Chapter 2

Techniques of Integration
Objectives
On successful completion of the module, students will be able to:
1. Find the right techniques of integration in solving problems,
2. Identify the similarity of all the techniques of integration in a given
integrals, and
3. Use the techniques of integration with speed and accuracy.

2.1 Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Theorem:
If is a differentiable function, and is a rational, then
[ ( )]
[ ( )] ( )
If we let ( ) and ( ) , then
[ ( )] ( )

Illustrations:

1. ( ) , let , then or

∫( ) ∫ ( )

2. √ , let , then or .

∫√ ∫ ( )

3. ( ) , let , then or

∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

4. , let , then
∫ ∫
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

5. ( )
, let , then or

∫ ∫ ∫
( ) ( )

6. √ , let , then and , we have

∫ √ ∫( ) ∫( ) ∫( )

( ) ( ) ( )

√
7. , let √ , then or
√ √ √
√
∫ ∫ √
√

8. √ , let , then

∫ √ ∫ ( )

9. , let , then
∫ ∫ ∫

Other solution: Let , then

∫ ∫

10. , let , then or

∫ ∫ | |

11. , let , then

∫ ∫ | | | |

12. , let , then

∫ ∫

Page 2 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

13. , let , then

√

∫ ∫ ∫ √ √
√

14. , let , then

∫ ∫ ( )

15. , let , then or

∫ ∫

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Algebraic Substitution.

 x  x 3 dx
1. 5.  1  8x  9.  2x
6
3
 4 x 2 dx 2
cot x 3 dx
4 4

x sin x 2 dx
2.  2 x  5dx 6.  x 1  x dx 10.  1  cos x 2

 x 3  4x  dx  3x
sin 3x dx
3. 2 3 5
7.

4.  x sin x dx 8.  cot 3x csc

2 2
3xdx

2.2 Integration by Parts

Theorem:
If and are differentiable functions of , then
[ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( ) ( )

Taking the antiderivative of both sides, we have

∫ ( ) ( ) ∫ [ ( ) ( )] ∫ ( ) ( )

∫ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )

Let ( ) and ( ), then ( ) and ( ). We have,

∫ ∫

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 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

In using integration by parts, we separate the given integral into two parts, one
part being and the other part, together with , being . After assigning and ,
solve also for , derivative of , and , integral of .

Two general rules can be stated:

1. The part selected as must be readily integrable.
2. must not be more complex than the original given integral, .

Illustrations:

1. Find .

Some are having a hard time choosing which is or . Aside from the general
rules, you can also try Trial-and-Error Method.

For example, take and ; then and .

, this resulting integral is more complex than the
original given.

We consider taking and ; then and .

∫ ∫ ( )

By choosing the right and , the integral will be easier to solve.

2.
Take and ; then and .

∫ ( )( ) ∫ ∫

3.
Take and ; then and

∫ ∫

4.
Take and ; then and
∫ ∫ ( )

Page 4 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

5.
Let , then , we have
∫ ∫ ∫
Take and ; then and
∫ ∫ [ ∫ ] [ ]

( ) ( )

Other solution:
Take and ; then and

∫ ∫ ∫

( )

6.
Take and ; then and

∫ ∫
Let , then or , we have

∫ ∫ ∫

( )

7. ( )
Take ( ) and ; then and .

∫( ) ( ) ∫
Based from Illustration 2 in IBP,
∫( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )
( )

Page 5 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

8.
Take and ; then and .
∫ ∫
Use another IBP to find .
Take and ; then and .
∫ ∫
Combining similar terms, we have
∫
Since we are asked only to find , we multiply both sides by . Thus,

∫ ( ) ( )

Notice that we use IBP twice in solving this problem, in general, some integrals
can be solved by a series of IBP.

9.
Take and ; then and .
∫ ∫
Use another IBP to find .
Take and ; then and .
∫ ∫ ( ∫ )
( )

10. ( )
Take and ( )
; then and ( )
( ) .
( )
∫ ( ) ∫( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

11.
Take and ; then and .

∫ ∫ ( )

Page 6 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

12. √
Take and √ ; then and √ ( ) .

∫ √ ( ) ∫( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

13.

Take and then and .

∫ ∫
Use the trigonometric identity ,
∫ ∫ ∫

∫ ∫ | |
Combining similar terms, we have
∫ | |
Since we are finding we divide the whole equation by 2.
∫ ( | |)

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Integration by Parts.

1.

2.

3.

4. ( )

5.

6. ( )

7.

8.

Page 7 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

2.3 Integration of Powers of Trigonometric Function

using Trigonometric Identities

Case 1: Odd powers of sine and cosine.

i.  sin ii.  cos

n n
xdx; n is odd xdx; n is odd

 sin xdx   sin n 1 x sin xdx  cos xdx   cosn 1 x cos xdx
n n

n 1
  cos xdx
n 1
  sin 2 x  2 sin xdx   cos2 x 2

n 1
  1  sin x  cos xdx
n 1
  1  cos2 x  2 sin xdx 2 2

Illustrations:

1.  sin
3
 
xdx   sin 2 x sin xdx   1  cos2 x sin xdx   sin xdx   cos2 x sin xdx
Let u = cosx, then du = -sinxdx.
u3
 sin xdx   sin xdx   u  du   cos x 
1
3 2
 C   cos x  cos3 x  C
3 3

2.  cos
3
 
xdx   cos2 x cos xdx   1  sin 2 x cos xdx   cos xdx   sin 2 x cos xdx
Let u = sinx, then du = cosxdx.
u3 1 3
 cos xdx   cos xdx   u du  sin x  3  C  sin x  3 sin x  C
3 2

3.  cos
5
 
xdx   cos4 x cos xdx   cos2 x cos xdx   1  sin 2 x cos xdx
2
 2


  1  2 sin 2 x  sin 4 x cos xdx 
  cos xdx  2  sin 2 x cos xdx   sin 4 x cos xdx let u  sin x , du  cos xdx
2 1
  cos xdx  2 u 2 du   u 4 du  sin x  u 3  u 5  C
3 5
2 1
 sin x  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  C
3 5

In Case 1 and Case 2, we can observe the following steps;

a. Separate one power of sine or cosine, to make the remaining power even.
b.Use the trigonometric identity or on the part
with even exponent.
c. Use substitution in integrating the resulting integral. If the given integral who has
odd exponent is in terms of sine, let u be in terms of cosine; while if the given
integral who has odd exponent is in terms of cosine, let u be in terms of sine.

