔⎢y⎥ F=⎢ 0⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
x
⎡ 0.1256 ⎤
⎛ 180 ⎞
X≔A⋅F X = ⎢ −0.1646 ⎥ X ⋅ ⎜―― = −0.0665
3 ⎝ π ⎟ ⎠
⎢⎣ −0.0012 ⎥⎦

⎡x⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
4
x≔0 y ≔ 10 z≔0 F≔⎢y⎥ F = ⎢ 10000 ⎥
y ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ −0.1646 ⎤
⎛ 180 ⎞
X≔A⋅F X = ⎢ 0.2586 ⎥ X ⋅ ⎜―― = 0.1165
3 ⎝ π ⎟ ⎠
⎢⎣ 0.002 ⎥⎦

A note on defining rz here - C2 moment input is Nm; we're using Nmm here
so the z specified is 1E3 larger than C2 input
⎡x⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
7
x≔0 y≔0 z ≔ 10 F≔⎢y⎥ F=⎢ 0⎥
rz ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10000000 ⎥⎦
⎡ −1.161 ⎤
⎛ 180 ⎞
X≔A⋅F X = ⎢ 2.034 ⎥ X ⋅ ⎜―― = 1.2009
3 ⎝ π ⎟ ⎠
⎢⎣ 0.021 ⎥⎦

Compare with displacement report of job BEND - FORCES.

 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 4 of 6

explicitly convert this 2D 3x3 fixed end flexibility matrix into a 2D 6x6 bend stiffness matrix
−1
⎛ ⎛ ϕbPa ⎞⎞
⎜⎛ ⎜ δcPc ⋅ ――− ϕbPc⎟ ⎟
δcPc ⎞ ⎛ ϕbPc ⎞ ⎝ δcPa ⎠
K5 ≔ ⎜⎜δcPa − δaPa ⋅ ―― ⎟ + ⎜ϕbPa − δaPa ⋅ ―― ⎟ ⋅ ――――――― ⎟
⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎛ ϕbPc ⋅ ϕbPa ⎞
⎜
⎜⎝ ϕbMb − ―――― ⎟
⎟⎠ ⎠
⎝ δcPa

⎛ ϕbPa ⎞ K5
K6 ≔ ⎜δcPc ⋅ ――− ϕbPc⎟ ⋅ ―――――――
⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎛ ϕbPa ⎞
⎜⎝ϕbMb − ϕbPc ⋅ ――
δcPa ⎟⎠

⎛⎝−ϕbPc ⋅ K6 − δcPc ⋅ K5⎞⎠

K1 ≔ ――――――――
δcPa
−1
⎛ ⎛ ϕbPa 2 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎜――― − ϕbMb ⎟ ⎟
ϕbPa ⎛ δcPa ⎞ ⎝ δaPa ⎠
K7 ≔ ⎜ϕbPc − δcPa ⋅ ――+ ⎜δcPc − ――⎟ ⋅ ――――――⎟
⎜ δaPa ⎝ δaPa ⎠ δcPa
ϕbPc − ϕbPa ⋅ ――⎟
⎝ δaPa ⎠

⎛ ϕbPa 2 ⎞ K7
K2 ≔ ⎜――― − ϕbMb⎟ ⋅ ――――――
⎝ δaPa ⎠ δcPa
ϕbPc − ϕbPa ⋅ ――
δaPa

−δcPa ⋅ K6 − δcPc ⋅ K7
K3 ≔ ―――――――
ϕbPc

B1 ≔ R ⋅ sin (θ) B2 ≔ −R ⋅ (1 − cos (θ))

K8 ≔ −K1 ⋅ B2 + K5 ⋅ B1 − K6

K9 ≔ −K5 ⋅ B2 + K2 ⋅ B1 − K7

K11 ≔ K1 ⋅ B2 − K5 ⋅ B1 + K6

K12 ≔ K5 ⋅ B2 − K2 ⋅ B1 + K7

K4 ≔ (K1 ⋅ B2 − K5 ⋅ B1 + K6) ⋅ B2 + (K5 ⋅ B2 − K2 ⋅ B1 + K7) ⋅ ⎛⎝−B1⎞⎠ + B2 ⋅ K6 − K7 ⋅ B1 + K3

K10 ≔ −K6 ⋅ B2 + K7 ⋅ B1 − K3

⎡ K1 K5 K6 −K1 −K5 K8 ⎤ ⎡ K1 −K5 −K7 −K1 K5 −K9 ⎤

⎢ K5 K2 K7 −K5 −K2 K9 ⎥ ⎢ −K5 K2 K6 K5 −K2 K8 ⎥
⎢ K6 K7 K3 −K6 −K7 K10 ⎥ ⎢ −K8 K9 K3 −K11 K12 K10 ⎥
Kabc ≔ ⎢ convert to X, Y, RZ: K≔⎢
−K1 −K5 −K6 K1 K5 K11 ⎥ −K1 K5 K7 K1 −K5 −K12 ⎥
⎢ −K5 (by hand) ⎢ K5 −K6 −K5 K2 K11 ⎥
−K2 −K7 K5 K2 K12 ⎥ −K2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K4 ⎦ ⎣ −K6 K7 K10 K6 −K7 K4 ⎦
 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 5 of 6

Anchor first node and place unit displacements on second node. Compare with restraint report of job BEND.
Add anchor @ A:
⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
⎢ 11 ⎥
default rigid stiffness = ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎦

13 N ⎛ 11 N
0.17512 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ―― = ⎝1.751 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ ――
cm mm
i3 ≔ 1 ‥ 3 offset ≔ 0
12 N ⋅ m 15 N ⋅ mm
.11298 ⋅ 10 ⋅ ――= ⎛⎝6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎞⎠ ――― K ≔K + ANC
deg rad i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

