Title

MANITOBA HVDC RESEARCH CENTRE,

a Division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Electromagnetic Transient Studies –

Applications in Wind Integration

November 2016

Presented by: Dharshana Muthumuni

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 General Introduction
Title

Studies for Wind Integration Planning, Operation and Design

• Load flow (steady state – 50 Hz)
• Transient stability (slow variations – electro-mechanical)
• Small signal stability (operating point)
• Fault studies
• Harmonics
• Electromagnetic transient studies (fast transients)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 General Introduction
Title

• PV and Wind integration do present challenges

• Variable nature of the prime energy source – PV or wind
• PV and Wind generators behave very differently from
conventional generators based on synchronous machines
• Remote location of PV/wind farm sites
• Need to interconnect to ‘weak’ grids
• Low short-circuit ratio (High system impedance)
• Series compensated lines
• Offshore wind connected via long cables

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 General Introduction

Example: 3.5 MW rating

Blade Dia: 110 m

Wind speed:
3.5 – 14 – 25 m/s

DFIG : IGBT based

Speed : 8.5 – 15.3 rpm

Main components

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Outline
Title

• Introduction – Applications: related to wind integration

• EMT simulation tools – PSCAD/EMTDC

• EMT and RMS simulations – brief discussion (Main differences)

• Wind Generator Types and their characteristics

• Why use EMT simulations for ‘specific’ wind dynamic performance

studies

• Example cases: practical applications

• Important models and features of PSCAD for wind related studies

• Illustration of selected PSCAD examples

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Common Applications
Title

Common Applications – Renewable Energy

• Cable, line, station insulation design
• Switching Over-Voltage studies – Arrester ratings
• Power System lightning performance – BIL Traditional
• Temporary Overvoltage studies (TOV) Applications
• Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

• Wind and Solar PV integration studies

• Performance during faults
• Interaction with other devices near the POI
‘Non –Traditional’
• FACTS technologies to support wind
Applications
• Application of HVDC transmission (VSC, LCC)
• System Harmonic and power quality analysis
• Protection System modeling and testing
• Sub-Synchronous Resonance

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Common Applications
Title

Circuit Breaker Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)

• TRV is the voltage developed across the breaker poles immediately

after current interruption
• Fast event
• Simulation circuit should consider details of station equipment
• Breaker TRV withstand capability limits
TRV
sysTRV 50MVAr Cap.Bank

300
Station Z2

CAP BANK 1 50MVAr Cap.Bank

250 Station W
Station X2 Station Y2

b1
CAP BANK 2
200

7500 pF

CCVT
LEGEND:
a a a a a b1
150 DS b1 b1 b1 b1 b1 b1
DS1 b1
BRK
100 BRK1
BAY A BAY B BAY C BAY D BAY E BAY F REACTOR 1
kV

50
50MVAr Reactor

0 50MVAr Cap.Bank

-50 CAP BANK 3

-100 b1

a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 b1 b1

-150 b b b b b b

7500 pF

CCVT
REACTOR 2 REACTOR 3

time(s) 0.2450 0.2500 0.2550 0.2600 0.2650 0.2700 0.2750 0.2800 0.2850
50MVAr Reactor 50MVAr Reactor
Station X1 Station Y1 Station Z1

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Common Applications
Title

Transformer Energizing

• Core saturation
• Inrush current and harmonics
• Voltage dips
• Network characteristics - frequency scans
• Over voltages due to harmonic
resonance conditions Ia
7000 1.0

6000 380 Hz

5000

4000
240 Hz
|Z+|(ohms)

3000

2000

1000

0 0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Ia (kA) [6] 0.00628253
Frequency [Hz]

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Common Applications
Title

Lightning Over voltages : Protect equipment and limit faults

due to back flashover

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wind farm fault response
Title

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Wind farm fault response
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Title
Characteristics of conversional Synchronous
Generators

• The Synchronous generator response is determined by

• Machine electrical characteristics
• Exciter characteristics
• Governor / turbine
• Inertia of the rotating masses

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Characteristics of Synchronous Generators
Title

• The response immediately follows

the event
• Primary control - 20 -30 Sec
• Secondary - 5 -10 minutes.
• The inertial response is due to the
inertia of large synchronous
generators