Page 8 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Case 2:  sin n x cosm xdx; at least m or n is odd.

i. If n is odd. ii. If m is odd.

 sin x cos xdx  sin x cos xdx
n m n m

  sin n 1 x cosm x sin xdx   cosm 1 x sin n x cos xdx

  cos x sin xdx

n 1 m 1
  sin x 2 2 m
  cos x 
2 2 sin n x cos xdx
n 1 m 1
  1  cos x  cos x sin xdx
2 2 m
  1  sin x 
2 2 sin n x cos xdx

iii. If both n and m are odd, you can choose and follow the step in either i or ii
in this case.

Illustrations:
4.  sin 3 x cos4 xdx

 sin
3

x cos4 xdx   sin 2 x cos4 x sin xdx   1  cos2 x cos4 x sin xdx 

  cos4 x  cos6 x sin xdx 
Let ,
 u5 u7  1 1
   (u  u )du      c  cos7 x  cos5 x  C
4 6

 5 7  7 5
5.
∫ ∫ ∫ ( )

∫( )
Let ,
∫ ∫( )

6.
∫ ∫ ∫( )

∫( )
Let ,
∫ ∫( ) ( )

Page 9 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Case 3: Even powers of sine and cosine. Both and are even integers.

n
 1  cos 2 x  2
 
n
i.  sin xdx   sin x dx   
n 2 2  dx
 2 
1  cos 2 x
Use the trigonometric identity, sin 2 x 
2 .

m
 1  cos 2 x  2
 
m
ii.  cosm xdx   cos2 x dx    2  dx
 2 
1  cos2 x
Use the trigonometric identity, cos2 x 
2 .

n m
 1  cos 2 x   1  cos 2 x  2
n m 2
iii.  sin x cos xdx   (sin x) (cos x) dx   
n m 2 2 2
 2
 dx
 2   2 
1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
Use both the trigonometric identities, cos2 x  and sin 2 x 
2 2 .

Illustrations:

1  cos 2 x 1 1
7.  sin xdx   dx   dx   cos 2 xdx
2

2 2 2
1 1 1
 x   sin 2 x  C
2 2 2
1 1
 x  sin 2 x  C
2 4

 1  cos 2 x 
2


8.  cos xdx   cos x dx   
4 2
 1
 dx   1  2 cos 2 x  cos 2 x dx
2 2
 
 2  4
1 1 1
  dx   cos 2 xdx   cos2 2 xdx
4 2 4
1 1 1 1 1  cos 4 x
 x   sin 2 x   dx
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
 x  sin 2 x   dx   cos 4 xdx
4 4 8 8
1 1 1 1 1
 x  sin 2 x  x   sin 4 x  c
4 4 8 8 4
3 1 1
 x  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  c
8 4 32

Page 10 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

 1  cos 2 x  1  cos 2 x 
2

9.  sin x cos xdx    2  2  dx

2 4

 1  cos 2 x  1  2 cos 2 x  cos 2 x 

2
   dx
 2  4 
 
  1  cos 2 x  1  2 cos 2 x  cos2 2 x dx
1
8
1
  (1  2 cos2 x  cos2 2 x  cos2 x  2 cos2 2 x  cos3 2 x)dx
8
1
 
  1  cos 2 x  cos2 2 x  cos3 2 x dx
8
1 1 1 1
  dx   cos 2 xdx   cos2 2 xdx   cos3 2 xdx
8 8 8 8
The last term of the resulting integral has odd exponent, we use Case 1 on that term.
1 1 1 1  1  cos 4 x  1
 x   sin 2 x    dx   cos 2 x cos 2 xdx
2

8 8 2 8  2  8
1 1
16
1
16
1
64
1
 
 x  sin 2 x  x  sin 4 x   1  sin 2 2 x cos2 xdx
8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1
 x  sin 2 x  x  sin 4 x   cos 2 xdx   sin 2 2 x cos 2 xdx
8 16 16 64 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
 x  sin 2 x  x  sin 4 x   sin 2 x    sin 2 x  C
8 16 16 64 8 2 8 2 3

1 1 1
 x  sin 4 x  sin 3 2 x  C
16 64 48

Page 11 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Case 4: Power of tangent and cotangent. If is a positive integer, then

i.  tan
n
 
xdx   tan n  2 x tan 2 xdx   tan n  2 x sec 2 x  1 dx

ii.  cot
n
 
xdx   cot n  2 x cot 2 xdx   cot n  2 x csc2 x  1 dx

In this case we separate form and change it in terms of secant using

the identity , then we use substitution letting .

Similarly, if the given is in , we separate and change it in terms of

cosecant using the identity , then we use substitution letting
.

Illustrations:

10.  tan 3 xdx   tan x tan 2 xdx   tan xsec 2 x  1dx   tan x sec 2 xdx   tan xdx
Let u  tan x , then du  sec 2 xdx
 tan xdx   udu   tan xdx
3

 u 2  ln sec x   C
1
2
 tan 2 x  ln sec x   C
1
2

11.  cot4 xdx   cot2 x cot2 xdx   cot2 xcsc2 x  1dx   cot2 x csc2 xdx   cot2 xdx
Let u  cot x , then du   csc xdx
2

 cot xdx    u du   cot xdx

4 2 2


   u 2 du   csc2 x  1 dx 
u3
   csc2 xdx   dx
3
1 3
 cot x  cot x  x  C
3

Page 12 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Case 5: Even powers of secant and cosecant. If n is an even integer, then

n2 n2

 sec xdx   sec x sec xdx  sec x sec2 xdx  1  tan 2 x 

n n2 2 2
i. 2 2 sec2 xdx

n2 n2

 csc xdx   csc x csc xdx  csc x csc2 xdx  1  cot2 x 

n n2 2 2
ii. 2 2 csc2 xdx

If the given is in secnx, separate sec2x and use the identity sec2x=1+tan2x in the
remaining powers of secant, then use substitution in tangent.

