A LEVEL (P3)

COMPLEX
NUMBERS
MARK SCHEME
 MARKING SCHEMES 1 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

2 (i) State u − v is −3 + i B1
EITHER: Carry out multiplication of numerator and denominator of u/v by
4 − 2i, or equivalent M1
1 1
Obtain answer + i, or any equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
1 1
Obtain answer + i, or any equivalent A1 3
2 2

1
(ii) State argument is π (or 0.785 radians or 45°) A1√ 1
4

(iii) State that OC and BA are equal (in length) B1

State that OC and BA are parallel or have the same direction B1 2

(iv) EITHER: Use fact that angle AOB = arg u − arg v = arg(u/v) M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1

OR: Obtain tan AOB from gradients of OA and OB and the tan(A ± B)
formula M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1

OR: Obtain cos AOB by using the cosine rule or a scalar product M1
Obtain given answer (or 45°) A1

OR: Prove angle OAB = 90° and OA = AB M1

Derive the given answer (or 45°) A1 2
[SR: Obtaining a value for angle AOB by calculating
 1
arctan(3 ) − arctan  earns a maximum of B1.]
2
 MARKING SCHEMES 2 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

3 (i) Use quadratic formula, or the method of completing the square, or the
substitution z = x + iy to find a root, using i2 = -1 M1
Obtain a root, e.g. 2 + i A1
Obtain the other root –2 + i A1 3
[Roots given as ± 2 + i earn A1 + A1.]

(ii) Obtain modulus 5 (or 2.24) of both roots B1√

Obtain argument of 2 + i as 26.6° or 0.464 radians
(allow ±1 in final figure) B1√
Obtain argument of –2 + i as 153.4° or 2.68 radians
(allow ±1 in final figure) B1√ 3
[SR: in applying the follow through to the roots obtained in (i), if both
roots are real or pure imaginary, the mark for the moduli is not available
and only B1√ is given if both arguments are correct; also if one of the
two roots is real or pure imaginary and the other is neither then B1√ is
given if both moduli are correct and B1√ if both arguments are correct.]

(iii) Show both roots on an Argand diagram in relatively correct positions B1√ 1
[This follow through is only available if at least one of the two roots is
of the form x + iy where xy ≠ 0.]

4 (i) Substitute x = 1 + 2i and attempt expansions M1

2
Use i = −1 correctly at least once M1
Complete the verification correctly A1 [3]
(ii) State that the other complex root is 1 –2i B1 [1]
(iii) Show 1 + 2i in relatively correct position B1
Sketch a locus which
(a) is a straight line B1
(b) relative to the point representing 1 + 2i (call it A), passes through the mid-point of OA B1
(c) intersects OA at right angles B1 [4]
 MARKING SCHEMES 3 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

8 (a) (i) EITHER: Carry out multiplication of numerator and denominator by 1 + 2i, or equivalent M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or any equivalent of the form (a + ib)/c A1
OR1: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or equivalent A1
OR2: Using the correct processes express z in polar form M1
Obtain answer 2 + i, or equivalent A1 [2]

(ii) State that the modulus of z is 5 or 2.24 B1

State that the argument of z is 0.464 or 26.6° B1 [2]

(b) EITHER: Square x + iy and equate real and imaginary parts to 5 and −12 respectively M1
Obtain x 2 − y 2 = 5 and 2xy = −12 A1
Eliminate one variable and obtain an equation in the other M1
Obtain x 4 − 5 x 2 − 36 = 0 or y 4 + 5 y 2 − 36 = 0 , or 3-term equivalent A1
Obtain answer 3 –2i A1
Obtain second answer –3 + 2i and no others A1
[SR: Allow a solution with 2xy = 12 to earn the second A1 and thus a maximum of 3/6.]
OR: Convert 5 –12i to polar form (R, θ) M1
Use the fact that a square root has the polar form ( R , 12 θ ) M1
Obtain one root in polar form, e.g. ( 13, − 0.588) or ( 13,−33.7°) A1 + A1
Obtain answer 3 –2i A1
Obtain answer –3 + 2i and no others A1 [6]
 MARKING SCHEMES 4 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

9 (i) State that the modulus of w is 1 B1

State that the argument of w is 23 π or 120° (accept 2.09, or 2.1) B1 [2]

