A Dissertation Report on

VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
BY
ALWIN POULOSE 1567001

Under the Guidance of

ABHIJITH B N

Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Christ University,
Kumbalgodu, Bengaluru - 560 074
March 2017
 Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ALWIN POULOSE has successfully completed the project work
entitled “VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION” in partial fulfillment for the award
of Master of Technology in Communication Systems during the year 2016-2017.

ABHIJITH B N
Assistant Professor

Prof. Inbanila K Dr. Iven Jose

Coordinator Associate Dean

i
 Faculty of Engineering
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

It is to certify that this project titled ”VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION” is the

bonafide work of

Name Register Number

ALWIN POULOSE 1567001

Examiners [Name and Signature] Name of the Candidate :

1. Register Number :
2. Date of Examination :

ii
 Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Christ University Vice Chancellor, Dr. Rev. Fr. Thomas C
Mathew, Pro Vice Chancellor,Dr. Rev. Fr. Abraham, Director of Faculty of Engineer-
ing, Fr. Benny Thomas and the Associate Dean Dr. Iven Jose for their kind patronage.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to the Coordinator of De-
partment of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Prof.
Inbanila K, for giving me this opportunity to take up this project.

I am also extremely grateful to my guide, Mr.ABHIJITH B N, who has supported and

helped to carry out the project. His constant monitoring and encouragement helped me
keep up to the project schedule.

I also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staffs of the department who have indi-
rectly helped me to complete this project work.

I would also like to thank my parents for their unending support.

iii
 Declaration
I, Hereby declare that the Project titled “VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION” is
a record of original project work undertaken by us for the award of the degree of Mas-
ter of Technology in Communication Systems.I have completed this study under the
supervision of Mr.ABHIJITH B N, Electronics and Communication Engineering.

I also declare that this project report has not been submitted for the award of any degree,
diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other title anywhere else. It has not been sent for
any publication or presentation purpose.

Place: Faculty of Engineering, Christ University, Bengaluru

Date: 30-03-2017

Name Register Number Signature

ALWIN POULOSE 1567001

iv
 Abstract

Visible light communication (VLC ) is one of the key areas in wireless communica-
tion.It works the same way as optical fiber, but the medium of transmission is free
space. The invention of LED brought great advancement in the way visible light com-
munication is performed. LED can be used for transmitting data, but the transmitter and
the receiver must be in the line of sight of each other.VLC uses LED as the transmitter
which sends data by blinking the light at high speed which will be unnoticeable to the
human eyes.The detector receives the flash light at high speed and decodes the trans-
mitted data. One major advantage of VLC is that it can be easily implemented since it
is economical, compact,low power and prevents radio interference.

Various applications can be identified for VLC, based on the existing research litera-
ture. These applications include vehicle to vehicle data transmission using headlights,
position detection, intelligent transport systems, image sensor communications, internet
access and audio-video transmission.VLC has great influence in future communication
areas and it can be easily implemented on a great number of applications.

v
Contents

CERTIFICATE i

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

DECLARATION iv

ABSTRACT v

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

GLOSSARY x

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Problem Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Problem Statement & Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4

3 LITERATURE SURVEY AND REVIEW 6

3.1 Literature Collection & Segregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Critical Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4 Optisystem Simulation for indoor visible light communication system 16

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.1 LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.2 Non LOS propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.1.3 Channel Delay Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1.4 Example: Non LOS propagation-Single LED Transmitter . . . . 26

vi
 4.1.5 MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution
Of LOS Link at Receiving Plane For a Typical Room . . . . . . 30
4.1.6 MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution
Of First Reflection at the Receiving Plane for a Typical Room . 31
4.1.7 VLC Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.1.8 VLC Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

5 RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 36

5.1 Results & Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2 Comparative Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.3 Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.5 Scope for Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

BIBLIOGRAPHY 40

PUBLICATION DETAILS 43

A MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution Of LOS Link

at Receiving Plane For a Typical Room 44
A.1 Single LED Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
A.1.1 Four LED Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

B MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution Of First Re-

flection at the Receiving Plane for a Typical Room 48

Index 51
LIST OF FIGURES

3.1 Optical Wireless Communication Design Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Optical Wireless Communication design setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 visible-light communication environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Indoor visible light communication environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 The position of transmitters on the ceiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Distribution of illuminance in case of one transmitter . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.7 Illuminance distribution in case of 4 transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.8 Square array (Left) and Round array (right) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.9 (a) Illuminance distribution for 4x4 square deployment (b) Illuminance
distribution for round deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.10 The block diagram of proposed system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.11 Proposed light encryption scheme, using, for example, a mobile phone
as a light encrypter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.1 LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.2 Optisystem simulation model of LOS propagation model . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Simulation results (a) input (b) output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 single LED Non LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5 single LED Non LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.6 Simulation results (a) input (b) output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.7 Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.8 Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.9 Simulation results (a) input (b) output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.10 Propagation model of diffused link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.11 LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.12 Illuminance distribution for single LED transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.13 Illuminance distribution for four LED transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.14 Illuminance distribution of received power with reflection . . . . . . . 32
4.15 VLC Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.16 VLC Transmitter Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.17 VLC Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

viii
LIST OF TABLES

4.1 Parameters of Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . 22

5.1 System Parameters for a VLC link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

ix
GLOSSARY
.

Item Description
VLC Visible Light Communication
LOS Line Of Sight
LED Light Emitting Diode
OOK On Off Keying
FOV Field Of View
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
RMS Root Mean Square
NRZ Non Return to Zero
IPS Indoor Positiong System
MFDT Modified Fixed Decision Threshold
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
PIN Positive Intrinsic Negative
BER Bit Error Rate
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
OFDM Orthogonal Freqency Division Multiplexing
PD Photodiode
APD Avalanche Photodiode

x
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Alexander Graham Bell, in the year 1880 introduced the concept of using light as a
communication medium with the invention of photo phone, a device used to transmit
a voice signal on a beam of light. Bell focused sunlight with a mirror and then talked
into a mechanism that vibrated the mirror. The vibrating beam was collected by the
detector at the receiving end and decoded back into the voice signal. But Bell’s experi-
ment was a failure because he could not generate a useful carrier frequency.Sunlight,fog
and rain interfered Bell’sl experiment and he stopped his experiments. The invention of
LED in 1927 brought back the concept of visible-light communication that uses white
light emitting diodes , which send data by blinking light at speeds invisible to human
eyes.One major advantage of visible-light communication is that it can be used any-
where without distortion and provides high speed communication.In visible-light com-
munication, LED is used as the transmitter and photo diode or photo transistor is used
as the detector.The visible light spectrum is used as the transmission medium.

Visible light communications (VLC) can be used for cable free communication at very
high bit rates. The major advantage of Visible-light communication is that it has no
interference to RF signals. This made visible-light communication to be used at hos-
pitals and space stations. Security, simple implementation procedures and license free
band characteristics also increase the usage of visible-light communication for different
applications.