Similarly, if the given is in cscnx, separate csc2x and use the identity csc2x=1+cot2x
in the remaining powers of cosecant, then use substitution in cotangent.

Illustrations:

12.  sec 2 xdx

4

Let u = 2x, then du = 2dx

4 1 4 1 2 2 1 2

 sec 2xdx  2  sec udu  2  sec u sec udu  2  1  tan u sec udu
2

1 1
  sec2 udu   tan 2 u sec2 udu
2 2
Let w = tan u, then dw = sec2u du
1 1 2
 sec 2xdx  2 tan u  2  w dw
4

1 1
 tan 2 x  w3  C
2 6
1 1
 tan 2 x  tan 3 2 x  C
2 6

  
13.  csc6 xdx  csc4 x csc2 xdx   csc2 x csc2 xdx   1  cot 2 x csc2 xdx
2

2

 
  1  2 cot 2 x  cot 4 x csc2 xdx
Let u = cot x, then du = -csc2xdx or csc2xdx = -du
 
   1  2u 2  u 4 du
 2 1 
  u  u 3  u 5   c
 3 5 
2 1
  cot x  cot3 x  cot5 x  C
3 5

Page 13 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

CASE 6: If m is an even integer in the form of

 tan x sec m xdx   tan n x sec m  2 x sec 2 xdx

n

i.
  tan n xsec2 x 
m2
2 sec2 xdx

  tan n x1  tan 2 x 

m2
2 sec2 xdx

 cot x cscm xdx   cot n x cscm  2 x csc2 xdx

n

ii.
m2
  cot xcsc x 
n 2 2 csc2 xdx

  cot x1  cot x 

m2
n 2 2 csc2 xdx

The process of solving integrals in this case is almost similar to Case 5.

Illustrations:

14. 
tan x sec 4 xdx   tan x sec 2 x sec 2 xdx   tan x(1  tan 2 x) sec 2 xdx
  (tan x  tan 3 x) sec 2 xdx
Let u = tanx, then du = sec2xdx
u2 u4 1 1
  (u  u 3 )du    c  tan 2 x  tan 4 x  c
2 4 2 4

15.  x tan x sec x dx

5 2 4 2

Let u = x2, then du = 2xdx

 x tan x sec x dx   tan x sec x xdx  2  tan

5 2 4 2 5 2 1 4 2 5
u sec 4 udu

tan u 1  tan u sec

1 1
2 2
 tan 5
u sec 2 u sec 2 udu  5 2 2
udu
1
2
 
tan 5 u  tan 7 u sec 2 udu
Let w = tan u, then dw = sec2udu
1 1  w 6 w8  1 1
 
2
      c  w 6  w 8  c
5 2 4 2 5 7
x tan x sec x dx ( w w ) dw
2  6 8  12 16
1 1
 tan 6 u  tan 8 u  c
12 16
1
12
 
1
 tan 6 x 2  tan 8 x 2  c
16
 

Page 14 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

cot6 x  1 csc2 x  1dx

16.  x 1
dx dx
Let u  x  1 , then du  or  2du
2 x 1 x 1
cot6 x  1 csc2 x  1dx
 x 1
 2 cot6 u csc2 udu

Let w = cot u, then dw = -csc2udu or csc2udu = -dw

cot 6 x  1 csc2 x  1dx 2 7
 x 1
 2 cot 6 u csc2 udu  2 w 6 dw 
7
w C

2 7 2 7
 cot u  C  cot x  1  C
7 7

Case 7: n is an odd integer in the form,

n 1

i.  tan x sec xdx   tan x tan x sec sec xdx   tan x

n m n 1 m 1 2
 2 secm 1 tan x sec xdx
n 1
n m

 tan x sec xdx   sec x  1
2
2 secm 1 tan x sec xdx

n 1

 cot x csc xdx   cot x cot x csc csc xdx   cot x 2 csc cot x csc xdx
n m n 1 m 1 2 m 1

ii.
n 1
n m

 cot x csc xdx   csc x  1
2
2 cscm 1 cot x csc xdx

In this case, we separate tanx and secx and rewrite the remaining tangent in
terms of secant using tan2x = sec2x – 1, then use substitution in secant. Similarly, we
separate cotx and cscx, and rewrite the remaining cotangent in terms of cosecant using
cot2x = csc2x – 1, then use substitution in cosecation.

Illustrations:
 
17.  tan 5 x sec 4 xdx   tan 4 x sec3 x sec x tan xdx   tan 2 x sec3 x sec x tan xdx
2

 
  sec2 x  1 sec3 x sec x tan xdx
2

 
  sec 4 x  2 sec 2 x  1 sec 3 x sec x tan xdx
  sec 7

x  2 sec 5 x  sec 3 x sec x tan xdx
Let u = secx, then du = secxtanxdx

  u 7  2u 5  u 3 du 
1 1 1
 u8  2  u6  u 4  C
8 6 4
1 1 1
 sec8 x  sec 6 x  sec 4 x  C
8 3 4

Page 15 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

18.  x 2 cot 3 x 3 csc2 x 3 dx   cot 3 x 3 csc2 x 3 x 2 dx

Let u = x3, then du = 3x2dx or x2dx = du/3
1 1
 x cot x csc x dx  3  cot u csc udu  3  cot u cscu cscu cot udu
2 3 3 2 3 3 2 2

1
 
  csc2 u  1 csc u csc u cot udu
3
1

  csc3 u  csc u csc u cot udu
3

Let w = csc u, then dw = -cscucotudu or cscucotudu = -dx
1
   w3  w dw
3
 
1  w4 w2 
    c
3 4 2 
1 4 1
 csc u  csc u  C
12 6
1 4 3 1

12
 
csc x  csc x 3  C
6
 

Case 8: Use integration by parts if n is an odd integer and in the form,

u  secn  2 x and dv  sec xdx

 sec xdx   secn  2 x sec2 xdx
n 2
i. let

n2
 csc xdx   cscn  2 x csc2 xdx let u  csc x and dv  csc xdx
n 2
ii.