Displace B:
l≔1‥6 off ≔ 3

π
D1 ≔ 0 D1 ≔1 D2 ≔ 0 D2 ≔1 D3 ≔ 0 D3 ≔ ――
l 1 + off l 2 + off l 3 + off 180

⎡0⎤ ⎡ −582977 ⎤
⎢0⎥ ⎢ −494694 ⎥
⎢0⎥ ⎢ 29165197 ⎥
D1 = ⎢ ⎥ K ⋅ D1 = ⎢
1 582977 ⎥
⎢0⎥ ⎢ 494694 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −15710852 ⎥⎦

⎡0⎤ ⎡ −494694 ⎤
⎢0⎥ ⎢ −582977 ⎥
⎢0⎥ ⎢ 15710852 ⎥
D2 = ⎢ ⎥ K ⋅ D2 = ⎢
0 494694 ⎥
⎢1⎥ ⎢ 582977 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −29165197 ⎥⎦

⎡0 ⎤ ⎡ 274206 ⎤
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 509029 ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ −6740908 ⎥
D3 = ⎢ K ⋅ D3 = ⎢
0 ⎥ −274206 ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ −509029 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.0175 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 42527876 ⎥⎦
 Bend Stiffness metric from MEC 21.mcdx 6 of 6

Now invert K to produce A and re-apply those loads used to verify A above:
Compare with displacement report of job BEND - FORCES

⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
−1 ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
K ⋅⎢ 4 ⎥ = ⎢ 0.125558 ⎥
10
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −0.164615 ⎥
0 180
X=AF or X=(K^-1)F ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢ −0.001161 ⎦⎥ −.001161 ―― = −0.06652
⎣ 0 ⎦
π
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
−1 ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
K ⋅⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ −0.164615 ⎥
0
⎢ 4 ⎥ ⎢ 0.258577 ⎥
10 180
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0.002034 ⎥⎦ −.002034 ⋅ ―― = −0.1165
⎣ 0 ⎦
π
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
−1 ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
K ⋅⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ −1.160772 ⎥
0
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 2.033601 ⎥
⎢ 7 180
⎥ ⎢⎣ 0.02096 ⎥⎦ .02096 ⋅ ――
⎣ 10 ⎦ = 1.2009
π
 2 element planar.mcdx 1 of 6

Build a two element structure; apply thermal strain

Input values:
5
OD ≔ 114.3 wt ≔ 6.0198 L ≔ 3000 E ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 ν ≔ .3

Intermediate calcs:

OD 2 2 π 4 4 E
Ro ≔ ―― Ri ≔ Ro − wt Area ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎠⎞ I ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ G ≔ ―――
2 4 2 ⋅ (1 + ν)

ANSYS defines a shear coefficient

of 2 for thin walled pipe in US Units used here are metric:
units: shear ≔ 2 Length: mm
Load: N
Rotation: radian
Phi is a term which accounts for
deflection due to shear which is
usually small in long beams: 12 ⋅ E ⋅ I
ϕ ≔ ―――――
⎛ Area ⎞ 2
G ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ L
⎝ shear ⎠
Here are the metric rigid
stiffnesses (X, Y, RZ):

⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
⎢ 11 ⎥
ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎦

Assemble element stiffness:

E ⋅ Area −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I
K1 ≔ ――― K4 ≔ ――――
L 2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
12 ⋅ E ⋅ I
K2 ≔ ―――― 6⋅E⋅I
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) K5 ≔ ――――
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

(4 + ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
K3 ≔ ―――― (2 − ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) K6 ≔ ――――
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

⎡ K1 0 0 −K1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 K2 −K4 0 −K2 K5 ⎥
⎢ 0 −K4 K3 0 −K5 K6 ⎥
K≔⎢
−K1 0 0 K1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 −K2 −K5 0 K2 K4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 K5 K6 0 K4 K3 ⎦
 2 element planar.mcdx 2 of 6

This local stiffness martix can be rotated:

http://www.cece.ucf.edu/people/catbas/CES%206116-FEM/CES6116-WEB/CES%206116%20FEM%20Review%
20of%20Matrix%20Analysis.pdf
provides a method to transform a local stiffness matrix to a global K based on angle theta

What is the global stiffness matrix for that same 3m beam - vertical?

theta is angle (in degrees) from base position (local orientation) to the (global orientation)

⎡ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎤
⎢ cos ⎜⎝――
180 ⎟⎠
sin ⎜――
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
0 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥
⎢ −sin ⎜―― cos ―― 0 0 0 0 ⎥
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎡ 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
0 0 1 0 0 0⎥ ⎢1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
T θ ≔
( ) ⎢
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
0 0 0 cos ⎜―― ⎟ sin ⎜―― 0 T (270) = ⎢
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥ 0 0 0 0 −1 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0⎥
0 0 0 −sin ⎜―― cos ⎜―― 0 ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
 2 element planar.mcdx 3 of 6

Our second pipe will run "down" while the original (local) stiffness
matrix was established left to right. The angle of rotation of the first
pipe to create the second pipe is 270 degrees.

⎡ 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
T (270) = ⎢
0 0 0 0 −1 0 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎦⎥

Create two 6x6 beams - K.1.2 & K.2.3. Rotate K.2.3 270 degrees:

K.1.2 ≔ K first elemert is horizontal from 1 to 2 (.1.2)

T
K.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ K ⋅ T (270) a 270 degree rotation will have 2-3 going down (.2.3)

Join these two beams into a single 9x9 stiffness matrix

Stiffness is additive, these two 6x6 matrices will sum into a single 9x9:
i6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 i9 ≔ 1 ‥ 9 i3 ≔ 1 ‥ 3
j6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 j9 ≔ 1 ‥ 9

Bring in K.1.2: K ≔0
i9 , j9

offset ≔ 0
K ≔ K.1.2
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

Now bring in K.2.3:

offset ≔ 3

K ≔K + K.2.3
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

Add boundary conditions

Add anchor for node=1; offset =(node-1)*3=0

NODE ≔ 1
offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

Add anchor for node=3; offset = (node-1)*3=6

NODE ≔ 3
offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3
 2 element planar.mcdx 4 of 6

We solve F=KX knowing F & K. With the K matrix set, we can instead solve x=AF where A is the inverse of
the stiffness (the old flexibility method).