1
1.1 Problem Formulation

Visible light communication is a new research area in wireless communication tech-

nology.There are many parameters that must be considered while implementing a VLC
system which are, high data rate, distance between source and destination and the line
of sight. These parameters play an important role when designing a VLC system. The
main problems in the implementation of an improved data rate VLC system are the
range and cost of the system. For high data rate VLC the transmitter and receiver must
be compatible. Designing a high data rate transmitter and receiver is very complex
and expensive. This project proposes simulation model of high data rate VLC system
and evaluation of the relationship between the data rate,delay spread and signal distor-
tion.Multiple reflection paths are considered in this study.

1.2 Problem Identification

From the literature survey various aspects related to visible light communication are
investigated.The basic concept of visible-light communication system using LED as a
source appears to be the key part in a lot of applications.The other aspects that were
looked in to comes under various topics like challenges and prospects of VLC, simula-
tion programs used for visible light communication system, Video and Audio Transmis-
sion System using Visible Light Communication and Light Encryption Scheme Using
LED and Vehicle to vehicle communication . In addition to that some of the challenges
faced in the realm of VLC systems for various applications are inspected.Few among
them are:

• High Data Rate

• Uplink Issue

• Regulatory Issues

• Line of sight

• Range (distance between transmitter and receiver)

• Interference from sunlight

2
Out of these issues, the data rate plays a major role in the VLC systems. This project
investigates the possibility of a high data rate system in multi-reflection environment.
The performance analysis of high data rate of VLC system is analyzed by Optisystem
simulation tool and the results are processed using MATLAB.

1.3 Problem Statement & Objectives

The objective of this project is to analyze and understand the existing VLC systems
to investigate the possibilities of improvising the performance of the system in multi-
reflection environment. Using the optisystem simulation tool for modeling multiple re-
flection VLC systems, the relation between the data rate and manually calculated RMS
delay spread has been established. Also, comparing the signal distortion at different
data rates and the optimum data rate of the VLC system has been found.The project
investigates the relation between the RMS delay spread and the data rate of the VLC
system given by the equation

1
Bitrate, Rb ≤ (1.1)
10DRMS

1.4 Limitations

The proposed VLC system can be used only in an indoor environment. The system
cannot be used outdoor since the distortion from sunlight is very high. When distance
between the transmitter and the receiver increases the data loss is high. Another major
limitation is the line of sight condition. The transmitter and receiver of visible-light
communication must be in line of sight condition, otherwise data transmission is not
possible.The complexity of the system design increases as the data rate of the real sys-
tem is very high and hence the cost of the system increases considerably. So high speed
switching electronics and high speed LEDs and phototransistors are required for the
hardware implementation.

3
Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research is a systematic search and study of useful information about a specific topic.
It is a search for hidden truths. The hidden truth means information about anything
and is not only confined with science and technology. These useful information can
be collected from any sources such as human beings, books, literature, nature etc. The
final result of a research will be a new contribution to the existing knowledge. A new
contribution in the field is possible only with the help of study, analysis, comparison
and experiment, which results in a progress in the particular field. The main purpose
of research is to discover the hidden truth behind anything through the application of
scientific ways. It is the process of finding answers to the questions.

Certain steps should be followed for a research. First the person should understand the
problem in the field. Then study about the related area. For better understanding of
the problem, the literature should be reviewed. The datas are collected in an organized
manner. The data related to the problem should be analyzed after that. Then make the
conclusion.

Research methodology is a science of studying how research can be done scientifically.

Research can be done in different ways as,

• Descriptive and Analytical

• Applied and Fundamental

• Quantitative and Qualitative

• Conceptual and Empirical

4
In this thesis, simulation based research is used. Optisystem is the software used for
simulation work. A detailed literature survey on visible light communication is carried
out. Matlab and Simulink softwares are also used for analysis and simulation purpose
of VLC system.

5
Chapter 3

LITERATURE SURVEY AND

REVIEW

Nowadays, a lot of researchers are working on the development of LED lighting sys-
tems. An LED lighting system can achieve reduced power consumption and has a better
life span compared to other illumination systems. This literature review is conducted
to understand the various aspects of visible light communication and to develop a VLC
system model for analysis.This literature review involves understanding the fundamen-
tal concepts of visible-light communication, applications and challenges faced by VLC.
For the literature review 12 papers related to visible-light communication were con-
sidered. In the first section of this chapter, all the papers which are used for research
purpose of this project are discussed. In the second section, the papers which are most
related to the work are presented.

3.1 Literature Collection & Segregation

In [20] the fundamental analysis on visible-light communication system using LED

lights is studied. In this paper they discussed the optical lighting,optical transmission
and designed an experimental set up.

In VLC, optical lighting and optical transmission are the important requirements for the
communication. This paper discusses the basic concepts of visible-light communica-
tion using LED. They found out that communication and lighting was made possible

6
 F IGURE 3.1: Optical Wireless Communication Design Setup

by the system and the influence of inter symbol interference and reflection were dis-
cussed.They also disussed about the transmission loss due to inter-symbol interference
and attenuation from reflection points. Finally they concluded that there is a relation be-
tween data rate and the FOV used in the visible-light communication and recommended
the potential of high speed data transmission like 10 GB/s.

Paper [19] deals with the concepts of VLC system using white LEDs in addition to
the investigation of potential capabilities of power line communications and white LED
indoor communications for broadband access. In this paper they implemented a visible-
light communication system for lighting and high data rate indoor communications in a
model room such that there is no blind spot in the room for data communications.

F IGURE 3.2: Optical Wireless Communication design setup

Some of the important things that were observed from this paper are as follows:

7
 1. The receiver receives at least one LOS signal when the receiver’s coverage radius
√
is greater than 2 meters.

2. The minimum field of view needed for the receiver is equal or greater than 25°

3. LOS path signals have higher powers as compared to reflected path signals.


2τ02 τ0

3
t sin(FOV )
τ0 < t < cos(FOV )
h(t) = (3.1)
0 Else

In [18] the authors reported the concept of visible-light communication and its chal-
lenges and prospects. In this paper they explained the basic configuration of visible-
light communication, and the performance analysis of visible-light communication by
using simple modulation schemes.From their analysis they found that LEDs have band-
with of several Mhz and the signal to noise ratio exceeds 40dB. Different techniques
can be used to improve the data rate and one among them is equalization process. In
this paper they explained several approaches to offer data rates of 100 Mb/s and above.

F IGURE 3.3: visible-light communication environment

In this work they also consider different parameters for improving data rates which
are: Optical filtering,Transmitter equalization , Receiver equalization and Optical Multi-
Input Multi-Output (MIMO) transmission . By analyzing these parameters they found
how these are related to data rate and they concluded by reporting future challenges.
8
For achieving high data rates up to 100 Mb/s communications requires equalization,
complex modulation and signal processing or parallel communications.Different tech-
niques can be combined together to get higher rates for visible-light communication but
the system will be more complex.