Illustrations:

19.  sec3 xdx   sec x sec2 xdx

Take u = secx and dv = sec2xdx, then du = secxtanxdx and v = tanx
 sec
3
 
xdx  sec x tan x   tan 2 x sec xdx  sec x tan x   sec 2 x  1 sec xdx

 sec xdx  sec x tan x   sec3 xdx   sec xdx

3

Combining similar terms, we have

2 sec 3 xdx  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C
Divide both sides by 2.

 sec xdx  2 sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x  C

3 1

Page 16 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

20.  csc5 xdx   csc3 xcsx 2 xdx

Take u = csc3x and dv = csc2xdx, then du = 3csc2x(-cotxcscxdx) = -3csc3xcotxdx
and v = ∫csc2xdx = -cotx.
 csc
5
 
xdx   csc3 x cot x  3 cot2 x csc3 xdx   csc3 x cot x  3 csc2 x  1 csc3 xdx

 csc xdx   csc3 x cot x  3 csc5 xdx  3 csc3 xdx

5

Combine similar terms,

4  csc5 xdx   csc3 x cot x  3 csc3 xdx
Divide both sides by 4,
1 3 3
 csc xdx  4 csc x cot x  4  csc xdx
5 3

We need to solve first the ∫csc xdx, then plug it to the equation above.
3

 csc xdx   csc x csc2 xdx

3

Take u = cscx and dv = csc2xdx, then du = -cscxcotxdx and v = -cotx

 csc xdx   csc x cot x   cot x csc xdx   csc x cot x   csc 
x  1 csc xdx
3 2 2

 csc xdx   csc x cot x   csc xdx   csc xdx

3 3

 csc xdx   csc x cot x   csc xdx  ln csc x  cot x 

3 3

Combine similar terms,

2  csc3 xdx   csc x cot x  ln csc x  cot x   C
multiply both sides by ½

 csc xdx  2  csc x cot x  ln csc x  cot x  C

3 1

3
Substituting the result of ∫csc xdx, we have
1 3 3 1 
 csc xdx  4 csc x cot x  4  2 csc x cot x  2 ln csc x  cot x   C
5 1

1 3
csc x cot x  csc x cot x  ln csc x  cot x   C
3 3
 csc xdx 
5

4 8 8

Page 17 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Case 9: If n is an even integer and m is an odd integer.

 tan x sec xdx   tan x2 sec xdx   sec x  12 sec xdx
n n
n m 2 m 2 m
i.

 cot x csc xdx   cot x2 csc xdx   csc x  12 csc xdx
n n
n m 2 m 2 m
ii.

In this case we will change tangent in terms of secant using tan 2x = sec2x – 1, so
that the whole integral now is now in terms of secant, then you will use Case 8.
Similarly, we will change cotangent in terms of cosecant using cot2x = csc2x – 1, so that
the whole integral is now in terms of cosecant, then use Case 8.

Illustrations:

21.  tan 2 x sec 3 xdx   sec 2 x  1sec 3 xdx

 tan x sec 3 xdx   sec 5 xdx   sec 3 xdx

2

Using Case 8, we will find the following integrals,

 sec xdx  4 sec x tan x  8 sec x tan x  8 ln sec x  tan x  c

5 1 3 3 3

 sec xdx  2 sec x tan x  2 ln sec x  tan x  c

3 1 1

Substituting the corresponding integrals we have

 tan x sec xdx  4 sec tan x  8 sec x tan x  8 ln sec x  tan x

2 3 1 3 3 3

1 
  sec x tan x  ln sec x  tan x   C
1
2 2 

 tan x sec xdx  4 sec tan x  8 sec x tan x  8 ln sec x  tan x  2 sec x tan x
2 3 1 3 3 3 1

 ln sec x  tan x   C
1
2

 tan x sec xdx  4 sec tan x  8 sec x tan x  8 ln sec x  tan x  C

2 3 1 3 1 1

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Trigonometric Identities.
1. 5. ( )
2. 6. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) 7. ( ) ( )
4. 8.

Page 18 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

2.4 Integration of Algebraic Functions by

Trigonometric Substitution

A change in variable involving trigonometric function is called trigonometric

substitution. This type of substitution is particularly useful when an integrand is a
rational function of and one of the following radical expressions. For each of these
radicals, we use the substitution indicated.

Case 1:  a 2  u 2 du where is constant and a  0.

Let u  a sin  , then du  a cosd
u u
sin     Arc sin
a a
𝑎
𝑢

a2  u2
and, a 2  u 2  a 2  a sin    a 2  a 2 sin 2   a 1  sin 2   a cos2  d  a cos
2

Case 2:  a 2  u 2 du where is constant and  .

Let u  a tan  and du  a sec2 d
u u
tan     Arc tan
a a
a2  u2
𝑢

𝑎

and, a 2  u 2  a 2  a tan    a 2  a 2 tan 2   a 1  tan 2   a sec2   a sec

2

Case 3:  u 2  a 2 du where is constant and  .

Let u  a sec and du  a sec tan d
u u u 2  a2
sec    Arc sec tan  
a a u
𝑢
u2  a2


𝑎

and, u 2  a 2  a sec 2  a 2  a 2 sec2   a 2  a sec2   1  a tan 2   a tan 

Page 19 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Illustrations:

1.  4  x2 dx   22  x2 dx where a  2 ; x  2 sin  ; dx  2 cosd

x x
Then 4  x  2 cos ; sin   ; and   Arc sin
2

2 2
1  cos2
 4  x dx   2 cos 2 cos d  4 cos d  4 2 d  2 d  2 cos2d
2 2

1 
 4  x dx  2  2 2 sin 2   C  2  sin 2  C
2

Using the identity sin2θ=2sinθcosθ, we have

 4  x 2 dx 2  2 sin  cos  C

 x   x  4  x 2 
C
 2 Arc sin   2 
 2   2  2 

x x 4  x2
 2 Arc sin  C
2 2

9  x2 32  x 2
2.  x2
dx   x 2 dx where a  3 ; x  3sin  ; dx  3 cosd
x x
Then 9  x 2  3 cos ; sin   ; and   Arc sin
3 3
9  x2 3 cos
 x 2
dx  
(3 sin  ) 2
(3 cosd )

cos2 
  
d   cot 2 d     csc2   1 d   csc2 d   d
sin 
2

cos
  cot    C     C
sin 
9  x2
3 x
  Arc sin  C
x 3
3
9  x2 x
  Arc sin  C
x 3

Page 20 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

3.  5  x 2 dx   5 2
 x 2 dx where a  5 ; x  5 tan  ; dx  5 sec 2 d
x x
Then 5  x 2  5 sec ; tan   ; and   Arc tan
5 5

