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Python Rational Numbers PDF

Rational numbers can be represented as fractions in Python using the Fraction class from the fractions module. The Fraction class allows constructing fractions from integers, floats, decimals and strings. Standard arithmetic operators can be used on Fraction objects and result in Fraction objects. Attributes like numerator and denominator access the components of a Fraction. Floating point numbers have finite precision so can be approximated as rational numbers. The limit_denominator method finds the closest rational number to a Fraction with a denominator below a given maximum.

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Sanjula Gamage
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95 views

Python Rational Numbers PDF

Rational numbers can be represented as fractions in Python using the Fraction class from the fractions module. The Fraction class allows constructing fractions from integers, floats, decimals and strings. Standard arithmetic operators can be used on Fraction objects and result in Fraction objects. Attributes like numerator and denominator access the components of a Fraction. Floating point numbers have finite precision so can be approximated as rational numbers. The limit_denominator method finds the closest rational number to a Fraction with a denominator below a given maximum.

Uploaded by

Sanjula Gamage
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rational numbers are fractions of integer numbers

1 22
Ex: −
2 7

Any real number with a finite number of digits after the decimal point is also a rational number

45 123456789
0.45 → 0.123456789 →
100 109

8.3 8.3 83Τ10 83 1 83


So is also rational = = × =
4 4 4 10 4 40

8.3 8.3 83Τ10 83 10 83


as is since = = × =
1.4 1.4 14Τ10 10 14 14
The Fraction Class

Rational numbers can be represented in Python using the Fraction class in the fractions module

from fractions import Fraction


x = Fraction(3, 4)
y = Fraction(22, 7)
z = Fraction(6, 10)

Fractions are automatically reduced:

Fraction(6, 10) → Fraction(3, 5)

Negative sign, if any, is always attached to the numerator:

Fraction(1, -4) → Fraction(-1, 4)


Constructors

Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)

Fraction(other_fraction)

Fraction(float)

Fraction(decimal)

Fraction(string)

Fraction('10') → Fraction(10, 1)

Fraction('0.125') → Fraction(1, 8)

Fraction('22/7') → Fraction(22, 7)
Standard arithmetic operators are supported: +, -, *, /
and result in Fraction objects as well
2 1 2 1
× = = Fraction(2, 3) * Fraction(1, 2) → Fraction(1, 3)
3 2 6 3

2 1 4 3 7
+ = + = Fraction(2, 3) + Fraction(1, 2) → Fraction(7, 6)
3 2 6 6 6

getting the numerator and denominator of Fraction objects:

x = Fraction(22, 7)
x.numerator → 22
x.denominator →7
float objects have finite precision ⇒ any float object can be written as a fraction!

Fraction(0.75) → Fraction(3, 4)
Fraction(1.375) → Fraction(11, 8)

import math

x = Fraction(math.pi) → Fraction(884279719003555, 281474976710656)


y = Fraction(math.sqrt(2)) → Fraction(6369051672525773, 4503599627370496)

Even though π and 2 are both irrational

internally represented as floats

⇒ finite precision real number

⇒ expressible as a rational number


but it is an approximation
Converting a float to a Fraction has an important caveat

We'll examine this in detail in a later video on floats

1
has an exact float representation
8

Fraction(0.125) → Fraction(1, 8)

3
does not have an exact float representation
10

Fraction(0.3) → Fraction(5404319552844595, 18014398509481984)

format(0.3, '.5f') → 0.30000

format(0.3, '.25f') → 0.2999999999999999888977698


Constraining the denominator

Given a Fraction object, we can find an approximate equivalent fraction


with a constrained denominator
using the limit_denominator(max_denominator=1000000) instance method

i.e. finds the closest rational (which could be precisely equal)


with a denominator that does not exceed max_denominator

x = Fraction(math.pi) → Fraction(884279719003555, 281474976710656)


3.141592653589793

x.limit_denominator(10) → Fraction(22, 7)
3.142857142857143

x.limit_denominator(100) → Fraction(311, 99)


3.141414141414141

x.limit_denominator(500) → Fraction(355, 113)


3.141592920353983
Code

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