HOUSING TYPOLOGIES SUBJECT –

HOUSING
UNITED KINGDOM, EUROPE AND AFRICA
SUBMITTED TO –

AR. PREETI BHATIA

SUBMITTED BY –

HIMALAYA (1731680)

JASKIRAT ARORA (1731681)

SHRUTI VERMA (1731685)

UNITED KINGDOM
  There is a regular call for statistics on
the UK housing stock, usually to
compare them with statistics of
other European or world nations.
 They have to be compiled from the
THE NEED FOR four separate housing surveys of
STATISTICS ON THE England, Scotland, Wales and
Northern Ireland.
UK HOUSING STOCK
 The four surveys do not use identical
methodologies. They are undertaken
over different timescales, with
different sampling criteria and
survey instruments.
  The first house condition survey in the world was undertaken in England
and Wales in 1967.
 At the time, slum clearance was going ahead at pace and new house
building was at a historical high.
 ‘Our older homes – a call for action’ that: “a national survey, scientifically
designed and carried out by skilled investigators, was necessary to provide
reliable data on house condition”, and the survey was the outcome of this.
 They showed that the condition of the housing stock in England and Wales
was worse than expected.
A SHORT HISTORY
OF UK NATIONAL  There were 15.7 million homes in England and Wales in 1967.
HOUSING SURVEYS
 Some 40% of these were built before 1919;
1. 25% lacked a basic amenity (bath, wash hand basin, hot water);
2. 19% lacked an indoor WC;
3. 7% were in potential clearance areas;
4. 5% required repairs exceeding £1,000 (around £17,000 at 2017 costs,
based on the RPI index, the most relevant index of those dating back to
1967)
  The 1967 housing survey was very significant because it provided the
evidence base for future housing policies.
 These included the targeting of slum clearance programs, rather than the
previous ‘scattergun’ approach, and the identification of areas for grant-
A SHORT HISTORY aided improvement work.
OF UK NATIONAL
 It also enabled limited resources for public expenditure on housing
HOUSING SURVEYS improvement to be distributed on a scientific basis.
 From then on, national housing surveys have been undertaken at regular
intervals to monitor the condition and performance of the housing stock
and to develop and target policies for its continued improvement
TIMELINE OF UK
NATIONAL HOUSING
SURVEYS
THE CURRENT UK
NATIONAL HOUSING
SURVEY MODELS
THE CURRENT UK
NATIONAL HOUSING
SURVEY MODELS
  In 2017 there were some 28.5 million
homes in the UK. The great majority of
these were in England, Figure 2.1,
reflecting the distribution of the UK
population, Table 2.1.

DISTRIBUTION AND
DESCRIPTION OF
HOUSING IN THE UK
  The housing stock of
the United Kingdom
is very diverse,
representing a long
history of house
building, local
building preferences
and materials, and
policy interventions.

AGE, TYPE AND SIZE  Every dwelling type

shown in Figure 2.2 is
OF DWELLINGS IN represented in each
THE UK of the four UK nations
but in differing
proportions, Table
2.2.
AGE, TYPE AND SIZE
OF DWELLINGS IN
THE UK
 The UK housing stock is dominated by houses, with over half (52%) of homes being
conjoined (built in terraces or in pairs) and just under one fifth (18%) being detached. Just
over a fifth (21%) of UK dwellings are flats, Table 2.2.

Within the UK, there are subtle differences between the housing stocks of the four
nations.Scottish workers’ housing was traditionally provided in tenements rather than
terraces, and flatted accommodation still dominates in urban areas. Northern Ireland has
a much higher proportion of bungalows, Figure 2.4.