 5  x 2 dx   5 sec  5 sec 2 d  5 sec 3 d 

1 1 
 5 sec  tan   ln sec  tan    C
2 2 
5 5
 sec tan   ln sec  tan   C
2 2
5  5  x 2  x  5 5  x2 x
     ln  C
2  5  5  2 5 5

x 5  x2 5 x  5  x2
  ln C
2 2 5

4. x
3
7  x 2 dx   x 3  7   x dx where a 
2 2
7 ; x  7 tan  ; dx  7 sec 2 d
x x
Then 7  x 2  7 sec ; tan   ; and   Arc tan
7 7

x
3
7  x 2 dx    7 tan    7 sec  7 sec d    7   tan  sec d
3 2 5 3 3

  7   tan  sec  sec tan d   7   sec   1sec  sec tan d
5 2 2 5 2 2

  7   (sec   sec  ) sec tan d

5 4 2

Let u  sec  , then du  sec tan d

 7   (u  u )du  7  u5   7  u3  C
5 3
5 5 5
 4 2

  7  7
sec 
5 sec 
5
5
3
C
5 3


 7  5
7  x2    7  7  x   C
5 5 2
3

5  7 5
3  73

7  x 2 2  7  x 2 2  C
5 3
1 7

5 3

Page 21 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

x2  9 x 2  32
5.  x
dx   x dx ; where a  3 ; x  3 sec ; dx  3sec tan d
Then x 2  9  3 tan  ; sec  x ; and   Arc sec x
3 3
x 9 3 tan 
 
2

 x dx  3 sec 3 sec tan d    3 tan d  3 sec   1 d

2 2

 3 sec 2 d  3 d
 3 tan   3  C
x
 x 2  9  3 Arc sec  C
3

dx dx
6. x 3
x  25
2

x 3
x 2  52
where a  5 ; x  5 sec  ; du  5 sec tan d

Then x 2  25  5 tan  ; sec  x ; and   Arc sec x

5 5
dx 5 sec tan d 1 d 1
x 3
x  25
2

5 sec  5 tan  
3

125  sec 2


125  cos2 d

1 1  cos 2 1

125  2
d 
250 
(1  cos 2 )d
1 1
  sin 2  C
250 500

1

1
2 sin  cos   C
250 500
1 1
  sin  cos  C
250 250
Since we do not have available substitution for sinθ, we will draw the
corresponding triangle and use SOH-CAH-TOA,

By SOH-CAH-TOA,
x
Opp x 2  25 Adj 5
x  25
2
sin    and cos  
Hyp x Hyp x

5
Substitute θ, sinθ and cosθ.
dx 1 x 1  x 2  25  5 
x 3
x 2  25

250
Arc sec 
5 250  x
 C
 x 

1 x x 2  25
 Arc sec  C
250 5 50 x 2

Page 22 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Trigonometric Substitution.

1. 3. √
√
√ 4. √
2.

2.5 Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

( )
A function ( )
( )
is called rational function, where ( ) and g(x) are
polynomials, is called a rational function. If the degree (highest exponent of ) of the
numerator ( ) is less than the degree of ( ), the rational function is called proper;
otherwise it is improper.

Theorem:

Any proper rational function may be resolve into a sum of partial fractions subject
to the following classification.

Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors

If a linear factor ax+b occur once as a factor of the denominator, there
A
correspond to this factor one partial fraction where A is constant and A  0.
ax  b

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors

If a linear factor ax+b occur “n” times as a factor of the denominator, there
A1 A2 An
correspond to this factor “n” partial fraction   ...  where A1,
ax  b (ax  b) 2
(ax  b) n
A2, …, An are constant and An  0.

Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors

If a quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c occur once as a factor of the denominator,
Ax  B
there correspond to this factor one partial fraction where A and B are
ax  bx  c
2

constant and Ax + B  0.

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors

If a quadratic factor ax2+bx+c occur “n” times as a factor of the denominator,
there correspond to this factor “n” partial fractions where A1, A2, …, An, B1, B2, …, Bn
A x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
are constant and Anx+Bn≠0 in the form 21   ... 
ax  bx  c (ax 2  bx  c) 2 (ax 2  bx  c) n

Page 23 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Remarks:
 First, make sure that the given rational function is proper, if it is proper, then
factor the denominator completely and use the corresponding cases above.
 If the given rational function is improper, divide first the numerator to
denominator, then integrate the whole part basic integral and use partial
fractions in integrating the resulting proper rational function.
 In the statement of Case 3 and Case 4, it is implied that the quadratic factors
mentioned cannot be expressed as product of two real factors,
meaning the mentioned is not factorable anymore.

Illustrations:
dx dx
1.  2 
x  2x x( x  2)
Since the factors of the denominator is both linear we use Case 1, the linear
factors and occur once, each will correspond to one partial fraction.
dx Adx Bdx dx dx
 x( x  2)   x   x  2  A x  B  x  2
Equivalently,
1 A B
 
x  2x x x  2
2

Eliminate the denominator by multiplying the whole equation by ( ).