• The Synchronous generator response is determined by

• Machine electrical characteristics
• Exciter characteristics
• Governor / turbine
• Inertia of the rotating masses
© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International
Title
Control Interactions between nearby wind
farms/FACTS/Generators

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 EMT Applications
Title

• ‘Traditional’ applications

• ‘Non Traditional’ Applications

• The characteristics of wind generators are much different from

traditional synchronous machine based generation

• Nature of AC or HVDC transmission used to connect wind to the

transmission grid

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Wind Generators and Transmission
Title

• The characteristics of wind generators are much different from

traditional synchronous machine based generation.
• Nature of AC or HVDC transmission used to connect wind to the
transmission grid (long ac cables, filters, weak grids, series
compensation)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Network Characteristics
Title

• Weak grid (Low short circuit current, high system impedance)

• T3 and T4 controls depend on system voltage and current
measurements as inputs
• Weak grids : Changes in system quantities are harder to track
following a system event.
• Especially the change in voltage phase.

• Series compensated systems

• Network resonance points in the sub synchronous frequency range (
< 50 Hz)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Network Characteristics
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

EMT Simulation Tools

Electromagnetic Transient simulations

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

PSCAD/EMTDC
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wide Range of Applications
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Transients and Steady State
Title

Transients are initiated due to a change to the network topology • Transient solution
(connections) • Harmonics
• Switching Events • Non-linear effects
• Faults • Frequency dependent effects
• Lightning • Steady state solution
• Others • RMS Value
• Magnitude and phase

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

EMT and RMS Simulation – main

differences

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Transients and Steady State
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

EMT Vs RMS response - 01
Title

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EMT Vs RMS response - 02
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Wind generator Types

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Wind Generator Types
Title

• Type 1 – Induction machine based

• Type 2– Induction machine with external rotor resistance control
• Type 3 – Induction machine/power electronic converters
• Type 4 – Induction, PM, Synchronous machine / Power electronic converters

Grid

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wind Generator Types
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Wind Generator Types
Title

• Type 1 and Type 2

• Direct connected (to grid) induction machines
• Simple scheme, Complex control systems not involved,
• Poor response during faults and other system events

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wind Generator Types

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Wind Generator Types
Title

Type 3: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

• Complex control /measurement systems and power electronic converters are required to make
this scheme work.
• Much improved response during fault recovery
• Ability to control of P and Q
• Complex controls can interact with the transmission system with negative impact
• Proper control tuning necessary (specially in weak grid situations)

Identification of main stator flux by integrating stator voltage

after removal of resistive drop. The washout filter removes any
dc component from the integrated flux without significantly
ffecting the phase
D +
Va -
C
* A 1 phisx
Isa 0.467 sT sT X mag
alfa G r to p
D + Valfa 1 + sT Vsmag phsmag
B 3 to 2 Y
Vb - Transform sT Y phi
C G X
* beta Vbeta 1 1 + sT phis
C
Isa 0.467 D + sT phisy
Vc - Very important signal -
C present location ==> phis
*
Isa 0.467 of rotating stator flux

C
+ in Angle out slpang
- Resolver
rotor_angle D

determining the relative difference between

stator flux and rotor position for resolving the
rotor currents

Inject ‘controlled’ currents to rotor => magnitude, phase and frequency

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Wind Generator Types

Q-axis (rotating) D-axis (rotating)

 - Stator flux
Id
Iq
Slip angle Rotor position

Stator phase A axis

(stationary)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Wind Generator Types

Position of the Flux Vector

Identification of main stator flux by integrating stator voltage
after removal of resistive drop. The washout filter removes any
dc component from the integrated flux without significantly
ffecting the phase
D +
Va -
C
* A 1 phisx
Isa 0.467 sT sT X mag
alfa G r to p
D + Valfa 1 + sT Vsmag phsmag
B 3 to 2 Y
Vb - Transform sT Y phi
C G X
* beta Vbeta 1 1 + sT phis
C
Isa 0.467 D + sT phisy
Vc - Very important signal -
C present location ==> phis
*
Isa 0.467 of rotating stator flux

C
+ in Angle out slpang
- Resolver
rotor_angle D

Estimation of stator flux vector determining the relative difference between

stator flux and rotor position for resolving the
rotor currents

Implementation is easier in the Alfa - Beta Fame.

