STATIC POWER CONVERSION I

EEE-463 Lecture Notes

A. Prof. Dr. Canras Batunlu

METU Northern Cyprus Campus
L1

1-1
Power Electronics
I. What is power electronics?

II. The history

III. Applications

1-2
1) Definition
• Power Electronics:
is the electronics applied to conversion and control of
electric power.

Range of power scale :

milliwatts(mW) megawatts(MW) gigawatts(GW)

• A more exact explanation:

The primary task of power electronics is to process and
control the flow of electric energy by supplying voltages
and currents in a form that is optimally suited for user
loads.

1-3
Conversion of electric power
Electric Other names for electric
Power Power Power power converter:
input output
Converter -Power converter
-Converter
-Switching converter
Control
input -Power electronic circuit
-Power electronic converter

Changeable properties in
Two types of electric power
conversion

DC(Direct Current) Magnitude

Frequency, magnitude,
AC (Alternating Current)
number of phases

1-4
Power Electronics
Power Electronics : What is?

Power electronics are the application of solid-state electronics to the control

and conversion of electric power.

Use of semi conductor devices for optimal conversion and control of

electrical energy.

1-5
 Power Electronics Integration
Switching on and off gives pulsed energy flow – that is why we need energy
storage elements as well to give “smooth” control of power flow.

Energy storage elements for smooth power flow:

Inductors smooth current – they oppose change in their current.

Capacitors smooth voltage - they oppose change in their voltage.

1-6
Classification of power converters
Power
output
Power DC AC
input
AC to AC converter
AC AC to DC converter ( Fixed frequency : AC controller
(Rectifier) Variable frequency: Cycloconverter
or frequency converter)

DC DC to DC converter DC to AC converter
(Chopper) (Inverter)

1-7
2) History

1-8
3) The interdisciplinary nature
William E. Newell’s description

Electronics Power

Power
Electronics
Continuous,
discrete
Control

Power electronics is the interface between electronics and power.

1-9
Interdisciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

1-10
Scope and Applications

1-11
Industrial applications
• Motor drives
• Electrolysis
• Electroplating
• Induction heating
• Welding
• Arc furnaces and ovens
• Lighting

1-12
Transportation applications
• Trains & locomotives
• Subways
• Trolley buses
• Magnetic levitation
• Electric vehicles
• Automotive electronics
• Ship power systems
• Aircraft power systems

1-13
 Utility systems applications

• High-voltage dc transmission(HVDC)
• Flexible ac transmission(FACTS)
• Static var compensation & harmonics
suppression: TCR, TSC, SVG, APF
• Custom power & power quality control
• Supplemental energy sources :
wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells
• Energy storage systems

1-14
 Power supplies for electronic equipment
• Telecommunications

• Computers

computer
• Office equipment server

• Electronic instruments

• Portable or mobile
electronics

Telecommunication
1-15
Residential and home appliances
• Lighting
• Heating
• Air conditioning
• Refrigeration & freezers
• Cooking
• Cleaning
• Entertaining

1-16
Applications in space technology
• Spaceship power systems

• Satellite power systems

• Space vehicle power

systems

1-17
Other applications
• Nuclear reactor control

• Power systems for

particle accelerators

• Environmental
engineering

1-18
Power Electronics Integration

1.Semi conductor switches

2.Devices Drivers
3.Passive Components – capacitors & inductors
4.Busbars and connectors
5.Cooling systems

1-19
1-20
1-21
1-22
Research
Thermal Characterisation and Reliability Analysis of Power Electronic
Devices in Wind and Solar Energy Systems

1-23
Power Processor as a Combination of
Converters

• Most practical topologies require an energy

storage element, which also decouples the input
and the output side converters
1-24
Power Electronic Conveters

AC to DC Converter (Rectifier): Converts AC voltage into a fixed DC voltage.

The input voltage to rectifier could be either single phase or three phase.

DC to AC Converter (Inverter): Coverts DC input voltage into AC.

AC to AC Converter (Voltage regulator): Convert a fixed AC input voltage into

variable AC output voltage.

DC to DC Converter (DC Chopper): Converts a fixed DC input voltage into

variable DC voltage or vice versa. The DC output voltage is controlled by
varying of duty cycle.

1-25
 Applications Power Electronics Boost Converter

 Solar Systems

MPP tracker
k
Iph
Load

= IO
VPV VO VL
PV =
DC-DC
converter

1-26
Applications Power Electronics Boost Converter

Battery

= DC-DC converter
=
DC-DC converter DC-AC inverter Grid

= ~
PV = =
Filter ~
DC-Link

Load

MPP tracker Data Acquisition

1-27
 Applications Power Electronics Boost Converter

 Wind Energy Systems

1-28
1-29
 Applications Power Electronics Boost Converter
 Speed Control of Elctrical Drives

1-30
 Applications Power Electronics Boost Converter

 Electric Cars

1-31
 Basic Principle of Switch-Mode Synthesis

• Constant switching frequency

pulse width controls the average
L-C filters the ripple

1-32
 Power Flow through Converters

• Converter is a general term

• An ac/dc converter is shown here
• Rectifier Mode of operation when power from ac to dc
• Inverter Mode of operation when power from dc to ac

1-33
 AC Motor Drive

• Converter 1 rectifies line-frequency ac into dc

• Capacitor acts as a filter; stores energy; decouples
• Converter 2 synthesizes low-frequency ac to motor
• Polarity of dc-bus voltage remains unchanged
– ideally suited for transistors of converter 2

1-34
 Matrix Converter

• Very general structure

• Would benefit from bi-directional and bi-polarity switches
• Being considered for use in specific applications
1-35
DC/DC Power Electronic Boost Converter

1-36
 DC/DC Boost Converter
The output voltage can be maintained at desired level by controlling the
switching time sequence which can be calculated as:

TON  TOFF  TP  1 f (1)

where f is the switching frequency.

TON  DT P TOFF  (1  D )TP (2,3)

1-37
 DC/DC Boost Converter
Switching-on state

Considering ideal components, when switch is turned on, voltage applied on

inductor is;
diin i
L  VI  L in (4).
dt DTP

1-38
DC/DC Boost Converter

Switching-off state

Where L is the inductance; when switch is off:

diin iin
L  VI  VO  L (5)
dt (1  D)TP

1-39
 DC/DC Boost Converter
By equating eqns. 4 and 5;

DTPVI (1  D)TP
 (VI  VO ) (6)
L L

VI  (1  D)VO
(7)

∴ for a lossless system input power (Pi) is equal to the output power(Po)

Pin = Pout = Iin VI = IoVo (8)

I o  (1  D) I I (9)

1-40
DC/DC Boost Converter
VI

Toff Ton

TP t
II

ID t

Is t

t
Current Signal Characteristics of boost converter

1-41
Power Electronic Conveters

Voltage source DC-AC inverter linked with a DC-DC boost converter

1-42
Thyristors – The heart of HVDC - ABB
1-43
1-44
1-45
1-46
1-47
End of Second Section

1-48