In [17] the authors’ work presented a simulation program for indoor visible-light com-
munication. In this paper they used MATLAB and Simulink software for simulation
purpose. The simulation program explains different positions of transmitter and the re-
flections at each wall. For visible-light communication, the LED is used not only as a
lighting purpose, but also as a communication device. Using the simulation program,
they calculated the illumination distribution,RMS delay spread , and received signal
waveform considering the positions of the transmitters and the reflections on walls.

After analyzing these illuminance distributions they consider the Distribution of RMS
delay spread for one transmitter and four transmitters. They also demonstrated the
waveforms for NRZ-OOK using MATLAB/Simulink.

F IGURE 3.4: Indoor visible light communication environment

9
 F IGURE 3.5: The position of transmitters on the ceiling

F IGURE 3.6: Distribution of illuminance in case of one transmitter

F IGURE 3.7: Illuminance distribution in case of 4 transmitters

10
The transmission of video and audio using visible-light communication is explained
in the paper [9]. Their experimental results showed that audio and video can be tran-
mit with the maximum distance of 3m.They designed and simulated the lighting model
within room environment which shows close relationship between layout of light sources
and distribution of illuminance.

As compared to other papers, in this paper they explained the simulation of illuminance
distribution for two different light source arrangements as shown in the figure.

F IGURE 3.8: Square array (Left) and Round array (right)

The corresponding illuminance distribution with the LED semi-angle of 45 degree as

shown in figure.

F IGURE 3.9: (a) Illuminance distribution for 4x4 square deployment (b) Illuminance
distribution for round deployment

11
Another important application of visible light communication is the Positioning Sys-
tem. This concept is explained in the paper[13]. This paper describes the prototype of
an indoor positioning system (IPS) using visible-light communication.Here they used
LED-ID technology. LED sources transmit unique ID codes which identify current
users’ position.They also analyzed and simulated the optical link budget.

In the paper, they first demonstrate the indoor positioning system prototype using visible-
light communication. Some numerical analyses for the designed system were per-
formed.Positioning algorithm, the probability distribution of detection and the accept-
able movement speed were analysed with the help of matlab simulation tool. Thereafter,
they concluded that their lab prototype basically satisfied the required accuracy in some
coarse location environments.

Paper[10] proposed a warning system for road to vehicle communication. In this sys-
tem they use visible light communication for road-to-vehicle communication.In this
proposed system they use FSK coding because their receiver has to receive both low
and high frequency data when it is close to the transmitter, and it can receive only low
1
frequency data when it is far away from the transmitter. They made a 32 scale proto-
type model. Their experimental results showed that a car on their prototype system put
on its brakes 2m from an LED using 16.6kHz. In this experiment the influence of the
weather, susceptibility to noise and multi-fading on rainy days are not considered. For
real-world usage we have to consider these parameters.

In [3] the author explained a vehicle-to-vehicle transmission under atmospheric con-

dition .In this paper they demonstrated a vehicle-to- vehicle communication under At-
mospheric Turbulence. For this purpose they used modified fixed decision threshold
(MFDT) scheme in the presence of rain drops. Red LED is used as the transmitter and
a photodiode is used to detect the transmitted data using MFDT. This proposed model
is accurate and reliable under the rainy conditions.

In [15] the author presented a road to vehicle VLC using LED array and high speed
camera. In this paper they proposed a new method for data improvement. For data
improvement they used overlay coding. In overlay coding they used two types of data
called as the long range data and the short range data. In long range data method they
transmitted original signals and inverted signals alternately. In short range data method
they transmitted only original signals. The block diagram of proposed system is shown
in Figure.

12
 F IGURE 3.10: The block diagram of proposed system

3.2 Critical Review of Literature

The papers referred explained the basic concepts of visible-light communication system
using led lights and Indoor Visible Light Communications challenges and prospects.
The above literature review explained the mathematical model of VLC system and their
MATLAB implementation and simulation results. The detailed simulation results helps
to get the basic knowledge of visible light communication and their practical implemen-
tation. One of the major problems faced by VLC is the security of data transmission.
Different problems and challenges of VLC are range (distance between transmitter and
receiver), interference from sunlight, fluorescent lamp and that the light can be trans-
mitted in line of sight only.To overcome data security issues Light encryption method
is introduced in the visible light communication. Following papers illustrates the basic
concepts used in the light encryption scheme using LED.

Paper [1] introduces a new encryption scheme for visible-light communication. The
original visible signal being sent from the lamp can first be received by the proposed
light encrypter. The information can be encrypted and then emitted. The light encrypter
acts as an encryption gateway for signals in optical domain. The rolling shutter effect of
the complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera in the mobile phone
can be used. By demodulating the rolling shutter pattern, the data information can be
obtained. Following figure shows the proposed light encryption scheme.

In this work, they propose and demonstrate a light encryption scheme using devices
with LED and camera image sensor receiver (Rx), such as a mobile phone, palmtop or
laptop computers. The original visible light signal being sent from the ceiling lamp or
13
 F IGURE 3.11: Proposed light encryption scheme, using, for example, a mobile phone
as a light encrypter

desktop lamp can first be received by the proposed light encrypter; then, the information
can be encrypted using private key or other advanced encryption algorithms. Then,
the encrypted signal can be emitted as visible light by this light encrypter. The light
encrypter acts as an encryption gateway for signals in optical domain. The Rx in this
light encrypter can be a positive intrinsic- negative (PIN) photodiode (PD), an avalanche
photodiode (APD), or a camera image sensor in the mobile phone. Rolling shutter
effect of the complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera can be used
to enhance the transmission data rate to a higher level than the frame rate of the camera.
Then, by demodulating the rolling shutter pattern (bright and dark fringes received by
the camera), the data information can be obtained.

In this work, they also proposed and demonstrated a light encryption scheme using the
Otsu thresholding scheme to define the data logic in the rolling shutter pattern. They
analyzed that at high illuminance using 16 Otsu-intervals was better. Processing time
was also studied. Besides, the proposed smoothing scheme can significantly enhance
the BER with up to 2 orders of magnitude at high illuminance due to the reduction of
ER fluctuation.

In [8] the author explain use of visible-light communication instead of wireless radio
communication . They use common data encryption techniques followed by modulation
of the signal using OFDM. The modulated signal is used to drive led which transmit a
binary bit-stream in the form of light, through air as the medium.In the receiving end a
photodetector is used which converts the transmitted signal back.After the photo detec-
tor a driver circuit and an appropriate decryption block is used to get back the transmit-
ted signal. In this paper they showed an example by transmitted a gray scale image.At

14
the receiver side they reproduced the transmitted gray scale image.In this proposed sys-
tem they used the LED bulbs as the transmitter to transmit data at high rate .OFDM
modulation scheme is used for coding the gray scale image.At the receiving end, the
photo diode detects the LED blinking and reproduce the transmitted gray scale image.

In [7] the author proposed a new data encryption scheme for visible-light communi-
cation. This paper presents the effect of encryption and decryption used in the indoor
visible-light communication system.Here they used the RSA algoritham for encryp-
tion.This paper also explains the bit error rate performance for unsecured and secured
visible-light communication systems.In the secured visible-light communication the
power penalities for a BER of 10−4 were founf to be 2-4 db .This paper also discusses
about the key length impact on the error propagation as well as power penalty of indoor
visible-light communication system.