Calculate and assemble thermal load vector

First, what is F? That's the load applied to the end of each pipe or beam. For thermal
strain, place an anchor on each individual pipe. The loads on these anchors are the the
thermal loads to be collected and applied to the flexibility matrix.
This load is always axial (a) and is equal to the thermal strain times E times Area of pipe.

Here, let strain equal 0.2%

α ≔ 0.002 F ≔ Area ⋅ E ⋅ α

F.1.2 ≔ 0 F.2.3 ≔ 0 Local element Loads:

i6 i6

F.1.2 ≔ −F F.2.3 ≔ −F ⎡ −819108 ⎤ ⎡ −819108 ⎤

1 1
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 0⎥
F.1.2 ≔ F F.2.3 ≔ F
4 4 ⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 0⎥
F.1.2 = ⎢ F.2.3 = ⎢
819108 ⎥ 819108 ⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Rotate F.2.3: Global Element Loads:

T
FG.1.2 ≔ F.1.2 FG.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ F.2.3 ⎡ −819108 ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 819108 ⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 0⎥
FG.1.2 = ⎢ FG.2.3 = ⎢
819108 ⎥ 0⎥
⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ −819108 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Collect all loads into a single load vector:

F ≔0 Assembled load vector:
i9

F ≔ FG.1.2 ⎡ −819108 ⎤
i6 i6
⎢ 0⎥
offset ≔ 3 ⎢ 0⎥
F ≔F + FG.2.3 ⎢ 819108 ⎥
i6 + offset i6 + offset i6
F = ⎢ 819108 ⎥
⎢ 0⎥
⎢ 0⎥
Solve for displacement: ⎢ −819108 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥
0⎦
−1
x≔K ⋅F
⎡0 ⎤ x.1
⎢0 ⎥ y.1 Node 10
⎢0 ⎥ rz.1
⎢ 5.988 ⎥ x.2
x = ⎢ 5.988 ⎥ y.2 Node 20
⎢0 ⎥
rz.2
⎢0 ⎥
x.3
⎢0 ⎥ Node 30
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ y.3
rz.3
 2 element planar.mcdx 5 of 6

Results repeated here:

⎡0 ⎤ x.1
⎢0 ⎥ y.1 Node 10
⎢0 ⎥ rz.1
⎢ 5.988 ⎥ x.2
x = ⎢ 5.988 ⎥ y.2 Node 20
⎢0 ⎥
rz.2
⎢0 ⎥
x.3
⎢0 ⎥ Node 30
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ y.3
rz.3

Compare with model 2 ELEMENT PLANAR

What are the internal loads under this thermal strain?

Current relative location of each pipe:

Delta.1.2 ≔ x ⎡0 ⎤ ⎡ 5.988 ⎤
i6 i6
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 5.988 ⎥
Delta.2.3 ≔ x ⎢0 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
i6 i6 + offset Delta.1.2 = ⎢ Delta.2.3 = ⎢
5.988 ⎥ 0 ⎥
⎢ 5.988 ⎥ ⎢0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
 2 element planar.mcdx 6 of 6

Strain was applied by pulling the pipe, axially, with large loads. The internal loads can be
determined by using the current position but those artificial inital loads must be removed.

Global Forces & Moments on each element (signs are maintained here):

⎡ 1586 ⎤ x.1 ⎡ 1586 ⎤ x.2

⎢ −1586 ⎥ y.1 ⎢ −1586 ⎥ y.2
⎢ −2379431 ⎥ ⎢ 2379431 ⎥
K.1.2 ⋅ Delta.1.2 − FG.1.2 = ⎢ rz.1 K.2.3 ⋅ Delta.2.3 − FG.2.3 = ⎢ rz.2
−1586 ⎥ x.2 −1586 ⎥ x.3
⎢ 1586 ⎥ ⎢ 1586 ⎥
⎢⎣ −2379431 ⎥⎦ y.2 ⎢⎣ 2379431 ⎥⎦ y.3
rz.2 rz.3
10-20 20-30
 3 element structure.mcdx 1 of 10

Build a three element structure - straight-bend-straight; apply thermal strain

Input values:
5
OD ≔ 114.3 wt ≔ 6.0198 L ≔ 3000 E ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 ν ≔ .3

Bend Radius (R): R ≔ 152.4

π
Bend angle (theta) = 90 degrees θ≔―
2

Intermediate calcs:

OD 2 2 π 4 4 E
Ro ≔ ―― Ri ≔ Ro − wt Area ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ I ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ G ≔ ―――
2 4 2 ⋅ (1 + ν)

ANSYS defines a shear coefficient

of 2 for thin walled pipe in US Units used here are metric:
units: shear ≔ 2 Length: mm
Load: N
Rotation: radian
Phi is a term which accounts for
deflection due to shear which is
usually small in long beams: 12 ⋅ E ⋅ I
ϕ ≔ ―――――
⎛ Area ⎞ 2
G ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ L
⎝ shear ⎠

From B31.3 Appendix D - flexibility characteristic, flexibility factor:

wt ⋅ R 1.65
h ≔ ―――― k ≔ ―― k = 5.272
2
h
⎛ OD − wt ⎞
⎜⎝―――2 ⎟⎠
 3 element structure.mcdx 2 of 10

