Module 4

Router Introduction
 About Instructor
Full Name
Nadjib Ali Nurwahid
Working Experiences
Trainer: Training CCNA at PT. Taspen
NOC: Manage Service at DC 2 Dana
Trainer: Training CCNP Route at Duta Kuningan

Professional Certification
• CCENT
• CCNA Routing and Switching
• CCNP Routing and Switching

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 4.1 Reference Models

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Reference Models
The Benefits of Using a Layered Model
Complex concepts such as how a
network operates can be difficult to
explain and understand. For this
reason, a layered model is used.
Two layered models describe network
operations:
• Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
• TCP/IP Reference Model

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]
Reference Models
The OSI Reference Model

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Reference Models
The TCP/IP Reference Model

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Reference Models
OSI and TCP/IP Model Comparison

• The OSI model divides the network

access layer and the application
layer of the TCP/IP model into
multiple layers.
• The TCP/IP protocol suite does not
specify which protocols to use when
transmitting over a physical medium.
• OSI Layers 1 and 2 discuss the
necessary procedures to access the
media and the physical means to
send data over a network.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Reference Models
Packet Tracer – Investigate the TCP/IP and OSI Models in
Action
This simulation activity is intended to provide a foundation for understanding the
TCP/IP protocol suite and the relationship to the OSI model. Simulation mode
allows you to view the data contents being sent across the network at each layer.
In this Packet Tracer, you will:
• Part 1: Examine HTTP Web Traffic
• Part 2: Display Elements of the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

4.2 Encapsulation and
the Ethernet Frame

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Encapsulation and the Ethernet Frame
Encapsulation

Each message is encapsulated into a specific format,

called a frame, that includes the source and
destination addresses.

• An example is how a letter is put (encapsulated)

inside an envelope.

For communication on an IP network, the format is

very specific and includes a source and destination
address.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Encapsulation and the Ethernet Frame
Ethernet Frame
On an Ethernet network, messages are put into a frame or Layer 2 protocol data units (PDUs).

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

4.3 The Need for Routing

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

What is a Router?
There is also an explanation that the meaning of router is a computer network
hardware that functions to send data packets across the internet and the network
from one computer device to another, where the process is called routing.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Router History
In the early 1980s, a married couple, Len and Sandy Bosack, used to work in two
different computer departments located at Stanford University.

The couple had trouble making their computers communicate with each other.

To solve this problem, they set up a gateway server in their living room which leads
to a simple way for two departments to communicate with each other with the help
of IP protocol.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Types of Routers
Broadly speaking, routers can be classified into several types. In accordance with the
definition of router, the types of routers are as follows:

• Router Application
• Hardware Router
• Router PC

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Type Router on Cisco

Service Provider
WAN Aggregation Router Router

Branch Router

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Type Router on Cisco (Cont.)

Small Business
Router

Virtual Router

You can visit this link for more information :

Industrial Router
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/rout
ers/index.html#~products

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Sample Router

Cisco 1905
ASR 9904 Router

Catalyst 8500 Series

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Need for Routing
Criteria for Dividing the Local Network
Broadcast Containment Security
Routers in the distribution layer can limit Routers in the distribution layer can separate
broadcasts to the local network where they and protect certain groups of computers
need to be heard. Although broadcasts are where confidential information resides.
necessary, too many hosts connected on the Routers can also hide the addresses of
same local network can generate excessive internal computers from the outside world to
broadcast traffic and slow down the network. help prevent attacks, and control who can get
into or out of the local network.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Need for Routing
Criteria for Dividing the Local Network (Cont.)
Locations Logical Grouping
Routers in the distribution layer can be used Routers in the distribution layer can be used
to interconnect local networks at various to logically group users, such as departments
locations of an organization that are within a company, who have common needs
geographically separated. or for access to resources.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

So How Do Routers Work
Routers work by routing packets or data information. In this way the router can find
out the direction of the route the destination will take, whether it is on the same or
different networks.