(ii) State that the modulus of wz is R B1√

State that the argument of wz is θ + 23 π B1√
State that the modulus of z/w is R B1√
State that the argument of z/w is θ − 23 π B1√ [4]
(iii) State or imply the points are equidistant from the origin B1
State or imply that two pairs of points subtend 23 π at the origin, or that all three pairs subtend
equal angles at the origin B1 [2]

(iv) Multiply 4 + 2i by w and use i 2 = −1 M1

Obtain − ( 2 + 3 ) + ( 2 3 − 1)i , or exact equivalent A1
Divide 4 + 2i by w, multiplying numerator and denominator by the conjugate of w, or equivalent M1
Obtain − (2 − 3) − (2 3 + 1)i , or exact equivalent A1 [4]
[Use of polar form of 4 + 2i can earn M marks and then A marks for obtaining exact x + iy answers.]
[SR: If answers only seen in polar form, allow B1+B1 in (i), B1√ + B1√ in (ii), but A0 + A0 in (iv).]

10 (i) Use quadratic formula, or completing the square, or the substitution z = x + iy

to find a root, using i2 = –1 M1
Obtain a root, e.g. 1 – 3i A1
Obtain the other root, e.g. –1 – 3i A1 3
(ii) Represent both roots on an Argand diagram in relatively correct positions B1 √ 1
(iii) State modulus of both roots is 2 B1 √
State argument of 1 – 3i is –60° (or 300°, − 13 π , − 53 π ) B1 √
State argument of –1 – 3i is –120° (or 240°, − 23 π , − 43 π ) B1 √ 3

(iv) Give a complete justification of the statement B1 1

[The A marks in (i) are for the final versions of the roots. Allow (±2 – 2 3i )/2
as final answer. The remaining marks are only available for roots such that xy ≠ 0.]
[Treat answers to (iii) in polar form as a misread]

11 (i) Substitute x = –2 + i in the equation and attempt expansion of (–2 + i)3 M1

Use i2 = –1 correctly at least once and solve for k M1
Obtain k = 20 A1 [3]

(ii) State that the other complex root is –2 – i B1 [1]

(iii) Obtain modulus 5 B1

Obtain argument 153.4° or 2.68 radians B1 [2]
(iv) Show point representing u in relatively correct position in an Argand diagram B1
Show vertical line through z = 1 B1
Show the correct half-lines from u of gradient zero and 1 B1
Shade the relevant region B1 [4]
[SR: For parts (i) and (ii) allow the following alternative method:
State that the other complex root is –2 – i B1
State quadratic factor x2 + 4x + 5 B1
Divide cubic by 3-term quadratic, equate remainder to zero and solve for k, or, using
3-term quadratic, factorise cubic and obtain k M1
Obtain k = 20 A1]
 MARKING SCHEMES 5 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

12 (i) Obtain modulus 8 B1

Obtain argument 14 π or 45° B1 [2]

(ii) Show 1, i and u in relatively correct positions on an Argand diagram B1

Show the perpendicular bisector of the line joining 1 and i B1
Show a circle with centre u and radius 1 B1
Shade the correct region B1 [4]

(iii) State or imply relevance of the appropriate tangent from O to the circle B1 √
Carry out complete strategy for finding z for the critical point M1
Obtain answer 7 A1 [3]

2
13 (i) EITHER: State a correct expression for zor z , e.g. (1+ cos 2θ ) 2 + (sin 2θ ) 2 B1
Use double angle formulae throughout or Pythagoras M1
Obtain given answer 2cos θ correctly A1
State a correct expression for tangent of argument, e.g. (sin 2θ /(1+ cos 2θ ) B1
Use double angle formulae to express it in terms of cos θ and sin θ M1
Obtain tan θ and state that the argument is θ A1
OR: Use double angle formulae to express z in terms of cos θ and sin θ M1
Obtain a correct expression, e.g. 1+ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + 2i sin θ cosθ A1
Convert the expression to polar form M1
Obtain 2 cosθ (cosθ + i sin θ ) A1
State that the modulus is 2 cosθ A1
State that the argument is θ A1 [6]

(ii) Substitute for z and multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of z, or
equivalent M1
Obtain correct real denominator in any form A1
Identify and obtain real part equal to 12 A1 [3]

14 (a) EITHER: Substitute 1+ i 3 , attempt complete expansions of the x3 and x2 terms M1