( )
Solve for A and B
If :
If :
Substituting the values obtained we have
dx Adx Bdx 1 dx 1 dx 1 1
 x( x  2)   x   x  2  2  x  2  x  2  2 ln x  2 ln( x  2)  C
dx 1 x
 x( x  2)  2 ln x  2  C

x2  2x  2 x2  2x  2
2.  3 dx   dx
x  4x x( x  2)( x  2)
The linear factors – and occur once, each will correspond to one
partial fraction, that is Case 1.
x 2  2x  2 Adx Bdx Cdx dx dx dx
 x( x  2)( x  2)dx   x   x  2   x  2  A x  B  x  2  C  x  2
Equivalently,
x 2  2x  2 A B C
  
x  4x
3
x x2 x2

Page 24 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Multiply the whole equations by ( )( ) to remove denominator.

x  2 x  2  Ax  2( x  2)  Bxx  2  Cxx  2
2

Solving for A, B and C

If ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

If ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

If ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

Substituting the values obtained we have

x2  2x  2 1 dx 3 dx 1 dx
 x3  4 x dx  2  x  4  x  2  4  x  2
 ln x  ln x  2  ln x  2  C , or
1 3 1
2 4 4
1
x 2 x  2 4
3

 ln C
x  2
1
4

x 2 dx
3.  x  1 3

The denominator is already factored out, the factor is the linear repeated
thrice, and thus we will use Case 2.
x 2 dx Adx Bdx Cdx dx dx dx
 x  13   x  1   x  12   x  13  A x  1  B  x  12  C  x  13
Equivalently,
x2 A B C
  
x  1 x  1 x  1 x  13
3 2

Multiply the whole equation by (x+1)3, to remove denominator we have

 
x2  Ax  1  Bx  1  C  A x2  2 x  1  Bx  1  C
2

x 2  Ax 2  (2 A  B) x  ( A  B  C )
We will employ another method in finding the values of the constants A, B, and C
which is by comparing the coefficients of the left side and the right side.
Consider the coefficient of;
x 2:
x: ( )
constant or x0: ( )
Substituting these values we have
x 2 dx  1  1
 x  13   x  1  2 x  12   x  13  ln x  1  2 x  1   2x  12  C
dx dx dx

Page 25 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

x 2 dx
 ln x  1 
2 1
 x  1 3

x  1 2x  12
C

Or simplified as,
2(2)( x  1)  1
 ln x  1  C
2x  1
2

x 2 dx 4x  3
 x  1  ln x  1  C
2x  1
3 2

x3  x  2 x3  x  2
4.  x5  2 x3  x  x( x 2  1)2 dx
dx 

The factors are and , these linear occurs only once, but the quadratic
factor occurs twice, hence we use Case 1 and 4.
x3  x  2 Adx Bx  C Dx  E dx Bx  C Dx  E
 x( x 2  1) 2 dx   x   x 2  1 dx   ( x 2  1) 2  A x   x 2  1 dx   ( x 2  1) 2
Equivalently,
x 3  x  2 A Bx  C Dx  E
  2  2
x( x  1)
2 2
x x  1 ( x  1) 2
  
 x 3  x  2  A x 2  1  ( Bx  C )( x) x 2  1  Dx  E x
2

 x3  x  2  Ax 4
    
 2 x 2  1  B x 4  x 2  C x 3  x  Dx 2  Ex
 x 3  x  2  ( A  B) x 4  Cx 3  (2 A  B  D) x 2  (C  E ) x  A
Consider the coefficient of
x 4: but , then
3
x:
x 2: but and , then –
x: but , then
0
x:
Substituting these values we have
x3  x  2 dx  2x  1  2x
 x 5  2 x 3  xdx  2 x   x 2  1 dx   x 2  12 dx
dx 2 xdx dx 2 xdx
 2  2  2 
x x 1 x 1 x2 1
2
 
2 xdx 2 xdx
 2 ln x    Arc tan x  
x 1
2

x2 1
2


Page 26 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Let , then
du du
 2 ln x    Arc tan x   2
u u
  1
 2 ln x  ln u  Arc tan x     c
 u 
x3  x  2
  1
 x 5  2 x 3  xdx  2 ln x  ln x  1  Arc tan x  x 2  1  c
2

Or can also be simplified as,

x3  x  2 x2 1
 x 5  2 x 3  xdx  ln x 2  1  Arc tan x  x 2  1  C

x 2  2 x  10 x 2  2 x  10
5.
 x 4  4 x 3  5x 2 dx   x 2 ( x 2  4 x  5)dx
Use case II and III, since the factor is composed of linear x repeated twice and
the quadratic x2+4x+5 occuring only once.
x 2  2 x  10 Adx Bdx Cx  D dx dx Cx  D
 x 4  4 x 3  5x 2 dx  x   x 2   x 2  4 x  5 dx  A x  B  x 2   x 2  4 x  5 dx
Equivalently,
x 2  2 x  10 A B Cx  D
  2  2
x ( x  4 x  5) x x
2 2
x  4x  5
   
 x 2  2 x  10  Ax x 2  4 x  5  B x 2  4 x  5  (Cx  D) x 2

 x 2  2 x  10  A x 3  4 x 2  5 x   Bx 
 4 x  5  Cx 3  Dx 2
2

 x 2  2 x  10  ( A  C ) x 3  (4 A  B  D) x 2  (5 A  4 B) x  5B
Consider the coefficient of;
x 3: but , then
2
x: but and – , then –
x: but – , then ( )
0
x: –
Substituting these values we have
dx dx  2x  5
 2  2 2   2 dx
x x x  4x  5
  1 2x  5
 2 ln x  2    2 dx
 x  x  4x  5
2 2x  4  1
 2 ln x    2 dx
x x  4x  5
2 2x  4 1
 2 ln x    2 dx   2 dx
x x  4x  5 x  4x  5

Page 27 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

2 2x  4 1
 2 ln x   2 dx   2 dx
x x  4x  5 ( x  4 x  4)  1
2 2x  4 1
 2 ln x    2 dx   dx
x x  4x  5 ( x  2) 2  1
Let u = x2+4x+5 and du = (2x+4)dx in the 1st integral; while use z=x+2 and
dz=dx in the 2nd integral.
2 du dz 2
 2 ln x     2  2 ln x   ln u  Arc tan z  c
x u z 1 x
x  2 x  10
2
2
 x 4  4 x 3  5x 2  2 ln x  x  ln( x  4 x  5)  Arc tan( x  2)  c
2