DWELLINGS TYPE IN
THE UK
EUROPE
 Sharing of walls or design
• Detached House
• Semi – Detached house
• Row House
• Courtyard house
• Apartment

Material and Longevity

CLASSIFICATION OF • Kutcha House
HOUSING • Pucca House

Ownership
• Owned
• Rental
• Leased
PROPORTION OF
DWELLINGS BUILT
SINCE 2000, BY EU
NATION
  In 2018, 46.0 % of people in the EU-27 lived in flats, close to one fifth (18.6 %) in semi-detached
houses and over one third (34.7 %) in detached houses.
 Tenure Status –
• One quarter (24.9 %) of the EU-27 population lived in an owner-occupied home with a
mortgage or loan.
• More than two fifths (45.1 %) of the population lived in an owner-occupied home without a
loan or mortgage.
• One fifth (20.8 %) were tenants with a market price rent.
• Approximately one tenth (9.3 %) were tenants in reduced-rent or free accommodation.

TYPES OF
DWELLINGS
 1. Flats:
 These types of houses are most popular in more urban/city-like areas such
as London and Birmingham. This is because they save a lot of space and
provide accommodation for many people within a single building.
2. 2-Level Flats:
 A different type of flat that exists in the UK is the 2-level flat (also known as a
marionette or duplex flat).
 These are types of flats which contain two floors within one household,
meaning that they have a built-in staircase and their overall living space is
split into two levels rather than just on the one, like in a typical flat.
TYPOLOGY OF
HOUSINIG
 3. Studio Flats:
 Another property type is the studio flat.
This sort of flat combines a kitchen,
bedroom and living space in one large
open space. A studio flat would be ideal
for a single person or a couple as there
is usually not enough room for a whole
family and the space is not separated
by any rooms.

TYPOLOGY OF
4. Converted Flats:
HOUSINIG
 It is characteristically an older, larger
house which has been split into two
houses – the top floor and ground floor.
Converted flats aren’t always split into
two, depending on the initial size of the
house, they can be divided into several
households.
 5. Detached Houses:
 Detached houses are single houses
which are not connected to another
house or building and consequently,
these houses are viewed as more
private. This type of house, more often
than not, has both a large front and
back garden as well as a driveway, as its
space is not restricted by other
buildings nearby.

TYPOLOGY OF
HOUSINIG 6. Semi-detached Houses:
 Semi-detached houses are simply
coupled together via a wall on only one
side. This saves more space on the
given road. These types of houses are
often much cheaper than the detached
houses due to the house not being as
private.
 7. Terraced Houses:
 This property type is attached, on both
sides, to other houses. A terrace house
is on a row of comparable houses
attached to one another by their side
walls. These are very popular type of
houses in the UK and are especially
prevalent in larger cities with denser
populations.

TYPOLOGY OF 8. Cottages:
HOUSINIG  These property types are often seen in
more rural areas; on farms and in the
countryside. A cottage is a small house,
typically quite old-fashioned. These
sorts of houses can have either one or
two storeys, with the second level
usually being smaller than the ground
level.
 9. Bungalows:
 It is a single-storey house and is also
detached from other houses. The origin
of the word ‘bungalow’ comes from the
word ‘baṅgla’ which means ‘belonging
to Bengal’. This is because bungalows
were first built for Europeans who
settled in Bengal in the 17th century.