15
Chapter 4

Optisystem Simulation for indoor

visible light communication system

In this chapter, we analyze the performance of visible light communication by consid-

ering LOS propagation model and Non-LOS propagation model . In LOS propagation
model we only consider direct path with one LED as transmitter. In the case of Non
LOS propagation we consider two cases : single LED transmitter Non- LOS propa-
gation model and two LED transmitter Non LOS propagation model. For propagation
model of VLC we use Optisystem simulation tool.

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The experimental setup for the VLC system can be analyzed in two cases. First case is
the LOS propagation model and the second one is the Non-LOS propagation model.

4.1.1 LOS Propagation Model

In LOS propagation model only consider direct path and which is shown in the Figure
4.1

16
 F IGURE 4.1: LOS Propagation Model

Figure 4.1 shows the arrangement of an indoor VLC setup. The room has the dimen-
sions of 10m length, 10m width and 10m height. One LED is placed as a transmitter
and at the receiving point we use photodiode as the detector. The transmitter receiver
distance, the angle of incidence and the angle of irradiance are calculated and are given
by
l = 11m = {θs = 220 , θd = 250 (4.1)

An Optisystem simulation model of LOS propagation model is shown in Figure 4.2

F IGURE 4.2: Optisystem simulation model of LOS propagation model

In this model the user defined bit sequence generator is followed by a NRZ pulse gen-
erator to supply the data signal for the white LED. The LED emits light which encodes
the optical information, which is passed through a diffuse channel. At the receiving

17
end, we use a PIN photodiode. The received data is filtered using Bessel filter to re-
move the optical frequency interference in PIN output. Oscilloscope visualizer is used
for viewing input and output. The simulation results are shown in Figure 4.3

F IGURE 4.3: Simulation results (a) input (b) output

4.1.2 Non LOS propagation Model

In Non-LOS propagation model, we consider both the direct path as well as the reflected
path of light. In this project work, we considered two cases of Non-LOS propagation
model by varying the number of LED used in the transmitter. In the first case we con-
sider single LED as the transmitter and in the second case we consider two LEDs as the
transmitter and analyzed the performance of the VLC system.

Case1. Single LED Non LOS Propagation Model

In this case we use one LED as the transmitter and consider the direct path and reflected
path of light. The propagation model is shown in Figure 4.4

18
 F IGURE 4.4: single LED Non LOS Propagation Model

This model is similar to LOS propagation model and the only difference is that we
considered direct and reflected light path instead of direct path. The distance between
transmitter and the receiver, the angle of incidence and angle of irradiance in all the
cases are calculated which is given by:

l1 = 11m = {θ1s = 220 , θ1d = 250 (4.2)

0 0 0
l2 = 9m = {θ2 s = 500 , θ2 d = 400 (4.3)
00 00 00
l2 = 5m = {θ2 s = 600 , θ2 d = 400 (4.4)
0 0 0
l3 = 5m = {θ3 s = 430 , θ3 d = 480 (4.5)
00 00 00
l3 = 5m = {θ3 s = 400 , θ3 d = 600 (4.6)

An Optisystem simulation model single LED Non LOS Propagation Model is shown in
Figure 4.5

This model is same as the LOS propagation model but consideres the reflection point.
In the reflection point we add attenuation as shown in the figure. The simulation results
are shown in the Figure 4.6

19
 F IGURE 4.5: single LED Non LOS Propagation Model

F IGURE 4.6: Simulation results (a) input (b) output

Case 2. Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model

In this case we use two LED as the transmitter and consider the direct path and re-
flected path of light. The propagation model is shown in Figure 4.7

20
 F IGURE 4.7: Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model

In this model we use two LEDs as the transmitter and consider all direct path and re-
flected path. This system is more complex and in the receiving end the signal is more
distorted as compared to other two propagation models. The distance between transmit-
ter and the receiver, the angle of incidence and angle of irradiance are calculated in all
cases which are given by TABLE 4.1

An Optisystem simulation model Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model is shown in
Fig.8

F IGURE 4.8: Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model

21
 LED1 LED2

l1 = 15m; m1 = 15.5m;
θ1 s = 15 , θ1 d = 150
0
θ1 s = 230 , θ1 d = 230

0 0
l2 = 16.5m; m2 = 6m;
0 0 0 0
θ2 s = 600 , θ2 d = 650 θ2 s = 500 , θ2 d = 380

00 00
l2 = 12m; m2 = 15m;
00 00 00 00
θ2 s = 350 , θ2 d = 600 θ2 s = 450 , θ2 d = 450

0 0
l3 = 9m; m3 = 20m;
0 0 0 0
θ3 s = 500 , θ3 d = 450 θ3 s = 550 , θ3 d = 350

00 00
l3 = 13m; m3 = 10.5m;
00 00 00 00
θ3 s = 380 , θ3 d = 520 θ3 s = 150 , θ3 d = 750

TABLE 4.1: Parameters of Two LED Non LOS Propagation Model

In this model the system is more complex and the signal gets more attenuated as com-
pared to one LED Non LOS propagation model. Here the signal is delayed and the
simulation results are shown in Figure 4.9

22
 F IGURE 4.9: Simulation results (a) input (b) output

4.1.3 Channel Delay Spread

In Visible light communication system the received power at a point for both the direct
and the first-order reflected paths is given by [12]]
 
NLED  Z 
Pr = ∑ Pt H (0) + Pt dHre f (0) (4.7)
 d 
Re f lections

The total received power for multipath scenario is given by [12]

M N
PrT = ∑ Pd,i + ∑ Pre f , j (4.8)
i=1 j=1

Where M is the number of direct paths from transmitter to a specific receiver and N is
the reflection paths to the same receiver,Pd,i is the received optical power from the ith
direct path and Pre f , j is the received power from the jth reflected path.

23
The RMS spread in the VLC is the critical performance criterion for the upper bound
of the data transmission rate.The mean excess delay is defined by [12]

M N
∑ Pd,itd,i + ∑ Pre f , j tre f , j
i=1 j=1
µ= (4.9)
PrT

And the RMS delay spread is given by[12]

q
DRMS = µ 2 − (µ)2 (4.10)

where
M N
2 + 2
∑ Pd,itd,i ∑ Pre f , j tre f ,i
i=1 j=1
µ2 = (4.11)
PrT

The maximum bit rate that can be transmitted through the VLC channel without the
need for an equalizer is given by [12]

1
Rb ≤ (4.12)
10DRMS

The gain of the optical concentrator at the receiver is given by [12]






n2


g(ψ) = , 0 ≤ ψ ≤ ψcom (4.13)


 sin2 ψcon


 0, 0 ≥ ψcon

where n is the refractive index

The order of Lambertian emission defined as [12]

− ln(2)
ml = (4.14)
ln(cos φ1/2 )

