CRN 31896

SCHOOL OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT

TRIMESTER TWO EXAMINATION

PROGRAMMES:

BENG/MENG(HONS) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BENG/MENG (HONS) AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
BENG (HONS) MECHANICAL AND PETROLEUM ENGINEERING .

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUID MECHANICS E1

Start Time:

MONDAY 10 MAY 2021 09:00

End Time

FRIDAY 28 MAY 2021 16:00

Instructions to Candidates

Attempt all questions.

Approved electronic calculators may be used.

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 CRN 31896

Formulae
• The energy equation for a closed cycle is Q-W=ΔU
Where
Q is the heat added or removed (J),
W is the work done on or by the system (J), and
ΔU is the change in internal energy (J).

• The equation of state is PV = mRT

• Work done at constant pressure from 1-2 = P(V2-V1)
• ΔU =m C v(T2-T1)
Where;
P is the gas pressure (Pa),
V is the volume (m3),
M is the mass (kg),
T is the temperature (K)
And R is the specific gas constant (J/kg.K), and
Cv is the specific heat capacity at constant volume.
Where 1,2 are the initial and final states respectively

• Fractional change in volume (or densiy) due to changes in pressure an temperature

∆V −∆ρ
= ≅ β∆T − α∆P
V ρ

• τ = μ(v/h), where τ is shear stress, μ is dynamic viscosity, v is velocity and h is the

thickness.
Ixx
• YCP = YC +
YC A
and Ixx = (bh3)/12
2(P1 −P2 )+2ρg(z1 −z2 )
• Q = Cd A 2 √ A 2
ρ(1−( 2) )
A1
ρvd
• Re = μ
, where ρ is density, v is velocity, d is diameter and μ is dynamic viscosity

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 CRN 31896

Q1:
(a) A water tank is completely filled with liquid water at 60°C. The tank material is such
that it can withstand tension caused by a volume expansion of 4%. Determine the
maximum temperature rise allowed without jeopardizing safety. Take water coefficient
of expansion (β) as 5.22 x 10-4 1/K at this temperature.
(3 Marks)

(b) A weight, as shown in figure Q1b-(a) has to move at constant velocity of 2 m/s on an
inclined surface with a coefficient of friction of 0.27. The width of the block is 20 cm.

Fig Q1b-(a)

i. Determine the force (F1) that needs to be applied in the horizontal direction.
(6 Marks)

ii. By applying a thick oil film as shown in figure Q1b-(b), the force required to
push the block reduced by 45%. If dynamic viscosity of the oil is 12 cP,
determine the oil layer thickness.

Fig Q1b-(b)
(8 Marks)

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 CRN 31896

(c) A gate with 2 m width is located under the water as shown in Figure Q1c. IF the force
(F) required to hold the gate is about 20 kN, determine the distance (d) of this force to
the hinge?
(8 Marks)

Figure Q1c

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 CRN 31896

Q2:
a) A fan is installed in a residential building to provide proper ventilation. This fan is
connected to a duct with 11.6 cm diameter and provides the average air velocity of 5
m/s. By regulation, the minimum fresh air requirement is specified to be 0.35 air
changes per hour (ACH) which means 35% of the entire air contained in a room should
be replaced by fresh outdoor air every hour. Determine:

Figure Q2a

i. The flow capacity of the fan in litres/min

(2 Marks)

ii. What the height of the residential building should be.

(2 Marks)

b) A 3 cm orifice plate is placed within a 4 cm pipe in which methanol at 20 °C (SG =

0.7884 and dynamic viscosity (μ) = 0.5857 cP) is flowing through. If the flow rate
passing through the pipe is 3.1 litres per seconds, determine the pressure difference that
must be measured around the orifice plate. The discharge coefficient of the orifice can
be calculated by:

91.71β2.5
Cd = 0.5959 + 0.0312β2.1 − 0.184β8 +
Re0.75

Where, β is the ratio of orifice diameter to pipe diameter and Re is the Reynolds
number.

(6 Marks)

c) A nozzle is fastened to the end of a U-tube with dimensions as shown in Figure Q2c.
The nozzle exhausts into atmospheric pressure at 100 kPa; neglect friction and
compute the force exerted on the U-tube by the water. If the force required to hold
the nozzle is 850 N, determine the inlet pressure.

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 CRN 31896

Figure Q2c
(5 Marks)

d) The drag coefficient in aircraft industry affected by some parameters which are the
speed of plane (v), the plane length (L), the air density (ρ), the air dynamic viscosity
(μ), and speed of sound (a). By using dimensional analysis, identify two non-dimension
numbers in which the drag coefficient is a function of them and explain how these two
will effect on drag coefficient.

(10 Marks)

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 CRN 31896

Qu. 3
a) In the figure below a piston is free to move and will not exit the cylinder. Initially the
cylinder contains 2kg of air at 1.5bar and 250C

Heat is transferred to the air and the piston rises until it reaches the blocks, at which
point the volume is twice the initial volume. More heat is added until the pressure
inside the cylinder also doubles. Determine
i. the work done and
(6 Marks)
ii. the amount of heat transfer for this process.
(6 Marks)
iii. Also show the process on a P-v diagram.
(6 Marks)

Set of blocks

Frictionless and sealed Piston

Air at 1.5 bar

Heat
Figure Q3a.

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 CRN 31896

b) Air operating in a closed cycle consists of the following processes.

Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression.

Process 2-3: Constant volume heat addition.
Process 3-4: Constant pressure heat addition.
Process 4-5: Reversible adiabatic expansion.
Process 5-1: Constant volume heat rejection.

Draw this cycle on a pressure volume diagram and annotate your diagram with as much
information as possible.
(7 Marks)

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 CRN 31896

4.
a) Given that for a flow process the steady flow equation is:

 C2 C2 
q − w = (u 2 − u1 ) + (P2 v 2 − P1v1 ) +  2 − 1  + g(z 2 − z1)
 2 2 


where: q is heat per kg to or from the system (J/kg)

w is work per kg to or from the system (J/kg)
u is the internal energy per kg (J/kg)
P is the pressure (N/m2)
v is the specific volume or volume per kg (m3/kg)
C is the velocity of flow (m/s)
g is gravity (m/s2)
z is height above the datum (m)
subscript 1 and 2 denotes inlet and outlet, respectively.

Determine the value of work, w in J/kg, if

q = 10*103 J/kg
u2 = 0.5*106 J/kg , u1=2.0*106 J/kg
P1 = 6.2*105 N/m2 P2 = 3*105 N/m2
v1 = 0.37m /kg, v2 = 1.2m3/kg
3

C1= 300 m/s, C2 = 100 m/s

g = 9.81 m/s2
z1 = 2m, z2 = 2m
(10 Marks)

b) Explain how the following jet engine works. Refer to each section of the engine and
explain the purpose of each section.

Figure Q4b

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(10 Marks)
c) Draw a Temperature (T) versus Entropy (s) diagram for a typical gas turbine. The
diagram should show the processes for an actual gas turbine and should show the
effect of real world losses where the compressor and turbine have an isentropic
efficiency and pressure losses in the combustion chamber in an actual gas turbine.
Explain each of the processes on the T-s diagram.
(5 Marks)

END OF EXAMINATION PAPER

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