Build Element Stiffness Matrices

Here are the metric rigid stiffnesses (X, Y, RZ):

⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
⎢ 11 ⎥
ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎦

Build the straight element:

Nomenclature:
Kax - axial stiffness
Others:
1st char. - Force (R) or moment (M) generated at
2nd char. - A end (a) or B end (b) due to unit
3rd char. - displ. (d) or rotation (r) at B end

E ⋅ Area
Kax ≔ ―――
L

12 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rbd ≔ ―――― Mbd ≔ ―――― Rbr ≔ ―――― (4 + ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Mbr ≔ ――――
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

−12 ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rad ≔ ―――― −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Mad ≔ ―――― 6⋅E⋅I (2 − ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Rar ≔ ―――― Mar ≔ ――――
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

⎡ Kax 0 0 −Kax 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 Rbd −Mbd 0 Rad −Mad ⎥
⎢ 0 −Rbr Mbr 0 −Rar Mar ⎥
K≔⎢
−Kax 0 0 Kax 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 Rad Mad 0 Rbd Mbd ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥
0 Rar Mar 0 Rbr Mbr ⎦
 3 element structure.mcdx 3 of 10

Build the bend:

Local Bend Flexibility Factors from MEC-21 (1964 & 1977)

4 ⎛⎝Ro 3 − Ri 3 ⎞⎠ 1
α ≔ ―⋅ ――――――― B1 ≔ θ − sin (θ) B2 ≔ 1 − cos (θ) B3 ≔ ―⋅ (2 ⋅ θ − sin (2 ⋅ θ))
3 ⎛⎝Ro 2 + Ri 2 ⎞⎠ ⋅ (Ro − Ri) 4

Displacement in a caused by load in:

3
k⋅R α⋅R −5
a: δaPa ≔ ――⋅ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ B1 − B3⎞⎠ + ――― ⋅ ⎛⎝B3⎞⎠ = 1.2556 ⋅ 10 :R/AE term removed
E⋅I Area ⋅ G

2
k ⋅ R ⎛ B2 ⎞ B2 ⎞
3
α⋅R ⎛ −5
c: δaPc ≔ ――⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ + ――― ⋅ B2 ⋅ ⎜1 − ―⎟ = 1.6462 ⋅ 10
E⋅I ⎝ 2 ⎠ Area ⋅ G ⎝ 2 ⎠

2
k⋅R −7
b: δaMb ≔ −――⋅ B1 = −1.1608 ⋅ 10
E⋅I

Displacement in c caused by load in:

a: δcPa ≔ δaPc
⎛ k ⋅ R3 ⎞ α⋅R −5
c: δcPc ≔ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ B3 + ――― ⋅ ⎛⎝θ − B3⎞⎠ = 2.5858 ⋅ 10 :R/AE term removed
⎝ E⋅I ⎠ Area ⋅ G

2
k⋅R −7
b: δcMb ≔ −――⋅ B2 = −2.0336 ⋅ 10
E⋅I

Rotation in b caused by load in:

a: ϕbPa ≔ δaMb

c: ϕbPc ≔ δcMb

k⋅R⋅θ −9
b: ϕbMb ≔ ――― = 2.096 ⋅ 10
E⋅I
 3 element structure.mcdx 4 of 10

explicitly convert these 2D 3x3 flexibility terms into a 2D 6x6 bend stiffness matrix
−1
⎛ ⎛ ϕbPa ⎞⎞
⎜⎛ ⎜ δcPc ⋅ ――− ϕbPc⎟ ⎟
δcPc ⎞ ⎛ ϕbPc ⎞ ⎝ δcPa ⎠
K5 ≔ ⎜⎜δcPa − δaPa ⋅ ―― ⎟ + ⎜ϕbPa − δaPa ⋅ ―― ⎟ ⋅ ――――――― ⎟
⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎛ ϕbPc ⋅ ϕbPa ⎞
⎜
⎜⎝ ϕbMb − ―――― ⎟
⎟⎠ ⎠
⎝ δcPa

⎛ ϕbPa ⎞ K5
K6 ≔ ⎜δcPc ⋅ ――− ϕbPc⎟ ⋅ ―――――――
⎝ δcPa ⎠ ⎛ ϕbPa ⎞
⎜⎝ϕbMb − ϕbPc ⋅ ――
δcPa ⎟⎠

⎛⎝−ϕbPc ⋅ K6 − δcPc ⋅ K5⎞⎠

K1 ≔ ――――――――
δcPa
−1
⎛ ⎛ ϕbPa 2 ⎞ ⎞
⎜ 2 ⎜――― − ϕbMb ⎟ ⎟
ϕbPa ⎛ δcPa ⎞ ⎝ δaPa ⎠
K7 ≔ ⎜ϕbPc − δcPa ⋅ ――+ ⎜δcPc − ――⎟ ⋅ ――――――⎟
⎜ δaPa ⎝ δaPa ⎠ δcPa
ϕbPc − ϕbPa ⋅ ――⎟
⎝ δaPa ⎠

⎛ ϕbPa 2 ⎞ K7
K2 ≔ ⎜――― − ϕbMb⎟ ⋅ ――――――
⎝ δaPa ⎠ δcPa
ϕbPc − ϕbPa ⋅ ――
δaPa

−δcPa ⋅ K6 − δcPc ⋅ K7
K3 ≔ ―――――――
ϕbPc

B1 ≔ R ⋅ sin (θ) B2 ≔ −R ⋅ (1 − cos (θ))