24
The DC channel gain of the first reflection is given by [12]
(
Ar (ml + 1)
Hre f (0) = 2
ρdAwall cosml (φr ) cos(αir )×cos(βir )Ts (ψ)g(ψ) cos(ψr ), 0 ≤ ψr ≤ ψc
2(πd1 d2 )
(4.15)

Where d1 is the distance between an LED chip and a reflective point,d2 is the distance
between a receiver point and receiver surface,ρ is the reflectance factor,dAwall is a re-
flective area of small region,φr is the angle of irradiance to a reflective point,αir is the
angle of irradiance to a reflective point and βir is the angle of irradiance to a receiver,ψr
is the angle of incidence from the reflective surface(Figure 4.10)

F IGURE 4.10: Propagation model of diffused link

25
4.1.4 Example: Non LOS propagation-Single LED Transmitter

Consider an example of Non Los propagation Model of one LED as a transmitter as

shown in figure

F IGURE 4.11: LOS Propagation Model

The angle of incidence and angle of irradiance in all the cases are calculated which is
given by:
l1 = 11m = {θ1s = 220 , θ1d = 250 (4.16)
0 0 0
l2 = 9m = {θ2 s = 500 , θ2 d = 400 (4.17)
00 00 00
l2 = 5m = {θ2 s = 600 , θ2 d = 400 (4.18)
0 0 0
l3 = 5m = {θ3 s = 430 , θ3 d = 480 (4.19)
00 00 00
l3 = 5m = {θ3 s = 400 , θ3 d = 600 (4.20)

Power transmitted, Pt = 1;
Semi -angle at half power, φ1/2 = 700 ;
Gain of an optical filter, Ts = 1;
Refractive index,n=1.5;
FOV=700
n2 (1.5)2 2.25
g(ψ) = = = = 2.3949 (4.21)
(sin(FOV ))2 sin 70 0.939692
− ln(2) − ln(2) −0.6931 −0.6931
ml = = = = = 0.64601 (4.22)
ln(cos φ1/2 ) ln(cos 70) ln(0.3420) −1.07288

26
First Reflection:
Reflection coefficient,ρ=0.8;
cos(48)=0.66913;
Ts=1;
Ar=1;
dAwall =1/25=1.04;
g(ψ) = 2.3944;
d1=5m;
d2=10m;
αir = 480 ;
βir = 400 ;
cos 40 = 0.7660;
ml = 0.64601;
φr = 430 ;
ψr = 480 ;
cosml (φr ) = 0.8168;

1 × (1.64601) × 0.8 × 0.04 × 0.8168 × 0.66913 × 0.7660 × 1 × 2.3944 × 0.66913

Hre f (0) =
2 × (3.14 × 5 × 10)2
(4.23)
0.035330 0.035330
Hre f (0) = = = 7.166 × 10−7 (4.24)
2 × 24649 49298
PowerReceived, Pr = Pt × Hre f (0) = 1 × 7.1660 × 10−7 = 7.1660 × 10−7 (4.25)
distance 5 + 10
Time,t = = 8
= 5 × 10−8 (4.26)
c 3 × 10

Second Reflection:
d1=9m;
d2=5m;
αir = 400 ;
βir = 600 ;
cos 40 = 0.7660;
cos 60 = 0.5;
ml = 0.64601;
φr = 500 ;
ψr = 400 ;

27
cosml (φr ) = (cos 50)0.64601 = 0.642780.64601 = 0.75163;

1 × (1.64601) × 0.8 × 0.4 × 0.75163 × 0.7660 × 0.5 × 1 × 2.3944 × 0.7660

Hre f =
2 × (3.14 × 9 × 5)2
(4.27)
Hre f = 6.96459 × 10−7 (4.28)
distance 9+5
Time,t = = 8
= 4.666 × 10−8 (4.29)
c 3 × 10

Direct Path:

ml + 1 ml
Pr = Pt cos (φr )Ts (ψ)g(ψ) cos(ψr ) (4.30)
2πd 2

φr = 220 ;
ψr = 250 ;
ml=0.64601;
d=11m;
(cos 22)0.64601 = 0.9523;
(cos 25) = 0.90630;

1 × (1.64601) × 0.9523 × 1 × 2.3944 × 0.90630 3.40153

Pr = = = 4.4764 × 10−3
2 × 3.14 × 11 × 11 759.88
(4.31)

4.4764 × 10−3 × 3.666 × 10−8 + 7.1666 × 10−7 × 5 × 10−8 + 6.96459 × 10−7 × 4.666 × 10−8
µ=
1
(4.32)

µ = 16.4104 × 10−11 + 35.833 × 10−15 + 32.4967 × 10−15 (4.33)

µ = 68.33134 × 10−15 (4.34)

2 2 2
4.47 × 10−3 × (3.6 × 10−8 ) + 7.16 × 10−7 × (5 × 10−8 ) + 6.96 × 10−7 × (4.66 × 10−8 )
µ2 =
1
(4.35)
28
µ 2 = 4.47×10−3 ×13.43×10−16 +7.16×10−7 ×25×10−16 +6.96×10−7 ×21.77×10−16
(4.36)

µ 2 = 330.83801 × 10−23 (4.37)

q
Drms = µ 2 − (µ)2 (4.38)

q
2
Drms = 330.83801 × 10−23 − (68.33134 × 10−15 ) (4.39)

p
Drms = 330.8375 × 10−23 (4.40)

Drms = 5.75184 × 10−11 (4.41)

1
Bitrate, Rb ≤ (4.42)
10DRMS

1
Rb = = 1.7385 × 109 bits/sec (4.43)
10 × 5.75184 × 10−11

29
4.1.5 MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution
Of LOS Link at Receiving Plane For a Typical Room

In this section we analyze the optical power distribution of LOS link at receiving plane
for a typical room. For this we considered two cases.
Case1: Single LED transmitter
In this case we consider a LOS VLC system with single LED transmitter. The MAT-
LAB code for case 1 is summarized in Appendix A1.Following figure 4.12 shows the
illuminance distribution for single led transmitter.

F IGURE 4.12: Illuminance distribution for single LED transmitter

Case 2: Four LED transmitter

In this case we use four leds as the transmitter. The MATLAB code for case 2 is sum-
marized in Appendix A2.The illuminance distribution for four led transmitter is shown
in figure 4.13.

30
 F IGURE 4.13: Illuminance distribution for four LED transmitter

4.1.6 MATLAB Codes to Calculate the Optical Power Distribution

Of First Reflection at the Receiving Plane for a Typical Room

In this section we considered the reflection point and the distribution of received power
with reflection is shown in figure 4.13.The MATLAB code is summarized in Appendix
B.