If the destination information points to a different network, the router will

automatically forward to the network.
Conversely, if the packet is the destination is the same network, the router will block
outgoing packets and forward the packet by routing on the same network until it is
sent to its destination.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Need for Routing
Now We Need Routing

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

4.4 Components and
Remote Router

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Extrenal Components
Front Panel of the Cisco 1905, and Cisco 1921 Router

1 SYS
2 ACT
3 POE

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Extrenal Components

Back Panel of the

Cisco 1905 and
Cisco 1921 Router

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Internal Components

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Internal Component of a Cisco
• Bootstrap: Stored in the microcode of the ROM, the bootstrap is used to bring
a router up during initialization. It will boot the router and then load the IOS
• POST (power-on self-test): Stored in the microcode of the ROM, the POST is
used to check the basic functionality of the router hardware and determines
which interfaces are present
• ROM monitor: Stored in the microcode of the ROM, the ROM monitor is used
for manufacturing, testing, and troubleshooting.
• Mini-IOS: a small IOS in ROM that can be used to bring up an interface and
load a Cisco IOS into flash memory

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Internal Component of a Cisco

• RAM (random access memory): Used to hold packet buffers, ARP cache,
routing tables, and also the software and data structures that allow the
router to function. Running-config is stored in RAM, and most routers expand
the IOS from flash into RAM upon boot.
• ROM (read-only memory): Used to start and maintain the router. Holds the
POST and the bootstrap program, as well as the mini-IOS
• Flash memory: Stores the Cisco IOS by default. Flash memory is not erased
when the router is reloaded

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Internal Component of a Cisco
• NVRAM (nonvolatile RAM): Used to hold the router and switch
configuration. NVRAM is not erased when the router or switch is reloaded.
Does not store an IOS. The configuration register is stored in NVRAM
• Configuration register: Used to control how the router boots up. This value
can be found as the last line of the show version command output and by
default is set to 0x2102, which tells the router to load the IOS from flash
memory as well as to load the configuration from NVRAM.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Internal Component of a Cisco

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Establishing a Console Connection to a Router or Switch

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Step 1
Identify the Router/Switch
console connectors

a. Examine the router or

switch and locate the RJ-
45 connector labeled
“Console”.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Step 2
Identify the computer serial interface, which is COM 1 or 2

It should be a 9 or 25-pin male connector labeled serial or COM1. It may

or may not be identified.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Step 3

Locate the RJ-45 to DB-9 adapter One side of the adapter connects to the PCs serial
interface and the other to the RJ-45 rollover cable connector. If the serial interface on the
PC or dumb terminal is a DB-25, an RJ-45 to DB-25 adapter will be needed. Both of these
adapters typically come with a Cisco router or switch.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 Step 4
Identify your Console Cable

The Console Cable which you would be used for connecting your computer to the
Router/ Switch would look something like the below figure. It has RJ45 Connector at one
end and at another end, it has 9 PIN RS232 Female Adapter.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Step 5
Connection to Computer

Connecting in Windows Operating

Systems
We would be using Putty Software in
Windows as Hyperterminal is no more
available in latest versions of Windows.
Putty is a freely available Software from
“https://www.putty.org/”.
In order to Connect, here also we need
to identify the correct Port. In Windows
Operating Systems we could locate this
using Device Manager.
.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Step 6
Connection to Computer

Once the Serial port has been

located, Open the Putty Software
and Select Serial among the
Methods Raw/ Telnet/ Rlogin/ SsH/
Serial available on the Putty
Interface. Enter the interface name
which you Identified in the “Serial
line” field, leave the speed as
default..
Click on the Open Button and you have
got a Console Connection to your
Router/ Switch.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

 4.5 Network Layer
Characteristics

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
The Network Layer
Provides services to allow end devices to exchange
data
IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6) are the
principle network layer communication protocols.
The network layer performs four basic operations:
• Addressing end devices
• Encapsulation
• Routing
• De-encapsulation

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
IP Encapsulation
• IP encapsulates the transport layer
segment.

• IP can use either an IPv4 or IPv6

packet and not impact the layer 4
segment.
• IP packet will be examined by all layer
3 devices as it traverses the network.

• The IP addressing does not change

from source to destination.

Note: NAT will change addressing, but

will be discussed in a later module.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
Characteristics of IP
IP is meant to have low overhead and may be described as:
• Connectionless
• Best Effort
• Media Independent

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
Connectionless
IP is Connectionless
• IP does not establish a connection with the destination before sending the packet.

• There is no control information needed (synchronizations, acknowledgments, etc.).

• The destination will receive the packet when it arrives, but no pre-notifications are sent by IP.

• If there is a need for connection-oriented traffic, then another protocol will handle this
(typically TCP at the transport layer).