TYPOLOGY OF
10. Mansions:
HOUSINIG
 A mansion is the largest house of them
all. This house is also the most
expensive out of all the different types
of houses in the UK. This is usually a
place full of rich residents. The typical
mansion consists of multiple large
rooms, many floors and a huge garden,
composed of many acres of land.
AFRICA
  Affordability is principally set by
two main variables: capital
variables (house purchase costs)
and occupation variables (costs
associated with keeping the house).
 Affordable housing is broadly
defined as that which is adequate in
AFFORDABLE quality and location and does not
cost so much that it prohibits its
HOUSING IN AFRICA occupants meeting other basic
Basic components of housing affordability
living costs or threatens their
enjoyment of basic human rights.
 Housing affordability, however, is
multi-dimensional and involves
more than the often-used
simplified conception of the ratio of
house purchase price to household
income
  Housing affordability data is not
widely available for African
countries because few
governments, private entities,
universities, or NGOs
systematically keep track of the
relationship between house
purchase and rent prices,
household income, and housing-
related expenditure. Houses in Kibera, Nairobi, have a high number of shelter
deprivations
 The rent-to-income ratio for
AFFORDABLE African cities is more than twice
that of cities in high-income
HOUSING IN AFRICA countries at 39.5 percent of
income.
 Some African cities have reported
ratios similar or even lower than
those in high-income countries,
 For example Chegutu, Zimbabwe
(Parakou,)Benin and Ismailia,
Egypt
House price-to-income ratio and rent-to-income ratio in cities
 The majority, however, have much in various regions
higher ratios, for example
Monrovia, Liberia ,Tanta, Egypt,
and Maputo, Mozambique.
  African cities become the new home to over 40,000 people every day, many
of whom find themselves without a roof over their heads.
 IFC has committed to do more to develop the property sector, both to
provide new and affordable housing and to encourage an industry that
requires significant building materials and has the potential to be a major
DEMAND FOR employer.
HOUSING IN SUB-
 The IFC-CITIC Construction platform will work with local housing companies
SAHARAN AFRICA. to develop affordable housing projects across Sub-Saharan Africa, each
ranging in size from 2,000 to 8,000 units.
 The new housing units will be constructed in accordance to IFC’s green
building standards, delivering homes that are environmentally friendly and
sustainable.
  There are three main building types found in Sub-Saharan Africa, namely,
Yomata (daub & wattle), Mdindo (rammed earth) and Zidina (sun-dried mud
blocks).
1. Yomata (Daub & Wattle)
• The original house plan was round but today rectangular house plans are also
found.
• The round-shape provided a stronger structural form than the rectangular one.
However, the rectangular shape also brought in another dimension to the plan,
that of length to width ratio and a totally different type of roof.
TRADITIONAL
BUILDING • The traditional materials used in Yomata houses are wooden poles, bamboo,
mud, grass thatch and natural fibre in various degrees.
TECHNIQUES
• The tools used are axe, hoe and buckets.

Yomata House
Building Technique
 2. Mdindo (rammed earth)
• A pit is dug and water is poured in it overnight.
• The soil is only expected to be moist i.e. the soil must not retain the water. The
tools used are a hoe, two buckets, a mould, a tamping wooden piece, and a
scraper for removing soil from the mould.

TRADITIONAL
BUILDING
TECHNIQUES

Mdindo house building technique

 3. Zidina (Sun-dried mud blocks)
• The house is constructed by locally trained builders. General knowledge is key during
construction.
• Foundation: The ground is leveled. A stone wall in mud mortar 40 cm thick is built
along the wall perimeter from ground level to a height of 40 cm.
• Wall construction: The sun-dried clay/mud blocks form the masonry units with mud
mortar as the bonding medium. The procedure is similar to any masonry wall
construction. The mortar thickness is 1 cm to 1.5 cm. At the roofing level of the wall, a
wall plate is introduced which is generally of timber poles. The wall thickness depends
TRADITIONAL on the size of blocks used beginning from about 20 cm thickness.
BUILDING • Roofing: Grass thatch or iron sheets are supported by timber purlins (generally poles)
TECHNIQUES which run over the gable walls. Truss roof construction is also used.

Zidina House Building

Technique
  The co-operative housing movement has been gaining momentum in a number
of countries in Africa in recent years.
 Co-operative housing provision is available either through government
channels or independently.
 Housing cooperatives serve three basic functions towards the goal of adequate
CO-OPERATIVE and affordable housing for their members.
HOUSING IN AFRICA  Firstly, they enable households to pool resources to acquire and develop land
and housing.
 Secondly, they facilitate access to finance.
 Thirdly, they enable groups to join forces and reduce construction costs.
 1. https://files.bregroup.com/bretrust/The-Housing-Stock-of-the-United-
Kingdom_Report_BRE-Trust.pdf
2. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php/Living_conditions_in_Europe_-_housing_quality
3. https://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_170.pdf
4. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1050-5
REFERENCES
5. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/news_ext_content/ifc_external_co
rporate_site/news+and+events/news/trp_featurestory_africahousing
6. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/download-manager-
files/Affordable%20Land%20and%20Housing%20in%20Africa.pdf