Use i2 = –1 correctly at least once B1
Complete the verification correctly A1
State that the other root is 1− i 3 B1
OR1: State that the other root is 1− i 3 B1
2
State quadratic factor x − 2 x + 4 B1
Divide cubic by 3-term quadratic reaching partial quotient 2x + k M1
Complete the division obtaining zero remainder A1
2
OR2: State factorisation (2x + 3)( x − 2 x + 4) , or equivalent B1
Make reasonable solution attempt at a 3-term quadratic and use i2 = –1 M1
Obtain the root 1+ i 3 A1
State that the other root is 1− i 3 B1 [4]

(b) Show point representing 1+ i 3 in relatively correct position on an Argand diagram B1

Show circle with centre at 1+ i 3 and radius 1 B1√
Show line for arg z = 13 π making 13 π with the real axis B1
Show line from origin passing through centre of circle, or the diameter which would contain
the origin if produced B1
Shade the relevant region B1√ [5]
 MARKING SCHEMES 6 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

15 (i) State modulus is 2 B1

State argument is 16 π , or 30°, or 0.524 radians B1 [2]

(ii) (a) State answer 3 3 + i B1

(b) EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by 3 − i , or equivalent M1

Simplify denominator to 4 or numerator to 2 3 + 2i A1
Obtain final answer 1
23 + i , or equivalent
1
2 A1
OR 1: Obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = 12 3 or y = 12 A1
Obtain final answer 12 3 + 12 i , or equivalent A1
OR 2: Using the correct processes express iz*/z in polar form M1
Obtain x = 12 3 or y = 12 A1
Obtain final answer 1
2 3 + 12 i , or equivalent A1 [4]

(iii) Plot A and B in relatively correct positions B1

EITHER: Use fact that angle AOB = arg(iz*) – arg z M1
Obtain the given answer A1
OR 1: Obtain tan AÔB from gradients of OA and OB and the correct tan(A – B)
formula M1
Obtain the given answer A1
OR 2: Obtain cos AÔB by using correct cosine formula or scalar product M1
Obtain the given answer A1 [3]

16 (i) Either: Multiply numerator and denominator by (1 − 2i), or equivalent M1

Obtain –3i A1
State modulus is 3 A1
Refer to u being on negative imaginary axis or equivalent and confirm argument
as − 12 π A1

Or: Using correct processes, divide moduli of numerator and denominator M1

Obtain 3 A1
Subtract argument of denominator from argument of numerator M1
Obtain –tan–1 12 – tan–12 or –0.464 – 1.107 and hence − 12 π or –1.57 A1 [4]

(ii) Show correct half-line from u at angle 14 π to real direction B1

Use correct trigonometry to find required value M1
Obtain 32 2 or equivalent A1 [3]

(iii) Show, or imply, locus is a circle with centre (1 + i)u and radius 1 M1
Use correct method to find distance from origin to furthest point of circle M1
Obtain 3 2 +1 or equivalent A1 [3]
 MARKING SCHEMES 7 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

17 (a) (i) EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by a – 2i, or equivalent M1

5a 10i
Obtain final answer 2 − 2 , or equivalent A1
a +4 a +4
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, solve for x or for y M1
5a 10
Obtain final answer x = 2 and y = 2 , or equivalent A1 [2]
a +4 a +4

3
(ii) Either state arg(u) = − π , or express u* in terms of a (f.t. on u) B1√
4
Use correct method to form an equation in a, e.g. 5a = –10 M1
Obtain a = –2 correctly A1 [3]

(b) Show a point representing 2 + 2i in relatively correct position in an Argand diagram B1

Show the circle with centre at the origin and radius 2 B1
Show the perpendicular bisector of the line segment from the origin to the point
representing 2 + 2i B1√
Shade the correct region B1 [4]
[SR: Give the first B1 and the B1√ for obtaining y = 2 – x, or equivalent, and sketching
the attempt.]

