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Everyone's DNA is unique and is derived from their parent's DNA. To translate this into first-order logic, we need to specify the meanings of the terms: - Person(x): Predicate meaning x is a person - DNA(x,y): Predicate meaning person x has DNA y - Parent(x,y): Predicate meaning person x is a parent of person y - same(x,y): Predicate meaning object x is the same as object y Now we can translate the sentence: ∀x Person(x) → ∃y DNA(x,y) ∧ ∀z (Person(z) ∧ z ≠ x →

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40 views4 pages

Assignments02 Me

Everyone's DNA is unique and is derived from their parent's DNA. To translate this into first-order logic, we need to specify the meanings of the terms: - Person(x): Predicate meaning x is a person - DNA(x,y): Predicate meaning person x has DNA y - Parent(x,y): Predicate meaning person x is a parent of person y - same(x,y): Predicate meaning object x is the same as object y Now we can translate the sentence: ∀x Person(x) → ∃y DNA(x,y) ∧ ∀z (Person(z) ∧ z ≠ x →

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ahsan habib pulok
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Assignments

1. By showing each step, convert the left-hand side and right-hand side of the main
implication of the following sentence into CNF [Ex-7.18(b) (Soft copy)]:
[(Food → Party) ∨ (Drinks → Party)] → [(Food ∧ Drinks) → Party]

2. Consider a vocabulary with the following symbols: [Ex-8.10(Soft copy)]

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p41n46m/Consider-a-vocabulary-with-the-following-symbols-
Occupationpo-A-predicate-that/

https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/#inbox/FMfcgxwKkRChHjGJxXSQcdjwmlJFVTTh

3. Translate the first-order loagic the sentence “Everyone’s DNA is unique and is
derived from their parent’s DNA.” You must specify the precise intended meaning
of your vocabulary terms. (Hint: Do not use the predicate Unique(x), since uniqueness
is not really a property of an object in itself!) [Ex-8.24 (Book)]

1. Conjunctive normal form (page : 253)

1. By showing each step, convert the left-hand side and right-hand side of the
main

implication of the following sentence into CNF Ex-7.18(b) (Soft copy)]:


[(Food → Party) v (Drinks → Party)] → [(Food A Drinks) → Party]

Ans: Convert the left-hand and right hand sides of the main implication into CNF,
showing each step, and explatin how the results confirt your anstswer to (a).

For the left hand side we have :

(Food ¿>¿ Party)∪ (Drinks ¿>¿ Party)

(¬ Food ∪ Party)∪ (¬ Drinks ∪ Party)

(Food ∪ Party ∪ ¬ Drinks ∪ Party)

( ¬Food ¬ Drinks ∪ Party )


And for the right-hand side we have

(Food ∩ Drinks) => Party

(¬Food ∩ ∪ ¬Drinks) => Party

(¬Food ∪ ¬ Drinks) Party

(¬Food ∪ ¬ Drinks ∪ Party)

The two sides are identical in CNF, and hence the original is of the form P=>P,
which is valid for any P.

Consider a vocabulary with the following symbols:

Occupation (p, o): Predicate. Person p has occupation o.

Customer (p1, p2): Predicate. Person p1 is a customer of person p2.

Boss (p1, p2): Predicate. Person p1 is a boss of person p2.

Doctor, Surgeon, Lawyer, Actor: Constants denoting occupations.

Emily, Joe: Constants denoting people


a)

Assertion: Emily is either a surgeon or a lawyer.


First order logic: Occupation (Emily, Surgeon)∪  Occupation (Emily, Lawyer)

b)

Assertion: Joe is an actor, but he also holds another job.


First order logic: ∃ o ( o ≠ Actor ) ∩Occaupation ( Joe , Acor ) ∩Occupation(Joe , o)

c)

Assertion: All surgeons are doctors.


First order logic:∀ p Occaupation ( p , Surgeon) =¿ Occupation( p , Doctor )

d)

Assertion: Joe does not have a lawyer (i.e., is not a customer of any Lawyer)
First order logic:¬∃ p Occupation ( p , Lawyer ) ∩Customer (Joe , p)

e)

Assertion: Emily has a boss who is a lawyer.

First order logic::∃ p Boss ( p , Emily ) ∩Occupation( p , Lawyer)

f)
Assertion: There exists a lawyer all of whose customers are doctors.

First order logic:


:∃ p 1Occupation ( p 1 , Lawyer ) ∩ ∀ p 2 Customer ( p 2 , pl ) =¿ Occupation( p 2 , Doctor )

g)

Assertion: Every surgeon has a lawyer.

First order logic:


: ∀ p 1 Occupation ( p 1 , Surgeon )=¿ ∃ p 2Occupation ( p 2 , Lawyer ) ∩Customer ( p 1, p 2)

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