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Introduction To For It & Non-It Professionals: Artificial Intelligence

Reasoning is defined as deriving logical conclusions or making predictions from available knowledge and facts. It involves applying rules of inference to deduce new information from initial facts or thoughts. In artificial intelligence, reasoning is the process of formally manipulating symbols representing propositions to reach logical inferences or conclusions. For example, a system may reason that if it knows "Shaukat Hussain is a tabla musician" and "all tabla musicians can play their instruments well", then it can infer that "Shaukat Hussain can play tabla well". Reasoning is essential to artificial intelligence as it allows systems to connect knowledge to actions.

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84 views10 pages

Introduction To For It & Non-It Professionals: Artificial Intelligence

Reasoning is defined as deriving logical conclusions or making predictions from available knowledge and facts. It involves applying rules of inference to deduce new information from initial facts or thoughts. In artificial intelligence, reasoning is the process of formally manipulating symbols representing propositions to reach logical inferences or conclusions. For example, a system may reason that if it knows "Shaukat Hussain is a tabla musician" and "all tabla musicians can play their instruments well", then it can infer that "Shaukat Hussain can play tabla well". Reasoning is essential to artificial intelligence as it allows systems to connect knowledge to actions.

Uploaded by

ranamzeeshan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FOR IT & NON-IT PROFESSIONALS
WHAT IS REASONING?

2
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Durkin defines reasoning as:
• ‘the process of working with knowledge, facts and problem solving
strategies to draw conclusions'.
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Inference means to infer: conclude
• Inference is the means by which we reason from given knowledge
• Infer/extract new information
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Inference: Initial thoughts
Apply the rules of inference to the fundamentals, and deduce or infer
truth about the world
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Reasoning is a mental process of deriving
(a) Logical conclusions, e.g, size of boxes
(b) Making predictions from available knowledge, facts, and beliefs:
since it is cloudy, it might rain
• In AI, the reasoning is essential
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Reasoning is formal manipulation of symbols
• Symbols represent a collection of propositions.
Logical Inference/conclusion
• The sentences “John likes Mary” and “Mary is coming to the party”
• After a certain amount of manipulation we can produce the sentence:
• Someone John likes is coming to the party
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Logical Inference: This form of reasoning is called logical inference
because
• The final sentence represents a logical conclusion of the propositions
represented by the initial ones
• Reasoning is a form of calculation, not unlike arithmetic
• But over symbols standing for propositions rather than numbers.
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
For Example:
• If a system only knows:
• Shaukat Hussain is a Tabla/Drum Musician.
• All Tabla musician can play their instruments well.
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Connection between knowledge and action
Vital Question: to AI because intelligence requires action as well as
reasoning.

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