K8 ≔ −K1 ⋅ B2 + K5 ⋅ B1 − K6

K9 ≔ −K5 ⋅ B2 + K2 ⋅ B1 − K7

K11 ≔ K1 ⋅ B2 − K5 ⋅ B1 + K6

K12 ≔ K5 ⋅ B2 − K2 ⋅ B1 + K7

K4 ≔ (K1 ⋅ B2 − K5 ⋅ B1 + K6) ⋅ B2 + (K5 ⋅ B2 − K2 ⋅ B1 + K7) ⋅ ⎛⎝−B1⎞⎠ + B2 ⋅ K6 − K7 ⋅ B1 + K3

K10 ≔ −K6 ⋅ B2 + K7 ⋅ B1 − K3

⎡ K1 K5 K6 −K1 −K5 K8 ⎤ ⎡ K1 −K5 −K7 −K1 K5 −K9 ⎤

⎢ K5 K2 K7 −K5 −K2 K9 ⎥ ⎢ −K5 K2 K6 K5 −K2 K8 ⎥
⎢ K6 K7 K3 −K6 −K7 K10 ⎥ ⎢ −K8 K9 K3 −K11 K12 K10 ⎥
Kabc ≔ ⎢ convert to X, Y, Z: Kbend ≔ ⎢
−K1 −K5 −K6 K1 K5 K11 ⎥ −K1 K5 K7 K1 −K5 −K12 ⎥
⎢ −K5 ⎢ K5 −K6 −K5 K2 K11 ⎥
−K2 −K7 K5 K2 K12 ⎥ −K2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ K8 K9 K10 K11 K12 K4 ⎦ ⎣ −K6 K7 K10 K6 −K7 K4 ⎦
 3 element structure.mcdx 5 of 10

Elements 2-3 & 3-4 must be rotated; develop the transfer matrix:

Transfer matrix - theta is angle (in degrees) from global X to local axial

⎡ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎤
⎢ cos ⎜⎝―― ⎟ sin ⎜―― ⎟ 0 0 0 0⎥ Example:
180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥
⎢ −sin ⎜―― ⎟ cos ⎜―― ⎟ 0 0 0 0⎥ ⎡ 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
T (θ) ≔ ⎢ ⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ T (270) = ⎢
0 0 0 cos ⎜―― ⎟ sin ⎜―― 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
0 0 0 −sin ⎜―― ⎟ cos ⎜―― 0
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦

Straight pipe elements 1-2 & 3-4 are

identical except for orientation

Create three 6x6 matrices to represent the three elements:

horizontal beam K.1.2 bend K.2.3 vertical beam K.3.4
must rotate 2nd and third elements 270 degrees:

K.1.2 ≔ K first element is horizontal from 1 to 2 (.1.2)

T
K.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ Kbend ⋅ T (270) second element is bend (2 to 3) rotated 270 degrees (.2.3)

T
K.3.4 ≔ T (270) ⋅ K ⋅ T (270) third element is horizontal straight (3 to 4) rotated 270 degrees (.3.4)
 3 element structure.mcdx 6 of 10

Join these three elements into a single 12x12 stiffness matrix

Stiffness is additive, these three 6x6 matrices will sum into a single 12x12:

Initialize:

i6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 i12 ≔ 1 ‥ 12 i3 ≔ 1 ‥ 3
j6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 j12 ≔ 1 ‥ 12

K ≔0
i12 , j12

Bring in K.1.2:

offset ≔ 0
K ≔ K.1.2
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

Now bring in K.2.3:

offset ≔ 3

K ≔K + K.2.3
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

And bring in K.3.4:

offset ≔ 6

K ≔K + K.3.4
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

Add boundary conditions - anchor at each end

Add anchor for node=1; offset =(node-1)*3=0

NODE ≔ 1
offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

Add anchor for node=4; offset = (node-1)*3=9

NODE ≔ 4
offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3
 3 element structure.mcdx 7 of 10

Collect thermal (self) load for each element into a global load vector

For thermal strain, place an anchor on each individual pipe and apply strain. The loads on
these anchors are the the thermal loads to be collected and applied to the flexibility
matrix.
This load is always axial (a) and is equal to the thermal strain times E times Area of pipe.

Here, let strain equal 0.2%

α ≔ 0.002 F ≔ Area ⋅ E ⋅ α Bend loads are entered by hand from C2 results:

⎡ −328461 ⎤
F.1.2 ≔ 0 F.3.4 ≔ 0 ⎢ −328461 ⎥
i6 i6
F.1.2 ≔ −F F.3.4 ≔ −F ⎢ 13677774 ⎥
1 1 F.2.3 ≔ ⎢
F.1.2 ≔ F F.3.4 ≔ F 328461 ⎥
4 4 ⎢ 328461 ⎥
⎢⎣ −13677774 ⎥⎦

Form Global Load Vector - Rotate F.2.3 & F.3.4:

T T
FG.1.2 ≔ F.1.2 FG.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ F.2.3 FG.3.4 ≔ T (270) ⋅ F.3.4

Collect all loads into a single load vector:

F ≔0
i12

offset ≔ 0

F ≔F + FG.1.2
j6 + offset j6 + offset j6

offset ≔ 3

F ≔F + FG.2.3
j6 + offset j6 + offset j6

offset ≔ 6

F ≔F + FG.3.4 ⎡ −8.191 ⋅ 10 5 ⎤
j6 + offset j6 + offset j6
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ 4.906 ⋅ 10 ⎥
5
⎢ 3.285 ⋅ 10 ⎥
⎢ 1.368 ⋅ 10 7 ⎥
Assembled load vector: F=⎢ 5 ⎥
3.285 ⋅ 10
⎢ 5
⎥
⎢ 4.906 ⋅ 10 ⎥
7
⎢ −1.368 ⋅ 10 ⎥
⎢ −1.505 ⋅ 10 −10 ⎥
⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ −8.191 ⋅ 10 ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
 3 element structure.mcdx 8 of 10

Solve for position:

