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How Resistors Work: Capacitor

Transistors function as

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48 views6 pages

How Resistors Work: Capacitor

Transistors function as

Uploaded by

Mi-cha Park
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How resistors work

People who make electric or electronic circuits to do particular jobs often need to introduce
precise amounts of resistance. They can do that by adding tiny components called resistors.
A resistor is a little package of resistance: wire it into a circuit and you reduce the current by
a precise amount. From the outside, all resistors look more or less the same. As you can
see in the top photo on this page, a resistor is a short, worm-like component with colored
stripes on the side. It has two connections, one on either side, so you can hook it into a
circuit.

How capacitors work


Capacitor is a widely used electronic component. It stores electric charge and then
discharges it into the circuit. It blocks the direct current and allows the alternating current to
pass through it. Depending on the purpose, there are a variety of capacitors being used like
ceramic, electrolytic, mylar, mica, etc. We will explore an electrolytic capacitor through this
article.

Structure of a Capacitor: A capacitor contains two conductor plates which are generally
made of metal and an insulator between them. This insulator also known as dielectric is
made up of material like paper, plastic, ceramic or glass. The two plates are electrically
connected to the external circuit with the help of two thin metal rods also known as the legs
of the capacitor.
How diode work
The main function of a diode is to block the current in one direction, and allow current to flow
in the other direction. Current flowing through the diode is called forward current. 

There are several types of diodes: 


Rectifier diodes -- these are the most common, with its function described above.

Detector diodes -- these are more sensitive than normal rectifier diodes. They are used in
radios and televisions to convert radio signals to audio or television signals. 

Zener diodes -- These diodes are the opposites of the normal diodes, because they are
designed to conduct current in the backwards (reverse) direction BUT only at a very precise
voltage. Zener diodes are used to regulate voltages (to behave sort-of like a battery). 

Capacitance diodes act as tunable capacitors and are also used in radios and TVs to allow
electronic automatic tuning. 

Tunnel diodes are used in oscillator circuits 

How transistors work


The design of a transistor allows it to function as an amplifier or a switch. This is
accomplished by using a small amount of electricity to control a gate on a much larger
supply of electricity, much like turning a valve to control a supply of water. 

Transistors are composed of three parts � a base, a collector, and an


emitter. The base is the gate controller device for the larger electrical
supply. The collector is the larger electrical supply, and the emitter is the
outlet for that supply. By sending varying levels of current from the base,
the amount of current flowing through the gate from the collector may be
regulated. In this way, a very small amount of current may be used to control a large amount
of current, as in an amplifier. The same process is used to create the binary code for the
digital processors but in this case a voltage threshold of five volts is needed to open the
collector gate. In this way, the transistor is being used as a switch with a binary function: five
volts � ON, less than five volts � OFF. 

A bipolar junction transistor consists of three regions of doped semiconductors. A small


current in the center or base region can be used to control a larger current flowing between
the end regions (emitter and collector). The device can be characterized as acurrent
amplifier, having many applications for amplification and switching.

Resistor color codes

You can figure out the resistance of a resistor from the pattern of colored bands.

1. On most resistors, you'll see there are three rainbow-colored bands, then a space,
then a fourth band colored brown, red, gold, or silver.
2. Turn the resistor so the three rainbow bands are on the left.
3. The first two of the rainbow bands tell you the first two digits of the resistance.
Suppose you have a resistor like the one shown here, with colored bands that are
brown, black, and red and a fourth golden band. You can see from the color chart
below that brown means 1 and black means 0, so the resistance is going to start with
"10". The third band is a decimal multiplier: it tells you how many powers of ten to
multiply the first two numbers by (or how many zeros to add on the end, if you prefer
to think of it that way). Red means 2, so we multiply the 10 we've got already by 10 ×
10 = 100 and get 1000. Our resistor is 1000 ohms.
4. The final band is called the tolerance and it tells you how accurate the resistance
value you've just figured out is likely to be. If you have a final band colored gold, it
means the resistance is accurate to within plus or minus 5 percent. So while the
officially stated resistance is 1000 ohms, in practice, the real resistance is likely to be
anywhere between 950 and 1050 ohms.
5. If there are five bands instead of four, the first three bands give the value of the
resistance, the fourth band is the decimal multiplier, and the final band is the
tolerance. Five-band resistors quoted with three digits and a multiplier, like this, are
necessarily more accurate than four-band resistors, so they have a lower tolerance
value.
Common devices using Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic circuit or chip,  an assembly of electronic
components, fabricated as a single unit, in which miniaturized active devices
(e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices (e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their
interconnections are built up on a thin substrate ofsemiconductor material (typically silicon).
The resulting circuit is thus a small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few square
centimetres or only a few square millimetres. The individual circuit components are generally
microscopic in size.
PROJECT
IN
T.L.E

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