18 (i) Use the quadratic formula, completing the square, or the substitution z = x + iy to find a
root and use i2 = –1 M1
Obtain final answers − 3 ± i , or equivalent A1 [2]
(ii) State that the modulus of both roots is 2 B1√
5
State that the argument of − 3 + i is 150° or π (2.62) radians B1√
6
5
State that the argument of − 3 − i is –150° (or 210°) or – π (–2.62) radians or
6
7
π (3.67) radians B1√ [3]
6
(iii) Carry out an attempt to find the sixth power of a root M1
Verify that one of the roots satisfies z6 = –64 A1
Verify that the other root satisfies the equation A1 [3]

19 (a) EITHER: Square x + iy and equate real and imaginary parts to 1 and − 2 6 respectively M1*
Obtain x2 – y2 = 1 and 2xy = − 2 6 A1
Eliminate one variable and find an equation in the other M1(dep*)
Obtain x4 – x2 – 6 = 0 or y4 + y2 – 6 = 0, or 3-term equivalent A1
Obtain answers ± ( 3 − i 2) A1 [5]
1
OR: Denoting 1 − 2 6i by Rcisθ, state, or imply, square roots are ± Rcis( 2 θ )
and find values of R and either cos θ or sin θ or tan θ M1*
1 1 1 2 6
Obtain ± 5(cos 2
θ + i sin 2
θ) , and cosθ = 5
or sin θ = − 5
or
tanθ = −2 6 A1
1 1
Use correct method to find an exact value of cos 2
θ or sin 2
θ M1(dep*)
1 3 1 2
Obtain cos 2 θ = ± and sin 2 θ = ± , or equivalent A1
5 5

Obtain answers ± ( 3 − i 2) , or equivalent A1

[Condone omission of ± except in the final answers.]
 MARKING SCHEMES 8 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

(b) Show point representing 3i on a sketch of an Argand diagram B1

Show a circle with centre at the point representing 3i and radius 2 B1√
Shade the interior of the circle B1√
Carry out a complete method for finding the greatest value of arg z M1
Obtain answer 131.8° or 2.30 (or 2.3) radians A1 [5]
[The f.t. is on solutions where the centre is at the point representing –3i.]

20 (i) Use correct method for finding modulus of their w2 or w3 or both M1

Obtain │w2│ = 2 and │w3│= 2 2 or equivalent A1

Use correct method for finding argument of their w2 or w3 or both M1

Obtain arg(w2) = – 12 π or 3
2
π and arg(w3) = 1
4
π A1ft [4]

(ii) Obtain centre – 12 – 12 i (their w2) B1ft

Calculate the diameter or radius using │w–w2│ w21 or right-angled triangle M1

or cosine rule or equivalent

Obtain radius 1
2
10 or equivalent A1

Obtain │z + 1
2
+ 12 i│ = 1
2
10 or equivalent A1ft [4]

21 (i) Either Expand (1 + 2i)2 to obtain –3 + 4i or unsimplified equivalent B1

Multiply numerator and denominator by 2 – i M1
Obtain correct numerator –2 + 11i or correct denominator 5 A1
2 11
Obtain − + i or equivalent A1
5 5
Or Expand (1 + 2i)2 to obtain –3 + 4i or unsimplified equivalent B1
Obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or y M1
2
Obtain final answer x = − A1
5
11
Obtain final answer y = A1 [4]
5

(ii) Draw a circle M1

Show centre at relatively correct position, following their u A1
Draw circle passing through the origin A1 [3]
 MARKING SCHEMES 9 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

22 (i) EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by 1 + 3i, or equivalent M1

Simplify numerator to –5 + 5i, or denominator to 10, or equivalent A1
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
1 1
Obtain x = − or y = , or equivalent A1
2 2
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1 [3]
2 2

(ii) Show B and C in relatively correct positions in an Argand diagram B1

Show u in a relatively correct position B1 [2]

(iii) Substitute exact arguments in the LHS arg(1 + 2i) − arg(1 − 3i) = arg u, or equivalent M1
3
Obtain and use arg u = π A1
4
Obtain the given result correctly A1 [3]

23 (a) EITHER: Eliminate u or w and obtain an equation in w or in u M1

Obtain a quadratic in u or w, e.g. u 2 − 4iu − 5 = 0 or w 2 + 4iw − 5 = 0 A1
Solve a 3-term quadratic for u or for w M1
OR1: Having squared the first equation, eliminate u or w and obtain an equation in w
or u M1
Obtain a 2-term quadratic in u or w, e.g. u2 = –3 + 4i A1
Solve a 2-term quadratic for u or for w M1
OR2: Using u = a + ib, w = c + id, equate real and imaginary parts and obtain 4
equations in a, b, c and d M1
Obtain 4 correct equations A1
Solve for a and b, or for c and d M1
Obtain answer u = 1 + 2i, w = 1 – 2i A1
Obtain answer u = −1 + 2i, w = −1 − 2i and no other A1 [5]