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Wind Generator Types
Title

• Type 4: Back to Back converter based

• Also depend on Complex control /measurement systems and power
electronic converters Much improved response during fault recovery
• One notable difference compared to type 3: machine decoupled
from ac system via the Back to back converter.

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Grid Integration
Title of Power Electronic Based Generation

• Solar PV, Type 3 and Type 4 renewable integration type use power
electronic inverters.
• Inverter performance depend on the fast and accurate measurement of
the Bus voltage phase angle
• This is a challenge in ‘weak’ system

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Why EMT for ‘specific’ wind integration

studies

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title
Integration of wind power to weak grids –
overall response and grid code compliance

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title
Integration of wind to weak grids – overall
response and grid code compliance

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

AC Cables and Network Characteristics
Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Practical Examples

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 1 Temporary over voltages (TOV)

on wind farm collector cables

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Study
Title Model – Temporary Over Voltages
(TOV)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

TOV
Titleon isolated collector feeders

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

TOV
Titleon isolated collector feeders

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Fault ride through of the wind farm

Stable case Unstable case

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Representation
Title of WTGs for simulation studies in
PSCAD

Do we have to model all WTG units in a wind farm

• Model aggregation for system level studies (1 WTG per feeder

?)
• Represent multiple WTG’s on a feeder for specific transient
studies)

PSCAD/EMTDC feature

• Electric Network Interface (ENI) =>where parallel processing

capability of computers is utilised to break an electric system
(with many WTGs for example) into smaller cases.

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Electric
Title Network Interface (ENI)

• ENI provide a way to break

large electric networks into
subnetworks, interconnect
them, and run each as a
separate process, on an
individual processor core.

Wind Farm
• This example shows 12
Detailed Model Cluster_1
Windfarm_ENI:Cluster_1
Detailed PSCAD Wind farm
models connected to the
network through Electric
Wind Farm
Detailed Model
Cluster_2 Network Interface (ENI).
Windfarm_ENI:Cluster_2

ENI
• Each detailed model is
representing one or few
wind farm turbine
Wind Farm
Detailed Model
Cluster_12 generators.
Windfarm_ENI:Cluster_12

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 2 – Harmonic Performance

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Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Harmonic
Title Model of a WTG

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Title

Example 3 – Wind Farm Response During

Faults

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Wind
Title Integration: 400 MW Wind Farm
(Canada)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wind Integration: 400 MW Wind Farm
Title
(Canada)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 4 – Converter Based Generation –

Interconnection Issues due to Harmonic
Interactions

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 5 – VSC Transmission for

Offshore Wind

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

 Title

Design and performance verification of a offshore wind farm connected through a

VSC –HVDC link (Over 750 MW)

The offshore AC system does not

have conventional generation:
• How do we define the voltage
reference for the converter
controls

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 6 – Control Interactions

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Example 7 – Sub Synchronous Control

Instability (SSCI)

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Wind Integration: SSCI involving T3 Wind
units
• Modern wind turbines use
power electronic converters
(connected to the generator)
to improve performance

• Wind farms located far from

the ac gird has necessitated
‘Series Compensated (SC)’
Transmission lines

• Problem: DFIG controls act to

‘amplify’ sub synchronous
currents entering the
generator
• Negative damping

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Wind Integration: SSCI involving T3 Wind units

Series Cap Locations

WGR Location

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

 Wind Integration: SSCI involving T3 Wind units

System side frequency scan results

Trend of system side frequency scans similar

for CTG#1 through CTG#5 Near Radial Condition

Frequency Scan - CTG001 Frequency Scan - CTG007

2.5 2.5

2
2

|Z1| (ohms)
|Z1| (ohms)

1.5
1.5 CTG007-Current_injection
CTG001_current_injection
CTG007-Harmonic_Scan
CTG001_Harm_Imp_Scan 1
1

0.5
0.5
0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)

System Side Scans, CTG#1 System Side Scans, CTG#7

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Wind Integration: SSCI involving T3 Wind units

EMT Simulation Results, CTG#1 EMT Simulation Results, CTG#8

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International Ltd.

Title

EMT Models and Tool Features

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International

Title

Thank you

© Manitoba HVDC Research Centre | a division of Manitoba Hydro International