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
Best Effort
IP is Best Effort
• IP will not guarantee delivery of the
packet.
• IP has reduced overhead since there
is no mechanism to resend data that
is not received.
• IP does not expect
acknowledgments.
• IP does not know if the other device
is operational or if it received the
packet.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Network Layer Characteristics
Media Independent
IP is unreliable:
• It cannot manage or fix undelivered or
corrupt packets.
• IP cannot retransmit after an error.
• IP cannot realign out of sequence
packets.
• IP must rely on other protocols for these
functions.
IP is media Independent:
• IP does not concern itself with the type
of frame required at the data link layer
or the media type at the physical layer.
• IP can be sent over any media type:
copper, fiber, or wireless.
bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]
Network Layer Characteristics
Media Independent (Contd.)
The network layer will establish the
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
• Network layer receives this from
control information sent by the data
link layer.
• The network then establishes the
MTU size.
Fragmentation is when Layer 3 splits the
IPv4 packet into smaller units.
• Fragmenting causes latency.
• IPv6 does not fragment packets.
• Example: Router goes from Ethernet
to a slow WAN with a smaller MTU

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

4.6 The Routing Table

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Routing Table
Path Selection

• Each router interface connects to a different

network.
• A routing table contains information for how
to reach local and remote networks.
• The destination IP address is used and
compared with the networks in the routing
table to determine the interface to forward
the packet out of.

• Routers do not forward broadcast messages.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Routing Table
Packet Forwarding

• The destination MAC address is used to forward the packet to either the router if the destination IP
address is for a different network or a specific network device on the local network.
• The ARP table shows a mapping of IP address to MAC address.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Routing Table
Routing Table Entries
A routing table contains network addresses
and the best path to reach a network.
Two ways routes can be added to a routing
table
• Dynamically learned from other
routers
• Manually entered by a network
administrator
A default route is the router interface used
when forwarding packets to a destination that
is not in the routing table.
If a packet is destined for a network that is not
in the routing table and no default route exists,
the packet will be dropped.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

The Routing Table
The Default Gateway
• When a host sends a message to a device
on the same network, it forwards the
message directly and uses ARP to
discover the MAC address.
• When a host sends a message to a device
on a remote network, the hosts uses the
MAC address of the router as the
destination, but still has the IP address of
the remote host as the Layer 3 destination.
• It is very important that each host has the
correct default gateway that is the IP
address of the router on the same network.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

4.7 How a Host Routes

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

How a Host Routes
Host Forwarding Decision
Packets are always created at the source.

Each host devices creates their own routing table.

A host can send packets to the following:

• Itself – 127.0.0.1 (IPv4), ::1 (IPv6)
• Local Hosts – destination is on the same LAN
• Remote Hosts – devices are not on the same LAN

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

How a Host Routes
Host Forwarding Decision (Cont.)
The Source device determines whether the destination is local or remote

Method of determination:
• IPv4 – Source uses its own IP address and Subnet mask, along with the destination IP address
• IPv6 – Source uses the network address and prefix advertised by the local router
Local traffic is dumped out the host interface to be handled by an intermediary device.
Remote traffic is forwarded directly to the default gateway on the LAN.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Routing Process
• Longest Prefix
• Administrative Distance
• Metric

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Switching Process
• Process Switching
• Fast Switching
• CEF ( Cisco Express Forwarding )

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

How a Host Routes
Default Gateway
A router or layer 3 switch can be a default-gateway.
Features of a default gateway (DGW):
• It must have an IP address in the same range as the rest of the LAN.
• It can accept data from the LAN and is capable of forwarding traffic off of the LAN.
• It can route to other networks.
If a device has no default gateway or a bad default gateway, its traffic will not be
able to leave the LAN.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

How a Host Routes
A Host Routes to the Default Gateway
• The host will know the default
gateway (DGW) either statically or
through DHCP in IPv4.
• IPv6 sends the DGW through a
router solicitation (RS) or can be
configured manually.
• A DGW is static route which will be
a last resort route in the routing
table.
• All device on the LAN will need the
DGW of the router if they intend to
send traffic remotely.

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

How a Host Routes
Host Routing Tables
• On Windows, route print
or netstat -r to display
the PC routing table
• Three sections
displayed by these two
commands:
• Interface List – all
potential interfaces and
MAC addressing
• IPv4 Routing Table
• IPv6 Routing Table

bestpath-network.com fb.com/bestpath.network.5 BestPath-Network [email protected]

Thank You
bestpath-network.com bestpathnetwork

fb.com/bestpath.network.5 [email protected]

BestPath-
Network