(b) (i) Show point representing 2 − 2i in relatively correct position B1

Show a circle with centre 2 – 2i and radius 2 B1
1
Show line for arg z = − π B1
4
Show line for Re z = 1 B1
Shade the relevant region B1 [5]

(ii) State answer 2 + 2 , or equivalent (accept 3.41) B1 [1]

 MARKING SCHEMES 10 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

24 (i) EITHER Substitute x = 1 + i and attempt the expansions of the x2 and x4 terms M1
Use i2 = –1 correctly at least once B1
Complete the verification A1
State second root 1 – i B1
OR 1 State second root 1 – i B1
Carry out a complete method for finding a quadratic factor with zeros 1 ± i M1
Obtain x2 – 2x + 3, or equivalent A1
Show that the division of p(x) by x2 – 2x + 3 gives zero remainder and
complete the verification A1
OR 2 Substitute x = 1 + i and use correct method to express x2 and x4 in polar form M1
2 4
Obtain x and x in any correct polar form (allow decimals here) B1
Complete an exact verification A1
State second root 1 – i, or its polar equivalent (allow decimals here) B1 [4]

(ii) Carry out a complete method for finding a quadratic factor with zeros 1 ± i M1*
Obtain x2 – 2x + 3, or equivalent A1
Attempt division of p(x) by x2 – 2x + 3 reaching a partial quotient x2 + kx,
or equivalent M1 (dep*)
2
Obtain quadratic factor x – 2x + 2 A1
Find the zeros of the second quadratic factor, using i2 = –1 M1 (dep*)
Obtain roots –1 + i and –1 –i A1 [6]
[The second M1 is earned if inspection reaches an unknown factor x2 + Bx + C and an
equation in B and/or C, or an unknown factor Ax2 + Bx + (6/3) and an equation in A and/or B]
[If part (i) is attempted by the OR 1 method, then an attempt at part (ii) which uses or
quotes relevant working or results obtained in part (i) should be marked using the scheme for part (ii)]

2
25 (a ) Expand and simplify as far as iw = −8i or equivalent B1
Obtain first answer i 8 , or equivalent B1
Obtain second answer − i 8 , or equivalent and no others B1 [3]

(b) (i) Draw circle with centre in first quadrant M1

Draw correct circle with interior shaded or indicated A1 [2]

(ii) Identify ends of diameter corresponding to line through origin and centre M1
Obtain p = 3.66 and q = 7.66 A1
Show tangents from origin to circle M1
1 
Evaluate sin −1  2 M1
4 
1 1 
Obtain α = π − sin −1  2  or equivalent and hence 0.424 A1
4 4 
1 1 
Obtain β = π + sin −1  2  or equivalent and hence 1.15 A1 [6]
4 4 
 MARKING SCHEMES 11 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

26 (a) State or imply 3a + 3bi + 2i(a − bi) = 17 + 8i B1

Consider real and imaginary parts to obtain two linear equations in a and b M1*
Solve two simultaneous linear equations for a or b M1 (dep*)
Obtain 7 − 2i A1 [4]

(b) Either Show or imply a triangle with side 2 B1

State at least two of the angles 14 π , 32 π and 1
12
π B1
State or imply argument is 14 π B1
Use sine rule or equivalent to find r M1
1π i
Obtain 6.69e 4 A1

Or State y = x. B1
1 3 x 1 y−2
State y = x + 2 or = or = B1
3 2 2
x + ( y − 2) 2 2 x + ( y − 2) 2
2

π
State or imply argument is B1
4
Solve for x or y. M1
1
πi
Obtain 6.69e 4
A1 [5]

27 (a) Substitute w = x + iy and state a correct equation in x and y B1

Use i2 = –1 and equate real parts M1
Obtain y = –2 A1
Equate imaginary parts and solve for x M1
Obtain x = 2 2 , or equivalent, only A1 [5]

(b) Show a circle with centre 2i B1

Show a circle with radius 2 B1
1
Show half line from –2 at π to real axis B1
4
Shade the correct region B1
Carry out a complete method for calculating the greatest value of z M1
Obtain answer 3.70 A1 [6]