Or can be simplified as,

x 2  2 x  10 x2 2
 x 4  4 x 3  5x 2  ln x 2  4 x  5  x  Arc tan( x  2)  C

x 2  3x  4
6.  x 2  2 x  8dx
This is improper, since the degree of numerator is not less than the degree of
the denominator (both have a degree of 2). Thus, divide first and then we have
x 2  3x  4 5x  4
 1 2
x  2x  8
2
x  2x  8
x  3x  4
2
 5x  4   5x  4 
 x 2  2 x  8dx   1  x 2  2 x  8 d x   1  ( x  4)( x  2) d x
x 2  3x  4 5x  4
 x 2  2 x  8dx  x   ( x  4)( x  2) d x
5x  4
Then, we will use Partial Fraction in solving  ( x  4)( x  2) d x
The factors of the denominator is both linear and not repeated, we use Case 1.
The linear factors and , each will correspond to one partial fraction.
5x  4 Adx Bdx dx dx
 x  4( x  2) dx   x  4   x  2  A x  4  B  x  2
Equivalently,
5x  4 A B
 
x  4( x  2) x  4 x  2
Multiply the whole equation by ( )( ) to remove denominator.
( ) ( )
Solve for A and B
If : ( )
If : ( )

Page 28 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Substituting the values obtained we have

5x  4 dx dx
 x  4( x  2) dx  4 x  4   x  2
5x  4
 x  4( x  2) dx  4 ln( x  4)  ln( x  2)  C  ln ( x  4) ( x  2)  C
4

5x  4
Plug the value of  dx
( x  4)( x  2)
x 2  3x  4 5x  4
 x 2  2 x  8dx  x   ( x  4)( x  2) d x  x  ln ( x  4) ( x  2)  C
4

sin x
7.  cos x(1  cos 2
x)
dx

At first, it doesn’t look like that we need to solve it using Partial Fractions. But if
we let u = cosx and du = -sinxdx, we have
sin xdx 1
 cos x(1  cos2 x)   u(1  u 2 )du
It is now clear that we need to solve it using Partial Fraction. The factors of
denominator is u and 1+u2, both not repeated, thus we use Case 1 and Case 3.
1 Adu Bu  C du Bu  C
 u(1  u 2 ) du   u   1  u 2 du  A u   1  u 2 du
Equivalently,
1 A Bu  C
 
u (1  u ) u 1  u 2
2

Multiply the whole equation by ( ) to remove denominator.

( ) ( )
Solve for A, B and C.
( )
( )
Consider the coefficient of;
u2: but , then
u:
u0: –
Substituting the values obtained we have

1  u 2 2
1
1 du u 1
 u(1  u 2 )    u  1  u 2   ln u  2 ln(1  u )  C
  C
2
du du ln
u

Therefore, we have
sin x 1  cos2 x
 cos x(1  cos2 x) dx  ln
cos x
C.

Page 29 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Partial Fractions.

1. 4. ( )
2. 5.
3. 6.
( )( )

2.6 Miscellaneous Substitution

a. Half-Angle Substitution

If an integrand is a rational function of trigonometric functions, the substitution

x 2u 1 u2 2du
u  tan or its equivalent; sin x  ; cos x  and dx  will give an
2 1 u 2
1 u 2
1 u2
integrand which is rational in u.

The technique here is to express the trigonometric functions in terms of z using

the given substitution above, and then integrate the resulting integral using other
techniques of integration.

Illustrations:
2du 2du
1. 
dx
 1 u2  1 u2 
2du

du
3  5 cos x 1  u 2  3(1  u )  5(1  u )
2 2
8  2u 2
4  u2
3  5 
1  u
2
 1 u2
The resulting integral can be solved by partial fractions.
du du
 4  u 2  (2  u)(2  u)
The factor is both linear and not repeated, we use Case 1.
du Adu Bdu du du
 (2  u)(2  u)  (2  u)   (2  u)  A (2  u)  B  (2  u)
Equivalently,
1 A B
 
(2  u )(2  u ) 2  u 2  u
( ) ( )
Solving for A and B
If :
If :

Page 30 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Substituting the values obtained we have

1 2u
 (2  u)(2  u)  4  2  u  4  2  u   4 ln 2  u   4 ln 2  u   C  4 ln 2  u  C
du 1 du 1 du 1 1

Then we undo the substitution of u,

x
2  tan
dx 1
 3  5 cos x  4 ln
2 C
x
2  tan
2
2du 2du
2. 
dx
 1 u2 1 u2 2du du
1 u2  1 u2
  
1  sin x  cos x 2u  2u  1  u 2
2u  1 u 1
1 
1 u2 1 u2 1 u 2

 ln u  1  C
 x
 ln 1  tan   C
 2

b. Reciprocal Substitution

1 du
Let x  , then dx   2 .
u u
This substitution is quite useful, called reciprocal substitution. When it is
indicated and used, this substitution will transform the integral so that generally
the integration formulas can be applied. This is commonly used in irrational
functions, those including square roots.

Illustrations:
 du  du  du  du
dx 2 2 2
u2 du
      
1. u u u
x 2x  x 2 1 2 1 1 2u  1 1  2u  1  1
2u  1 2u  1
 2  
u u u u u 2 
u u   u 2

Let – , then or .
1
1
dx  1 dw  1 1 w2
 x 2x  x 2

2  w 2 
 w 2
dw 
2

1
 C   w  C   2u  1  C

2
dx 2 2x
 x 2x  x 2

x
1  C  
x
C

Page 31 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

1 4u 2  1
4
4  x2 u2  du  du
 dx    2   2    u 4u 2  1 du
2. u
x4 1 u 1 u
u4 u 4

Let – , then or .
3
4  x2 1 2 2 1 2 1  4
 
1 3
1 3
2
 x 4
dx  
8  w 2
dw  
8 3
w  C 
12
4u  1 2 C   2  1  C
12  x 

c. Other Substitutions

We use the following cases if the integrand includes the form;

c.1. n au  b , the substitution au  b  z n will replace it by rational integrand.

c.2. q  pq  u 2 , the substitution q  pq  u 2  z  u 2 will replace it by a rational

integrand.

c.3. q  pq  u 2    u   u  , the substitution q  pq  u 2    u  z 2 or

2

q  pq  u 2    u  z 2 will replace it by a rational integrand.

