Unit-4

1. Discuss Three Dimensional Display Methods / Techniques

Parallel Projection
 This method generates view from solid object by projecting parallel lines onto the display plane.
 By changing viewing position we can get different views of 3D object onto 2D display screen.

Fig. 4.1: - different views object by changing viewing plane position.

 Above figure shows different views of objects.
 This technique is used in Engineering & Architecture drawing to represent an object with a set of views
that maintain relative properties of the object e.g.:- orthographic projection.

Perspective projection
 This method generating view of 3D object by projecting point on the display plane along converging
paths.

Fig. 4.2: - perspective projection

 This will display object smaller when it is away from the view plane and of nearly same size when closer
to view plane.
 It will produce more realistic view as it is the way our eye is forming image.

Depth cueing
 Many times depth information is important so that we can identify for a particular viewing direction
which are the front surfaces and which are the back surfaces of display object.

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 Simple method to do this is depth cueing in which assign higher intensity to closer object & lower
intensity to the far objects.
 Depth cuing is applied by choosing maximum and minimum intensity values and a range of distance over
which the intensities are to vary.
 Another application is to modeling effect of atmosphere.

Visible line and surface Identification

 In this method we first identify visible lines or surfaces by some method.
 Then display visible lines with highlighting or with some different color.
 Other way is to display hidden lines with dashed lines or simply not display hidden lines.
 But not drawing hidden lines will loss the some information.
 Similar method we can apply for the surface also by displaying shaded surface or color surface.
 Some visible surface algorithm establishes visibility pixel by pixel across the view plane. Other
determines visibility of object surface as a whole.

2. Discuss importance of polygon surface table, plane equations and polygon mesh in 3d
Transformations
Polygon Surfaces
 A polygonal surface can be thought of as a surface composed of polygonal faces.
 The most commonly used boundary representation for a three dimensional object is a set of polygon
surfaces that enclose the object interior

Polygon Tables
 Representation of vertex coordinates, edges and other property of polygon into table form is called
polygon table.
 Polygon data tables can be organized into two groups: geometric table and attributes table.
 Geometric table contains vertex coordinate and the other parameter which specify geometry of polygon.
 Attributes table stores other information like Color, transparency etc.
 Convenient way to represent geometric table into three different table namely vertex table, edge table,
and polygon table.

V1

E1
V2 E3
S1 E6
E2
S2
V3 V5

E4 E5

V4

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Edge Table
Vertex Table
E1: V1, V2
V1: X1, Y1, Z1 Polygon Surface
E2: V2, V3
V2: X2, Y2, Z2 Table
E3: V3, V1
V3: X3, Y3, Z3 S1: E1, E2, E3
E4: V3, V4
V4: X4, Y4, Z4 S2: E3, E4, E5, E6
E5: V4, V5
V5: X5, Y5, Z5
E6: V5, V1

Fig. 4.4: - Geometric Data Table representation.

 Vertex table stores each vertex included into polygon.
 Edge table stores each edge with the two endpoint vertex pointers back to vertex table.
 Polygon table stores each surface of polygon with edge pointer for the each edge of the surface.
 This three table representation stores each vertex one time only and similarly each edge is also
 one time. So it will avoid representation of storing common vertex and edge so it is memory efficient
method.
 Another method to represent with two table vertex table and polygon table but it is inefficient as it will
store common edge multiple times.
 Since tables have many entries for large number of polygon we need to check for consistency as it may
be possible that errors may occurs during input.
 For dealing with that we add extra information into tables. For example figure below shows edge table
of above example with information of the surface in which particular edge is present.

E1: V1, V2, S1

E2: V2, V3, S1
E3: V3, V1, S1, S2
E4: V3, V4, S2
E5: V4, V5, S2
E6: V5, V1, S2

Fig. 4.5: - Edge table of above example with extra information as surface pointer.
 Now if any surface entry in polygon table will find edge in edge table it will verify whether this edge is of
particular surface’s edge or not if not it will detect errors and may be correct if sufficient information is
added.

Plane Equations
 For producing display of 3D objects we must process the input data representation for the object
through several procedures.
 For this processing we sometimes need to find orientation and it can be obtained by vertex coordinate
values and the equation of polygon plane.
 Equation of plane is given as
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
 Where (x, y, z) is any point on the plane and A, B, C, D are constants by solving three plane equation for
three non collinear points. And solve simultaneous equation for ratio A/D, B/D, and C/D as follows

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N= (A, B, C)
Y

X
Z
Fig. 4.6: - the vector N normal to the surface.
 Here N= (A,B,C) where A, B, C are the plane coefficient.
 When we are dealing with the polygon surfaces that enclose object interior we define the side of the
faces towards object interior is as inside face and outward side as outside face.
 We can calculate normal vector N for any particular surface by cross product of two vectors in counter
clockwise direction in right handed system then.
𝑁 = (𝑣2 − 𝑣1)𝑋(𝑣3 − 𝑣1)
 Now N gives values A, B, C for that plane and D can be obtained by putting these values in plane
equation for one of the vertices and solving for D.
 Using plane equation in vector form we can obtain D as
𝑁 ∙ 𝑃 = −𝐷
 Plane equation is also used to find position of any point compare to plane surface as follows

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If 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 ≠ 0 the point (x,y,z) is not on that plane.

If 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 < 0 the point (x,y,z) is inside the surface.
If 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 > 0 the point (x,y,z) is outside the surface.
 These equation are valid for right handed system provides plane parameter A, B, C, and D were
calculated using vertices selected in a counter clockwise order when viewing the surface in an outside to
inside direction.

Polygon Meshes

Fig. 4.7: -A triangle strip formed with 11 triangle Fig. 4.8: -A quadrilateral mesh containing 12 quadrilaterals
connecting 13 vertices constructed from a 5 by 4 input vertex array
 Polygon mesh is a collection of edges, vertices and faces that defines the shape of the polyhedral object
in 3D computer graphics and solid modeling.
 An edge can be shared by two or more polygons and vertex is shared by at least two edges.
 Polygon mesh is represented in following ways
o Explicit representation
o Pointer to vertex list
o Pointer to edge list

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3. Discuss basic and other transformation of 3D with matrix representation.
Basic Transformation

Translation:

Rotation
For 3D rotation we need to pick an axis to rotate about. The most common choices are the X-axis,
Y-axis and Z-axis.

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Other Transformation

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3. Discuss basic operation of 3D

University Questions: transformation
4. Write a short note on polygon table
2-Marks: (Unit-3) 5. Write a short note on plane equation
1. What is reflection in 3d object
2. Define Geometric models 6. Briefly explain parallel projection
3. What is constraints method method in 3d viewing
4. What is valuator device
5. Define window and view port 10- Marks
6. What is clipping 1. Discuss importance of polygon table,
7. What are input classification device. plane equation in 3d Transformation
2. Discuss 3D display technique/methods
2-Marks: (Unit -4) 3. Discuss Basic and other operation of
1. What is 3D shearing 3D transformation
2. What is reflection
3. What is Depth Cueing

5- Marks:
1. Briefly explain polygon table in 3D
2. Explain polygon mesh
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