28 (i) Show that a 2 + b 2 = (a + ib)(a − ib) B1

∗
Show that (a + ib − ki) = a − ib + ki B1 [2]

(ii) Square both sides and express the given equation in terms of z and z ∗ M1
Obtain a correct equation in any form, e.g. (z – 10i)(z* + 10i) = 4(z – 4i)(z* + 4i) A1
Obtain the given equation A1
Either express z − 2i = 4 in terms of z and z* or reduce the given equation to the form
z −u = r M1
Obtain the given answer correctly A1 [5]

(iii) State that the locus is a circle with centre 2i and radius 5 B1 [1]
 MARKING SCHEMES 12 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

29 (a) EITHER: Solve for u or for v M1

2i − 6 5
Obtain u = or v = , or equivalent A1
l − 2i l − 2i
Either: Multiply a numerator and denominator by conjugate of denominator,
or equivalent
Or: Set u or v equal to x + iy, obtain two equations by equating real and
imaginary parts and solve for x or for y M1
OR: Using a + ib and c +id for u and v, equate real and imaginary parts and obtain
four equations in a, b, c and d M1
Obtain b + 2d = 2, a + 2c = 0, a + d = 0 and –b + c = 3, or equivalent A1
Solve for one unknown M1
Obtain final answer u = –2 –2i, or equivalent A1
Obtain final answer v = l + 2i, or equivalent A1 [5]

(b) Show a circle with centre –i B1

Show a circle with radius l B1
3
Show correct half line from 2 at an angle of π to the real axis B1
4
Use a correct method for finding the least value of the modulus M1
3
Obtain final answer − 1 , or equivalent, e.g. 1.12 (allow 1.1) A1 [5]
2

30 (a) Solve using formula, including simplification under square root sign M1*
− 2 ± 4i
Obtain or similarly simplified equivalents A1
2(2 − i )
2+i
Multiply by or equivalent in at least one case M1(d*M)
2+i
4 3
Obtain final answer − + i A1
5 5
Obtain final answer –i A1 [5]

(b) Show w in first quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Show w3 in second quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Show w* in fourth quadrant with modulus and argument relatively correct B1
Use correct method for area of triangle M1
Obtain 10 by calculation A1 [5]

31 (i) Either Multiply numerator and denominator by 3 + i and use i2 = –1 M1

Obtain correct numerator 18 +18 3i or correct denominator 4 B1

9 9  
Obtain + 3i or  18 +18 3i  / 4 A1
2 2  

Obtain modulus or argument M1

1
πi
Obtain 9e 3 A1 [5]
OR Obtain modulus and argument of numerator or denominator, or both
moduli or both arguments M1
 MARKING SCHEMES 13 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

1 1
Obtain moduli and argument 18 and π or 2 and − π
6 6
1 1
or moduli 18 and 2 or arguments π and − π (allow degrees) B1
6 6
1 1
πi − πi
Obtain 18e 6 ÷ 2e 6
or equivalent A1
Divide moduli and subtract arguments M1
1
πi
Obtain 9e 3 A1 [5]

1
πi
(ii) State 3e 6 , following through their answer to part (i) B1
1 1
π i± π i
State 3e 6 2 , following through their answer to part (i) B1
5
− πi
Obtain 3e 6
B1 [3]

32 (a) EITHER: Substitute and expand (−1 + 5 i) 3 completely M1

2
Use i = −1 correctly at least once M1
Obtain a = −12 A1
State that the other complex root is − 1 − 5 i B1
OR1: State that the other complex root is − 1 − 5 i B1
2
State the quadratic factor z + 2 z + 6 B1
Divide the cubic by a 3-term quadratic, equate remainder to zero and solve for
a or, using a 3-term quadratic, factorise the cubic and determine a M1
Obtain a = −12 A1
OR2: State that the other complex root is − 1 − 5i B1
State or show the third root is 2 B1
Use a valid method to determine a M1
Obtain a = –12 A1
OR3: ( )
Substitute and use De Moivre to cube 6cis 114.1o , or equivalent M1
Find the real and imaginary parts of the expression M1
Obtain a = –12 A1
State that the other complex root is − 1 − 5i B1 4

33 (a) EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by 1 − 4i, or equivalent, and use i 2 = −1 M1
Simplify numerator to −17 −17i , or denominator to 17 A1
Obtain final answer −1 −i A1
OR: Using i 2 = −1 , obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = −1 or y = −1, or equivalent A1
Obtain final answer −1 − i A1 3