2

Illustrations:

x
dx
1.
1 x
It is in the form of c.1, the index of the radical is .
Let , then and √
dx  2 zdz  2dz
 x 1  x   1  z 2 z   1  z 1  z 
 
Can be resolve in two partial fractions
dx  2dz Adz bdz
 x 1  x   1  z 1  z    1  z   1  z
 – ( ) ( – )
If : – 2 = 2A  A = –1 and If : – 2 = 2B  B = –1.
 2dz
 x 1  x   1  z 1  z    1  z   1  z  ln 1  z   ln 1  z   C
dx dz dz

dx 1 z 1 1 x
x 1 x
 ln
1 z
 C  ln
1 1 x
C

Page 32 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

dx
2.  x 4 x
,

Use c.1, the index of the radical is Let , then , √

3 3 2
dx 4 z dz z dz z dz
 x  4 x   z 4  4 z 4  4 z 2  z  4 z  1
When divided, we have
z 2 dz  1   z2 
 4  4  z  1  dz  4  z  ln z  1   C
z 1  z  1  2 
dx 2 4
2
  4
 
 x  4 x  2 z  4 z  4 ln z  1  C  2 x  4 x  4 ln x  1  C
4
 
dx

 x  4 x  2 x  44 x  4 ln 4 x  1  C 

x
dx
3. , it is in the form of c.2.
x2  x  2
Let x2  x  2  z  x  ; z  x  x 2  x  2 z  x  x2  x  2
2
or
Solving for x,
x2  x  2  z 2  2 zx  x 2
x  2  z 2  2 zx
x  2 zx  z 2  2
x(1  2 z )  z 2  2

x
z2  2
, then dx 

2 z2  z  2 
Why? Derivative of x
1  2z 1  2 z  2

z2  2
Solve for z – x by substituting x 
1  2z
z  2 z2  z  2
2
x2  x  2  z  x  z  
1  2z 1  2z
Using the substitutions, we have

2 z2  z  2 
dx 1  2 z 2 2dz 2dz
 x x 2  x  2  z 2  2 z 2  z  2 dz   z 2  2   z  2 z  2

  

1  2z 1  2z
Solve the resulting integral using Partial Fractions.
2dz Adz Bdz dz dz
 z  2 z  2   z  2   z  2  A z  2  B  z  2
  
Equivalently,
2 A B
   2  A( z  2 )  B( z  2 )

z 2 z 2  
z 2 z 2

Page 33 of 36
 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Solve for A and B.

1
If z  2 : 2  2 2A  A
2
1
If z   2 : 2  2 2 A  B
2
2dz
 z  2 z  2  
1

dz
2 z 2

1

dz
2 z 2

1
2
ln z  2 
1
2
ln z  2  c    
2dz 1 z 2
 z  2 z  2 2 ln  z  2   c
  

Undo the substitution to have final answer, we have
dx 1  x 2  x  2  x  2 
 x x 2  x  2  2 ln  x 2  x  2  x  2   C
 

dx
4. x 6  x  x2
, it is in the form of c.3.

First, factor the quadratic expression and choose one of its factor that you will
use in substitution. (See c.3)
6  x  x2
6  x  x  3  x 2  x   3  x  z ; then 6  x  x  3  x z and z 
2 2 2 2

3 x
6  x  x  (3  x)2  x   3  x  z
2 2 2
Solving for x:
2  x  3  x z 2
2  x  3z 2  xz 2
x  xz 2  3z 2  2
3z 2  2 10 zdz
x , then dx 
1 z2 1  z 
2 2

Substitute the solved value of x,

 3z 2  2   3(1  z 2 )  3z 2  2  
6  x  x  3  x z   3 
5z
2
 2 
 z    z 
 1 z   1 z 2
 1 z2
Using the substitutions, we have
10 zdz 10 zdz
dx 1  z 
2 2
1  z 
2 2
10 zdz 2dz
x 6 x x 2

3z  2
2
5z

(3z  2)5 z
2

3z  2 5 z 
2
 2
3z  2

1 z 2
1 z2 1  z 
2 2

2dz 2 dz 2 dz
    
 2 3  2 2 3  2  2
3 z 2   z   z   z  
 3  3  3  3 
  

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 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Resolving into two partial fractions

2
dz
Adz Bdz dz dz
  2  2     2     2   A  2   B   2 
3
z   z   z   z   z   z  
          
 3  3   3   3   3   3 
Equivalently,
2
3 A B

 2  2  2 2
z   z   z   z  
     
 3  3   3  3 
2 2
Remove denominator by multiplying the equation by ( z  )( z  )
3 3
2 2 2
 A( z  )  B( z  )
3 3 3
2 2 2
 A( z  )  B( z  )
3 3 3
Solve for A and B.
√ √ √ √ √ √ 6
If :  A
√ √ √ √ √ 6
√ √ √ √ 6
If :  B
√ √ √ 6
Substituting the value of A and B, we have
dx 2 dz 6 dz 6 dz
 x 6  x  x 2  3   2  2   6   2   6   2 
z   z   z   z  
      
 3  3   3   3 

6  2 6  2
 ln  z   ln z  C
6  3  6  3 

2 3 6
 
Note: We rationalize, 3 3 3
2 6
z z
dx 6 3 C 6 3  C  6 ln 3 z  6  C
 x 6  x  x 2  6 ln 2

6
ln
6 6 3z  6
z z
3 3

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 Integral Calculus | 2. Techniques of Integration

Substituting the value of z, we have

3 6  x  x2
 6
dx 6  6 3 6  x  x 2  3  x  6
 x 6  x  x2 6 3 6  x  x2
 ln 3 x  C  ln C
6 3 6  x  x 2  3  x  6
 6
3 x

Self-Check Evaluation
Evaluate the indefinite integral using Miscellaneous Substitution.

a. Half-Angle Substitution

1. 2.

b. Reciprocal Substitution

√ √
3. 4.

c. Other Substitution

5. ( )√
7. √

6.
√ 8. √

Page 36 of 36