Mathcad formulation of node displacement:

−1
x≔K ⋅F

CAESAR II
x.1 Node Number
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ y.1 10
⎢ 0 ⎥ rz.1
⎢ 5.992 ⎥ x.2
⎢ 6.236 ⎥ y.2 20
180
⎢ 0.001 ⎥ rz.2 x ⋅ ―― = 0.0826
x=⎢ 6 π
6.236 ⎥ x.3
⎢ 5.992 ⎥ 40
y.3 180
⎢ −0.001 ⎥ x ⋅ ――
⎢ ⎥ rz.3 9 π
= −0.0826

⎢
0
⎥ x.4 50
⎢
0
⎥ y.4
⎣ 0 ⎦
rz.4

Compare with model STRAIGHT-BEND-STRAIGHT

bend axial shape=FALSE
 3 element structure.mcdx 9 of 10

What are the internal loads under this thermal strain?

Current relative location of each pipe:

offset ≔ 0
Delta.1.2 ≔ x
i6 i6 + offset

offset ≔ 3

Delta.2.3 ≔ x
i6 i6 + offset

offset ≔ 6

Delta.3.4 ≔ x
i6 i6 + offset

⎡0 ⎤ ⎡ 5.992 ⎤ ⎡ 6.236 ⎤
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 6.236 ⎥ ⎢ 5.992 ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.001 ⎥ ⎢ −0.001 ⎥
Delta.1.2 = ⎢ Delta.2.3 = ⎢ Delta.3.4 = ⎢
5.992 ⎥ 6.236 ⎥ 0 ⎥
⎢ 6.236 ⎥ ⎢ 5.992 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.001 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −0.001 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Strain was applied by pulling the pipe, axially, with large loads. The internal loads can be
determined by using the current position but those artificial inital loads must be removed.

Global Forces & Moments on each element (signs are maintained here):
⎡ 1079 ⎤ x.1
⎢ −1079 ⎥ y.1
⎢ −1908170 ⎥
10-20 K.1.2 ⋅ Delta.1.2 − FG.1.2 = ⎢ rz.1
−1079 ⎥ x.2
⎢ 1079 ⎥
⎢⎣ −1329813 ⎥⎦ y.2
rz.2
⎡ 1079 ⎤ x.2
⎢ −1079 ⎥ y.2
⎢ 1329813 ⎥
20-40 K.2.3 ⋅ Delta.2.3 − FG.2.3 = ⎢ rz.2
−1079 ⎥ x.3
⎢ 1079 ⎥
⎢⎣ −1329813 ⎥⎦ y.3
rz.3
⎡ 1079 ⎤ x.3
⎢ −1079 ⎥ y.3
⎢ 1329813 ⎥
40-50 K.3.4 ⋅ Delta.3.4 − FG.3.4 = ⎢ rz.3
−1079 ⎥ x.4
⎢ 1079 ⎥
⎢⎣ 1908170 ⎥⎦ y.4
rz.4
 3 element structure.mcdx 10 of 10

CAESAR II Comparison:

⎡ 1079 ⎤
⎢ −1079 ⎥ 10
⎢ −1908170 ⎥
K.1.2 ⋅ Delta.1.2 − FG.1.2 = ⎢
−1079 ⎥
⎢ 1079 ⎥ 20
⎢⎣ −1329813 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1079 ⎤
⎢ −1079 ⎥ 20
⎢ 1329813 ⎥
K.2.3 ⋅ Delta.2.3 − FG.2.3 = ⎢
−1079 ⎥
⎢ 1079 ⎥ 40
⎢⎣ −1329813 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1079 ⎤
⎢ −1079 ⎥
40
⎢ 1329813 ⎥
K.3.4 ⋅ Delta.3.4 − FG.3.4 = ⎢
−1079 ⎥
⎢ 1079 ⎥ 50
⎣⎢ 1908170 ⎦⎥
 3 element structure tee.mcdx1 of 9

Build a three element structure - tee; apply thermal strain

Input values for run:

5
OD ≔ 114.3 wt ≔ 6.0198 L ≔ 1000 E ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 ν ≔ .3

Input values for branch:

ODb ≔ 88.9 wtb ≔ 5.4864 Lb ≔ 500

Intermediate calcs:

OD 2 2 π 4 4
Ro ≔ ―― Ri ≔ Ro − wt Area ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠ I ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Ro − Ri ⎞⎠
2 4
ODb 2 2 π 4 4
Rob ≔ ―― Rib ≔ Rob − wtb Areab ≔ π ⋅ ⎛⎝Rob − Rib ⎞⎠ Ib ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Rob − Rib ⎞⎠
2 4

E
G ≔ ―――
2 ⋅ (1 + ν)

ANSYS defines a shear coefficient

of 2 for thin walled pipe in US shear ≔ 2
units:

Phi is a term which accounts for

12 ⋅ E ⋅ I 12 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
deflection due to shear which is ϕ ≔ ――――― ϕb ≔ ―――――
usually small in long beams: ⎛ Area ⎞ 2 ⎛ Areab ⎞
G ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ L G ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ Lb
2
⎝ shear ⎠ ⎝ shear ⎠

Units used here are metric:

Length: mm
Load: N
Rotation: radian
 3 element structure tee.mcdx2 of 9

Builld the global stiffness matrix

Here are the metric rigid stiffnesses (X, Y, RZ):

⎡ 1.751 ⋅ 10 11 ⎤
⎢ 11 ⎥
ANC ≔ 1.751 ⋅ 10
⎢ 15
⎥
⎣ 6.473 ⋅ 10 ⎦

Build the run elements:

Nomenclature:
Kax - axial stiffness
Others:
1st char. - Force (R) or moment (M) generated at
2nd char. - A end (a) or B end (b) due to unit
3rd char. - displ. (d) or rotation (r) at B end