(b) (i) Show a point representing 2 + i in relatively correct position B1

Show a circle with centre 2 + i and radius 1 B1
Show the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining i and 2 B1
Shade the correct region B1 4

(ii) State or imply that the angle between the tangents from the origin to the circle is
required M1
Obtain answer 0.927 radians (or 53.1°) A1 2
 MARKING SCHEMES 14 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

1 + 2i
34 (i) Substitute z = 1 + i and obtain w = B1
1+ i
EITHER: Multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator,
or equivalent M1
Simplify numerator to 3 + i or denominator to 2 A1
Obtain final answer 3 + 1 i , or equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Obtain two equations in x and y, and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = 3 or y = 1 , or equivalent A1
2 2
Obtain final answer 3 + 1 i , or equivalent A1 [4]
2 2

35 (i) State or imply iw = −3 + 5i B1

4−i
Carry out multiplication by M1
4−i
7 23
Obtain final answer − + i or equivalent A1 [3]
17 17

(ii) Multiply w by z to obtain 17 + 17i B1

3 1
State arg w = tan −1 or arg z = tan −1 B1
5 4
State arg wz = arg w + arg z M1
3 1 1
Confirm given result tan −1 + tan −1 = π legitimately A1 [4]
5 4 4

36 (i) Either Expand (2 − i) 2 to obtain 3 − 4i or unsimplified equivalent B1

Multiply by 3 + 4i and simplify to x + iy form or equivalent M1
3 + 4i
Confirm given answer 2 + 4i A1
Or Expand (2 − i) 2 to obtain 3 − 4i or unsimplified equivalent B1
Obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or y M1
Confirm given answer 2 + 4i A1 [3]

(ii) Identify 4 + 4 or − 4 + 4i as point at either end or state p = 2 or state p = −6 B1

Use appropriate method to find both critical values of p M1
State –6 Y p Y 2 A1 [3]
(iii) Identify equation as of form z − a = a or equivalent M1
2 2 2
Form correct equation for a not involving modulus, e.g. (a − 2) + 4 = a A1
State z − 5 = 5 A1 [3]

37 (i) Square x + iy and equate real and imaginary parts to −1 and 4 3 M1

Obtain x 2 − y 2 = −1 and 2xy = 4 3 A1
Eliminate one unknown and find an equation in the other M1
Obtain x 4 + x 2 − 12 = 0 or y 4 − y 2 − 12 = 0 , or three term equivalent A1
Obtain answers ± ( 3 + 2i) A1 [5]
[If the equations are solved by inspection, give B2 for the answers and B1 for justifying them]

(ii) Show a circle with centre −1+ 4 3 in a relatively correct position B1

Show a circle with radius 1 and centre not at the origin B1
Carry out a complete method for calculating the greatest value of arg z M1
Obtain answer 1.86 or 106.4° A1 [4]
 MARKING SCHEMES 15 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

i
38 (i) EITHER: Substitute for u in and multiply numerator and denominator by 1 + i M1
u
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1
2 2
OR: Substitute for u, obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or for y M1
1 1
Obtain final answer − + i , or equivalent A1 2
2 2

(ii) Show a point representing u in a relatively correct position B1

Show the bisector of the line segment joining u to the origin B1
Show a circle with centre at the point representing i B1
Show a circle with radius 2 B1 4

1
(iii) State argument − π , or equivalent, e.g. 270° B1
2
State or imply the intersection in the first quadrant represents 2 + i B1
State argument 0.464, (0.4636)or equivalent, e.g. 26.6° (26.5625) B1 3

2 2
40 (i) State or imply w = cos p + isin p (allow decimals) B1
3 3
Obtain answer uw = - 3 - i (allow decimals) B1√
u
Multiply numerator and denominator of by -1 - i 3 , or equivalent M1
w
u
Obtain answer = 3 - i (allow decimals) A1
w
[4]

(ii) Show U on an Argand diagram correctly B1

Show A and B in relatively correct positions B1√

[2]

(iii) Prove that AB = UA (or UB), or prove that angle AUB = angle ABU
(or angle BAU) or prove, for example, that AO = OB and angle
AOB = 120o, or prove that one angle of triangle UAB equals 60° B1
Complete a proof that triangle UAB is equilateral B1