31
 F IGURE 4.14: Illuminance distribution of received power with reflection

4.1.7 VLC Transmitter

Figure 4.15 shows VLC transmitter which consist of an LED used as a transmitter. The
first section of circuit diagram shows the conversion of 12V DC to 5V DC. The 5V DC
is used for powering the LED. In the circuit we used Max 232 IC for converting signals
from a RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL-compatible digital logic
circuits. The Max 232 is a dual transmitter/ receiver that typically is used to convert the
Rx, Tx, CTS , RTS signals. The output of the Max 232 is connected to a dB9 connector.
The input from the PC is connected to the DB9 connector through a cable. In Pc we use
XCTU software for inputting the values. In this terminal the transmitted data is put and
this data is converted to binary values and based on these binary values the LED starts
blinking. In the software terminal we can set the baud rate, flow rate, data bits , parity
bits and stop bits (Figure 4.16)

32
 F IGURE 4.15: VLC Transmitter

4.1.8 VLC Receiver

In the receiving side a photo transistor is used to sense the incoming light pulses emitted
by the transmitter. A photo transistor is a device which converts light energy into electric
energy. In the VLC receiver the photo transistor detects the LED blinking and converts
it into data. The output of a photo transistor is connected to a LM358 IC. LM358 IC
is a low power and easy to use dual channel Op-amp IC. This IC is used especially
for operating from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. The LED
connected to the LM358 IC is a mere indicator of the presence of received data. If
data is received then LED turns ON, otherwise it is OFF. The output of the LM358 is
connected to a dB9 connector,which is used to interface with the personal computer. In
personal computer we use the same software XCTU used in the transmitter side. The
receiver terminal parameters like baud rate, flow control, data bits, parity bits and stop
bits must be the same as used in the transmitter terminal. Figure 4.17 shows the receiver
circuit diagram.

33
F IGURE 4.16: VLC Transmitter Terminal

34
F IGURE 4.17: VLC Receiver

35
Chapter 5

RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND

CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Results & Analysis

In this project we analyzed the VLC system using Optisystem simulation tool. In this
analysis we considered two propagation models. In LOS propagation model, in the
receiver end the approximated transmitted signal can be regenerated. In this case the
distortion observed in the transmitted signal is less and we get transmitted signal with
less noise. In Non LOS propagation model we considered two cases. In the first case,
we used one LED as the transmitter and in the second case two LEDs as the transmitters.
In single LED Non- LOS propagation model, the received signal is attenuated compared
to LOS propagation model. In the second case, two LEDs as transmitters, the received
signal is more distorted and delayed. The amplitude of received signal in this case is
very low as compared to other two cases. The signal is more noise affected in two LEDs
Non LOS propagation model. If we need a system with low bit rate and less noise effect
select the LOS propagation model or One LED Non LOS propagation model. If we
have to send more data with less time select Two LED Non LOS propagation model or
for higher bit rate go for n-LED Non LOS propagation model.

In channel delay spread analysis, considered an example of non LOS propagation model
with single LED as transmitter. In the example powers in the first reflection, second re-
flection and direct path are considered. In the receiving end all the powers are combined
and the total received power is calculated. Using this total received power the bit rate
was calculated. From the analysis the bit rate was found to be 1.7385 × 109 bits/sec.
36
Following table illustrates the system parameters used for VLC design.

Parameters Values
Room Size 10 × 10 × 10m3
Power transmitted Pt 1mW
Semi-angle at half power 700
Gain of an optical filter,Ts 1
Reflection coefficient 0.8
Refractive index,n 1.5
FOV 700
Active area,Ar 1cm2
dAwall 0.04

TABLE 5.1: System Parameters for a VLC link

5.2 Comparative Study

Single Led non los propagation model of VLC can be used in small applications which
provide 1.7385 × 109 bits/sec speed. But practically, the system cannot give this much
speed due to the attenuation from the reflection and noise in the air. As compared
to LOS propagation model single led non LOS propagation model provides higher bit
rate. Single led non LOS propagation model is more noise affected as compared to LOS
propagation model. For high data rate we use two led non LOS propagation model but
it is more noise affected as compared to other propagation models. In real application
we use n-led as a transmitter.

5.3 Discussions

From the simulation results it is evident that high data rate can be achieved if the signal
distortion can be reduced. High speed wave shaping circuits has to be used to obtain
the real digital data. In practical situations it is entirely different and the received signal
is more noise affected. It is very important to remove the noise from the transmitted
signal. The designed VLC model works only indoors. The main problem for using it
outdoor is the interference from sunlight. If it is possible to remove noise from sunlight
the VLC can be used in new areas of applications.

37
5.4 Conclusions

Visible-light communication technology has a great scope in future. This technology

provided a solution to the problem of integrating Visible-light communication technol-
ogy with present infrastructure, without having to make major changes to it. In the field
of communication it is a rapidly growing segment and it can be implemented easily
with reduced cost.The study gives light on how to analyze a VLC system using com-
puter simulation and mathematical techniques.This analysis can be used to estimate the
parameters required for an efficient VLC system.

38
5.5 Scope for Future Work

In the future a generalized method for evaluating RMS delay spread for n-LED system
should be framed. Similarly multiple receivers working synchronously can be used to
post process the signal to improve the deformation due to the delay spread of multiple
reflected optical signal.

39
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42
PUBLICATION DETAILS
Alwin Poulose, “An Optisystem Simulation for indoor visible light communication sys-
tem,” In proceedings of National Conference on Emerging Technologies (NCET), Tiru-
vannamalai,Tamil Nadu, 11th March, 2017.

Abstract:In wireless communication one of the key area is visible light communica-
tion (VLC).It work as the same way as optical fiber, but the medium of transmission is
free space. The invention of LED makes changes in the way of communication. LED
can be used for transmitting or receiving data. But the transmitter and the receiver
must be in line of sight. VLC use LED as transmitter and which send data by flash-
ing light at speeds undetectable to human eyes. The detector detects the speed of flash
light and decodes the transmitted data. One major advantage of VLC is that it can be
easily deployed since it is inexpensive, small, low power and do not require any radio
interference studies.

The detailed study of VLC research, it was found that it can be used for various applica-
tions. Applications include vehicle to vehicle data transmission using their headlights,
Position detection, intelligent transport system, and image sensor communications, and
internet access, audio and video transmission. From the survey on VLC, it shows VLC
has great influence in future communication areas and it can be easily implement on
different applications. In this paper discuss performance analysis of visible light com-
munication system using Optisystem simulation tool.