E ⋅ Area
Kax ≔ ―――
L

12 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rbd ≔ ―――― Mbd ≔ ―――― Rbr ≔ ―――― (4 + ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Mbr ≔ ――――
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

−12 ⋅ E ⋅ I
Rad ≔ ―――― −6 ⋅ E ⋅ I
3
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Mad ≔ ―――― 6⋅E⋅I (2 − ϕ) ⋅ E ⋅ I
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) Rar ≔ ―――― Mar ≔ ――――
2
L ⋅ (1 + ϕ) L ⋅ (1 + ϕ)

⎡ Kax 0 0 −Kax 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 Rbd −Mbd 0 Rad −Mad ⎥
⎢ 0 −Rbr Mbr 0 −Rar Mar ⎥
K≔⎢
−Kax 0 0 Kax 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 Rad Mad 0 Rbd Mbd ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥
0 Rar Mar 0 Rbr Mbr ⎦
 3 element structure tee.mcdx3 of 9

Build the branch element:

E ⋅ Areab
Kax ≔ ―――
Lb
12 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib −6 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib −6 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
Rbd ≔ ―――― Mbd ≔ ―――― Rbr ≔ ―――― ⎛⎝4 + ϕb⎞⎠ ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
3
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠
2
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠
2
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠ Mbr ≔ ―――――
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠

−12 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
Rad ≔ ―――― −6 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
3
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠ Mad ≔ ―――― 6 ⋅ E ⋅ Ib ⎛⎝2 − ϕb⎞⎠ ⋅ E ⋅ Ib
2
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠ Rar ≔ ―――― Mar ≔ ―――――
2
Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠ Lb ⋅ ⎛⎝1 + ϕb⎞⎠

⎡ Kax 0 0 −Kax 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 Rbd −Mbd 0 Rad −Mad ⎥
⎢ 0 −Rbr Mbr 0 −Rar Mar ⎥
Kb ≔ ⎢
−Kax 0 0 Kax 0 0 ⎥
⎢ 0 Rad Mad 0 Rbd Mbd ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥
0 Rar Mar 0 Rbr Mbr ⎦

Run pipe (elements 1-2 & 2-3) must be rotated; develop the transfer matrix:

Transfer matrix - theta is angle (in degrees) from global X to local axial

⎡ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎤
⎢ cos ⎜⎝―― ⎟ sin ⎜―― ⎟ 0 0 0 0⎥ Example:
180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎠
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥
⎢ −sin ⎜―― cos ―― 0 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎡ 0 −1 0 0 0 0 ⎤
⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 180 ⎟⎠
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 0 0 0 0 0⎥
0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
T (θ) ≔ ⎢ ⎢0 0 1 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ T (270) = ⎢
0 0 0 cos ⎜―― ⎟ sin ⎜―― 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎛θ⋅π⎞ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
0 0 0 −sin ⎜―― ⎟ cos ⎜―― 0
⎢ ⎝ 180 ⎠ ⎝ 180 ⎟⎠ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
 3 element structure tee.mcdx4 of 9

Create three 6x6 matrices to represent the three elements:

vertical beam K.1.2 vertical beam K.2.3 horizontal beam K.2.4
must rotate 1st and 2nd element 270 degrees:

T
K.1.2 ≔ T (270) ⋅ K ⋅ T (270) first element is horizontal run from 1 to 2 rotated 270 degrees (.1.2)

T
K.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ K ⋅ T (270) second element is horizontal run from 2 to 3 rotated 270 degrees (.2.3)

K.2.4 ≔ Kb third element is horizontal branch from 2 to 4 (.3.4)

Join these three elements into a single 12x12 stiffness matrix

Stiffness is additive, these three 6x6 matrices will sum into a

single 12x12:

Initialize:

i6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 i12 ≔ 1 ‥ 12 i3 ≔ 1 ‥ 3 i9 ≔ 1 ‥ 9
j6 ≔ 1 ‥ 6 j12 ≔ 1 ‥ 12 j3 ≔ 1 ‥ 3 j9 ≔ 1 ‥ 9

K ≔0
i12 , j12

Bring in K.1.2:

offset ≔ 0
K ≔ K.1.2
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6

Now bring in K.2.3:

offset ≔ 3

K ≔K + K.2.3
i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 + offset , j6 + offset i6 , j6
 3 element structure tee.mcdx5 of 9

Element K.2.4 requires a different placement:

First, convert to a 9x9:

B ≔0 (initialize)
i9 , j9
No
B ≔ K.2.4 (load 2:2)
i3 , j3 i3 , j3

B ≔ K.2.4 (load 2:4)

i3 , j3 + 6 i3 , j3 + 3

B ≔ K.2.4 (load 4:2)

i3 + 6 , j3 i3 + 3 , j3
Yes, this will be an
issue later as well.
B ≔ K.2.4 (load 4:4)
i3 + 6 , j3 + 6 i3 + 3 , j3 + 3

Add this 9x9 to global matrix:

offset ≔ 3

K ≔K +B
i9 + offset , j9 + offset i9 + offset , j9 + offset i9 , j9

Add anchor for node=1; offset =(node-1)*3=0

NODE ≔ 1

offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3
K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

Add anchor for node=4; offset = (node-1)*3=9

NODE ≔ 4
offset ≔ (NODE − 1) ⋅ 3

K ≔K + ANC
i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3 + offset , i3 + offset i3

Add the horizontal restraint at node 3:

Do this by hand. row seven is horizontal response
for node 3; add rigid stiffness to row 7 column 7

restraint stiffness added

11
K ≔K + 1.751 ⋅ 10
to shaded positions
7,7 7,7
 3 element structure tee.mcdx6 of 9

Apply thermal load

This load is always local axial (a) and is equal to the thermal strain times E times Area of
pipe.