[2]
 MARKING SCHEMES 16 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

41 (i) EITHER: Attempt multiplication of numerator and denominator by 3 + 2i,

or equivalent M1
Simplify denominator to 13 or numerator to 13 + 26i A1
Obtain answer u = 1 + 2i A1

OR: Using correct processes, find the modulus and argument of u M1

Obtain modulus 5 (or 2.24) or argument tan -1 2 (or 63.4° or 1.11 radians) A1
Obtain answer u = 1 + 2i A1

[3]

(ii) Show the point U on an Argand diagram in a relatively correct position B1√
Show a circle with centre U B1√
Show a circle with radius consistent with 2 B1√

[3]
[f.t. on the value of u.]

(iii) State or imply relevance of the appropriate tangent from O to the circle B1√
Carry out a complete strategy for finding max arg z M1
Obtain final answer 126.9° (2.21 radians) A1

[3]
[Drawing the appropriate tangent is sufficient for B1√.]
[A final answer obtained by measurement earns M1 only.]

42 (i) EITHER: Solve the quadratic and use −1 = i M1

1 3 1 3
Obtain roots +i and 2
−i or equivalent A1
2 2 2
OR: Substitute x + iy and solve for x or y M1
Obtain correct roots A1 2

(ii) State that the modulus of each root is equal to 1 B1√

State that the arguments are 1π and − 13 π respectively B1√ + B1√ 3
3
5π p
[Accept degrees and 3
instead of − 13 π . Accept a modulus in the form q
or n , where
p, q, n are integers. An answer which only gives roots in modulus-argument form earns B1 for both
the implied moduli and B1 for both the implied arguments.]

(iii) EITHER: Verify z 3 = −1 for each root B1 + B1

OR: State z 3 + 1 = ( z + 1)( z 2 − z + 1) B1

Justify the given statement B1

OR: Obtain z 3 = z 2 − z B1
Justify the given statement B1 2
 MARKING SCHEMES 17 TOPIC 11: COMPLEX NUMBERS

43 (i) Find modulus of 2cosθ − 2isinθ and show it is equal to 2 B1

Show a circle with centre at the point representing i B1
Show a circle with radius 2 B1 [3]

(ii) Substitute for z and multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate of
z + 2 – i, or equivalent M1
Obtain correct real denominator in any form A1
Identify and obtain correct unsimplified real part in terms of cosθ,
e.g. (2cosθ + 2)/(8cosθ + 8) A1
1 A1 [4]
State that real part equals
4

44 (i) Show u in a relatively correct position B1

Show u* in a relatively correct position B1
Show u* − u in a relatively correct position B1
State or imply that OABC is a parallelogram B1 [4]

(ii) EITHER: Substitute for u and multiply numerator and denominator by 3 + i, or equivalent M1
Simplify the numerator to 8 + 6i or the denominator to 10 A1
Obtain final answer 4 + 3 i , or equivalent A1
5 5
OR: Substitute for u, obtain two equations in x and y and solve for x or for y M1
Obtain x = 4 or y = 3 , or equivalent A1
5 5
Obtain final answer 4 + 3 i , or equivalent A1 [3]
5 5

(iii) State or imply arg(u*/ u) = tan −1 ( 3 ) B1

4
Substitute exact arguments in arg(u ∗ / u) = arg u ∗ − arg u M1
Fully justify the given statement using exact values A1 [3]
45 (a) Either Find w using conjugate of 1+ 3i M1
7−i
Obtain or equivalent A1
5
Square x + iy form to find w 2 M1
48 − 14i
Obtain w 2 = and confirm modulus is 2 A1
25
Use correct process for finding argument of w 2 M1
Obtain –0.284 radians or −16.3° A1

Or 1 Find w using conjugate of 1+ 3i M1

7−i
Obtain or equivalent A1
5
Find modulus of w and hence of w 2 M1
Confirm modulus is 2 A1
Find argument of w and hence of w 2 M1
Obtain –0.284 radians or −16.3° A1

Or 2 Square both sides to obtain (−8 + 6i) w 2 = −12 + 16i B1

2
Find w using relevant conjugate M1
Use correct process for finding modulus of w 2 M1
Confirm modulus is 2 A1
Use correct process for finding argument of w 2 M1
Obtain –0.284 radians or −16.3° A1