43
Appendix A

MATLAB Codes to Calculate the

Optical Power Distribution Of LOS
Link at Receiving Plane For a Typical
Room

A.1 Single LED Transmitter

%%
theta = 9 0 ;
% semi−a n g l e a t h a l f power
ml=−l o g 1 0 ( 2 ) / l o g 1 0 ( cosd ( theta ) ) ;
%L a m b e r t i a n o r d e r o f e m i s s i o n
P_LED = 2 0 ;
%t r a n s m i t t e d o p t i c a l power by i n m m d i v i d u a l LED
nLED = 6 0 ;
% number o f LED a r r a y nLED * nLED
P_total=nLED * nLED * P_LED ;
%T o t a l t r a n s m i t t e d power
Adet =1e −4;
%d e t e c t o r p h y s i c a l a r e a o f a PD
Ts = 1 ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l f i l t e r ; i g n o r e i f no f i l t e r i s used
index = 1 . 5 ;
%r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a l e n s a t a PD ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d
FOV = 5 0 ;
%FOV o f a r e c e i v e r
G_Con = ( index ˆ 2 ) / ( sind ( FOV ) . ˆ 2 ) ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t o r ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d

44
%%
lx = 5 ; ly = 5 ; lz = 3 ;
% room d i m e n s i o n i n m e t e r
h=2.15;
%t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and r e c e i v e r p l a n e
[ XT , YT ] = m e s h g r i d ([ − lx / 8 lx / 8 ] , [ − ly / 8 ly / 8 ] ) ;
% p o s i t i o n o f LED ; i t i s assumed a l l LEDs a r e l o c a t e d a t same
%p o i n t f o r
% faster simulation
% f o r one LED s i m u l a t i o n l o c a t e d a t t h e c e n t r a l o f t h e room ,
%u s e XT=0 and YT=0
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Nx=lx * 5 ; Ny=ly * 5 ;
% number o f g r i d i n t h e r e c e i v e r p l a n e
x= l i n s p a c e (−lx / 2 , lx / 2 , Nx ) ;
y= l i n s p a c e (−ly / 2 , ly / 2 , Ny ) ;
[ XR , YR ] = m e s h g r i d ( x , y ) ;
D1= s q r t ( ( XR−XT ( 1 , 1 ) ) . ˆ 2 + ( YR−YT ( 1 , 1 ) ) . ˆ 2 + h ˆ 2 ) ;
% d i s t a n c e v e c t o r from s o u r c e 1
cosphi_A1=h . / D1 ;
% angle vector
receiver_angle=acosd ( cosphi_A1 ) ;
% a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s t o c a l c u l a t e a n g l e , more a c c u r a t e i f t h e a n g l e a r e
% negatives
% nr =[0 0 1 ] ;
% RT = [ 1 . 2 5 1 . 2 5 ] ; % t r a n s m i t t e r l o c a t i o n
% f o r r =1: l e n g t h ( x )
% f o r c =1: l e n g t h ( y )
%
% a n g l e A 1 2 = a t a n ( s q r t ( ( x ( r ) −1.25) . ˆ 2 + ( y ( c ) −1.25) . ˆ 2 ) . / h ) ;
% c o s t h e t a ( r , c ) = cos ( angleA12 ) ;
% end
% end
%
%%
% D2= f l i p l r ( D1 ) ;
% % due t o symmetry
% D3= f l i p u d ( D1 ) ;
% D4= f l i p l r ( D3 ) ;
H_A1 = ( ml + 1 ) * Adet . * cosphi_A1 . ˆ ( ml + 1 ) . / ( 2 * p i . * D1 . ˆ 2 ) ;
% c h a n n e l DC g a i n f o r s o u r c e 1
P_rec_A1=P_total . * H_A1 . * Ts . * G_Con ;
% r e c e i v e d power from s o u r c e 1 ;
P_rec_A1 ( f i n d ( a b s ( receiver_angle )>FOV ) ) = 0 ;
P_rec_total=P_rec_A1 ;
P_rec_dBm =10 * l o g 1 0 ( P_rec_total ) ;
%%
s u r f c ( x , y , P_rec_dBm ) ;
% c o n t o u r ( x , y , P rec dBm ) ; h o l d on
% mesh ( x , y , P rec dBm ) ;

45
A.1.1 Four LED Transmitter

%%
theta = 9 0 ;
% semi−a n g l e a t h a l f power
ml=−l o g 1 0 ( 2 ) / l o g 1 0 ( cosd ( theta ) ) ;
%L a m b e r t i a n o r d e r o f e m i s s i o n
P_LED = 2 0 ;
%t r a n s m i t t e d o p t i c a l power by i n m m d i v i d u a l LED
nLED = 6 0 ;
% number o f LED a r r a y nLED * nLED
P_total=nLED * nLED * P_LED ;
%T o t a l t r a n s m i t t e d power
Adet =1e −4;
%d e t e c t o r p h y s i c a l a r e a o f a PD
Ts = 1 ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l f i l t e r ; i g n o r e i f no f i l t e r i s used
index = 1 . 5 ;
%r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a l e n s a t a PD ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d
FOV = 5 0 ;
%FOV o f a r e c e i v e r
G_Con = ( index ˆ 2 ) / ( sind ( FOV ) . ˆ 2 ) ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t o r ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d
%%
lx = 5 ; ly = 5 ; lz = 3 ;
% room d i m e n s i o n i n m e t e r
h=2.15;
%t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and r e c e i v e r p l a n e
[ XT , YT ] = m e s h g r i d ([ − lx / 8 lx / 8 ] , [ − ly / 8 ly / 8 ] ) ;
% p o s i t i o n o f LED ; i t i s assumed a l l LEDs a r e l o c a t e d a t same
%p o i n t f o r
% faster simulation
% f o r one LED s i m u l a t i o n l o c a t e d a t t h e c e n t r a l o f t h e room ,
%u s e XT=0 and YT=0
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
Nx=lx * 5 ; Ny=ly * 5 ;
% number o f g r i d i n t h e r e c e i v e r p l a n e
x= l i n s p a c e (−lx / 2 , lx / 2 , Nx ) ;
y= l i n s p a c e (−ly / 2 , ly / 2 , Ny ) ;
[ XR , YR ] = m e s h g r i d ( x , y ) ;
D1= s q r t ( ( XR−XT ( 1 , 1 ) ) . ˆ 2 + ( YR−YT ( 1 , 1 ) ) . ˆ 2 + h ˆ 2 ) ;
% d i s t a n c e v e c t o r from s o u r c e 1
cosphi_A1=h . / D1 ;
% angle vector
receiver_angle=acosd ( cosphi_A1 ) ;
% a l t e r n a t i v e m e t h o d s t o c a l c u l a t e a n g l e , more a c c u r a t e i f t h e a n g l e a r e
% negatives

% nr =[0 0 1 ] ;
% RT = [ 1 . 2 5 1 . 2 5 ] ; % t r a n s m i t t e r l o c a t i o n
% f o r r =1: l e n g t h ( x )
% f o r c =1: l e n g t h ( y )
%