Here, let strain equal 0.2%

α ≔ 0.002 F ≔ Area ⋅ E ⋅ α Fb ≔ Areab ⋅ E ⋅ α

set the individual load vectors:

F.1.2 ≔ 0 F.2.3 ≔ 0 F.2.4 ≔ 0

i6 i6 i6

F.1.2 ≔ −F F.2.3 ≔ −F F.2.4 ≔ −Fb

1 1 1

F.1.2 ≔ F F.2.3 ≔ F F.2.4 ≔ Fb

4 4 4

orient the individual load vectors to global (rotate first two)

T T
FG.1.2 ≔ T (270) ⋅ F.1.2 FG.2.3 ≔ T (270) ⋅ F.2.3 FG.2.4 ≔ F.2.4

Collect all loads into a single load vector:

F ≔0
i12

offset ≔ 0 first element

F ≔F + FG.1.2
j6 + offset j6 + offset j6

offset ≔ 3 second element

F ≔F + FG.2.3
j6 + offset j6 + offset j6

third element is separated

F ≔F + FG.2.4 ⎡ 1.505 ⋅ 10 −10 ⎤

i3 + offset i3 + offset i3 ⎢ 5 ⎥
8.191 ⋅ 10
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
offset ≔ 9 5
⎢ −5.751 ⋅ 10 ⎥
F ≔F + FG.2.4 ⎢ 0 ⎥
i3 + offset i3 + offset i3 + 3 ⎢ 0 ⎥
Assembled load vector: F=
⎢ −1.505 ⋅ 10 −10 ⎥
⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ −8.191 ⋅ 10 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
5
⎢ 5.751 ⋅ 10 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 0 ⎦
 3 element structure tee.mcdx7 of 9

Calculate response of each node (global position)

Mathcad formulation of node displacement:

CAESAR II
x.1 Node Number
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ y.1 10
⎢ 0 ⎥ rz.1
⎢ −0.982 ⎥ x.2
⎢ −1.924 ⎥ y.2 20
rz.2
−1
x≔K ⋅F ⎢ 0.001 ⎥
x=⎢ ⎥ 180
0 x.3 x ⋅ ―― = 0.0796 rotation in degrees at 20
⎢ ⎥ 30 π
y.3
6
−3.924
⎢ ⎥
⎢
0.001
⎥ rz.3 180
x ⋅ ―― = 0.045 rotation in degrees at 30
⎢
0
⎥ x.4 40
9 π
⎢ 0 ⎥ y.4
⎣ 0 ⎦ rz.4

Compare with model TEE

 3 element structure tee.mcdx8 of 9

Calculate internal loads under this thermal strain

Current relative location of each pipe:

offset ≔ 0
Delta.1.2 ≔ x
i6 i6 + offset

offset ≔ 3

Delta.2.3 ≔ x
i6 i6 + offset

remember, third element is separated

Delta.2.4 ≔ x
i3 i3 + offset

offset ≔ 9
Delta.2.4 ≔x
i3 + 3 i3 + offset

⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ −0.982 ⎤ ⎡ −0.982 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ −1.924 ⎥ ⎢ −1.924 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 0.001 ⎥ ⎢ 0.001 ⎥
Delta.1.2 = ⎢ Delta.2.3 = ⎢ ⎥ Delta.2.4 = ⎢
−0.982 ⎥ 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1.924 ⎥ ⎢ −3.924 ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.001 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.001 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Strain was applied by pulling the pipe, axially, with large loads. The internal loads can be
determined by using the current position but those artificial inital loads must be removed.

Global Forces & Moments on each element (signs are maintained here):
⎡ 11096 ⎤ x.1
⎢ −31208 ⎥ y.1
⎢ 4711459 ⎥
10-20 K.1.2 ⋅ Delta.1.2 − FG.1.2 = ⎢ rz.1
−11096 ⎥ x.2
⎢ 31208 ⎥
⎢⎣ 6384524 ⎥⎦ y.2
rz.2
⎡ 719 ⎤ x.2
⎢ 0⎥ y.2
⎢ 719426 ⎥
20-30 K.2.3 ⋅ Delta.2.3 − FG.2.3 = ⎢ rz.2
−719 ⎥ x.3
⎢ 0⎥
⎢⎣ y.3
0 ⎥⎦
rz.3
⎡ 10377 ⎤ x.3
⎢ −31208 ⎥ y.3
⎢ −7103950 ⎥
20-40 K.2.4 ⋅ Delta.2.4 − FG.2.4 = ⎢ rz.3
−10377 ⎥ x.4
⎢ 31208 ⎥
⎢⎣ −8499821 ⎥⎦ y.4
rz.4
 3 element structure tee.mcdx9 of 9

Loads.1.2 ≔ K.1.2 ⋅ Delta.1.2 − FG.1.2

Loads.2.3 ≔ K.2.3 ⋅ Delta.2.3 − FG.2.3

Loads.2.4 ≔ K.2.4 ⋅ Delta.2.4 − FG.2.4

⎡ 11096 ⎤
⎢ −31208 ⎥ 10
⎢ 4711459 ⎥
Loads.1.2 = ⎢
−11096 ⎥
⎢ 31208 ⎥ 20
⎢⎣ 6384524 ⎥⎦

⎡ 719 ⎤
⎢ 0 ⎥ 20
⎢ 719426 ⎥
Loads.2.3 = ⎢
−719 ⎥
⎢ 0 ⎥ 30
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
⎡ 10377 ⎤
⎢ −31208 ⎥ 20
⎢ −7103950 ⎥
Loads.2.4 = ⎢
−10377 ⎥
⎢ 40
31208 ⎥
⎢⎣ −8499821 ⎥⎦