46
% angleA12= a t a n ( s q r t ( ( x ( r ) ? 1 . 2 5 ) . ˆ 2 + ( y ( c ) ? 1 . 2 5 ) . ˆ 2 ) . / h ) ;
% c o s t h e t a ( r , c ) = cos ( angleA12 ) ;
% end
% end
%
%%
% D2= f l i p l r ( D1 ) ;
% % due t o symmetry
% D3= f l i p u d ( D1 ) ;
% D4= f l i p l r ( D3 ) ;
H_A1 = ( ml + 1 ) * Adet . * cosphi_A1 . ˆ ( ml + 1 ) . / ( 2 * p i . * D1 . ˆ 2 ) ;
% c h a n n e l DC g a i n f o r s o u r c e 1
P_rec_A1=P_total . * H_A1 . * Ts . * G_Con ;
% r e c e i v e d power from s o u r c e 1 ;
P_rec_A1 ( f i n d ( a b s ( receiver_angle )>FOV ) ) = 0 ;
% i f t h e a n l g e o f a r r i v a l i s g r e a t e r t h a n FOV, no c u r r e n t i s g e n e r a t e d a t t h e ←-
photodiode .
P_rec_A2= f l i p l r ( P_rec_A1 ) ;
% r e c e i v e d power from s o u r c e 2 , due t o symmetry no n e e d s e p a r a t e
% calculations
P_rec_A3= f l i p u d ( P_rec_A1 ) ;
P_rec_A4= f l i p l r ( P_rec_A3 ) ;
P_rec_total=P_rec_A1+P_rec_A2+P_rec_A3+P_rec_A4 ;
P_rec_dBm =10 * l o g 1 0 ( P_rec_total ) ;
s u r f c ( x , y , P_rec_dBm ) ;
s u r f c ( x , y , P_rec_dBm ) ;
% c o n t o u r ( x , y , P rec dBm ) ; h o l d on
% mesh ( x , y , P rec dBm ) ;

47
Appendix B

MATLAB Codes to Calculate the

Optical Power Distribution Of First
Reflection at the Receiving Plane for a
Typical Room

%%
theta = 7 0 ;
% semi−a n g l e a t h a l f power
m=−l o g 1 0 ( 2 ) / l o g 1 0 ( cosd ( theta ) ) ;
%L a m b e r t i a n o r d e r o f e m i s s i o n
P_LED = 2 0 ;
%t r a n s m i t t e d o p t i c a l power by i n d i v i d u a l LED
nLED = 6 0 ;
% number o f LED a r r a y nLED * nLED
P_total=nLED * nLED * P_LED ;
%T o t a l t r a n s m i t t e d power
Adet =1e −4;
%d e t e c t o r p h y s i c a l a r e a o f a PD
rho = 0 . 8 ;
%r e f l e c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
Ts = 1 ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l f i l t e r ; i g n o r e i f no f i l t e r i s used
index = 1 . 5 ;
%r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f a l e n s a t a PD ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d
FOV = 7 0 ;
%FOV o f a r e c e i v e r
G_Con = ( index ˆ 2 ) / ( sind ( FOV ) . ˆ 2 ) ;
%g a i n o f an o p t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t o r ; i g n o r e i f no l e n s i s u s e d
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

48
%%%%%
lx = 5 ; ly = 5 ; lz = 2 . 1 5 ;
% room d i m e n s i o n i n m e t e r
[ XT , YT , ZT ] = m e s h g r i d ([ − lx / 4 lx / 4 ] , [ − ly / 4 ly / 4 ] , lz / 2 ) ;
% p o s i t i o n o f T r a n s m i t t e r (LED) ;
Nx=lx * 5 ; Ny=ly * 5 ; Nz= r o u n d ( lz * 5 ) ;
% number o f g r i d i n e a c h s u r f a c e
dA=lz * ly / ( Ny * Nz ) ;
% calculation grid area
x= l i n s p a c e (−lx / 2 , lx / 2 , Nx ) ;
y= l i n s p a c e (−ly / 2 , ly / 2 , Ny ) ;
z= l i n s p a c e (−lz / 2 , lz / 2 , Nz ) ;
[ XR , YR , ZR ] = m e s h g r i d ( x , y , −lz / 2 ) ;
%%
%f i r s t transmitter calculation
TP1 = [ XT ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) YT ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ZT ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ] ;
% transmitter position
TPV = [ 0 0 −1];
% transmitter position vector
RPV = [ 0 0 1 ] ;
% receiver position vector
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%c a l c u l a t i o n f o r w a l l 1%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
WPV1 = [ 1 0 0 ] ;
% posi tion vector for wall 1
f o r ii = 1 : Nx
f o r jj = 1 : Ny
RP = [ x ( ii ) y ( jj ) −lz / 2 ] ;
% receiver position vector
h1 ( ii , jj ) = 0 ;
% r e f l e c t i o n from N o r t h f a c e
f o r kk = 1 : Ny
f o r ll = 1 : Nz
WP1=[−lx / 2 y ( kk ) z ( ll ) ] ;
D1= s q r t ( d o t ( TP1−WP1 , TP1−WP1 ) ) ;
cos_phi= a b s ( WP1 ( 3 )− TP1 ( 3 ) ) / D1 ;
cos_alpha= a b s ( TP1 ( 1 )− WP1 ( 1 ) ) / D1 ;
D2= s q r t ( d o t ( WP1−RP , WP1−RP ) ) ;
cos_beta= a b s ( WP1 ( 1 )− RP ( 1 ) ) / D2 ;
cos_psi= a b s ( WP1 ( 3 )− RP ( 3 ) ) / D2 ;
i f a b s ( acosd ( cos_psi ) )<=FOV
h1 ( ii , jj ) =h1 ( ii , jj ) + ( m + 1 ) * Adet * rho * dA * ( cos_phi ˆ m * cos_alpha * cos_beta * cos_psi ) / ( 2 * p i ˆ 2 * ←-
D1 ˆ 2 * D2 ˆ 2 ) ;
end
end
end
end
end
%%
WPV2 = [ 0 1 0 ] ;
% posi tion vector for wall 2
%% c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e c h a n n e l g a i n i s s i m i l a r t o w a l l 1
P_rec_A1=h1 * P_total . * Ts . * G_Con ;
% h2 , h3 and h4 a r e c h a n n e l g a i n f o r w a l l s 2 , 3 and 4 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
P_rec_A2= f l i p l r ( P_rec_A1 ) ;

49
% r e c e i v e d power from s o u r c e 2 , due t o symmetry no n e e d s e p a r a t e
% calculations
P_rec_A3= f l i p u d ( P_rec_A1 ) ;
P_rec_A4= f l i p l r ( P_rec_A3 ) ;
P_rec_total_1ref=P_rec_A1+P_rec_A2+P_rec_A3+P_rec_A4 ;
P_rec_1ref_dBm =10 * l o g 1 0 ( P_rec_total_1ref ) ;
s u r f ( x , y , P_rec_1ref_dBm ) ;

50
Index

Atmospheric Turbulence, 12 NRZ pulse generator, 17

FOV, 7
Optical filtering, 8
indoor positioning system (IPS), 12
optical lighting, 6
line of sight, 2
Optical Multi-Input Multi-Output
angle of incidence, 17 (MIMO) transmission, 8
angle of irradiance, 17 Optical Power Distribution, 30
Bessel filter, 18 optical transmission, 6
blind spot, 7 Oscilloscope visualizer, 18
Otsu thresholding scheme, 14
Channel Delay Spread, 23 overlay coding, 12
equalization process, 8
photo phone, 1
LM358 IC, 33 Positioning algorithm, 12
LOS propagation model, 16
Receiver equalization, 8
Max 232 IC, 32 RMS delay spread, 9
modified fixed decision threshold
(MFDT), 12 Transmitter equalization, 8

Non-LOS propagation model, 16 XCTU, 32

51