SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

Chapter 2 Standard Form

2.1 Significant Figures

The significant figures of an interger or decimal refer to the digits in the number stated accurately to a certain
degree of accuracy as required. The number of significant numbers is counted starting from a non-zero digit.

Important Notes

Example 2 : Round off 63 479 to 2 significant figures.

4 < 5, thus digit 3 remains unchanged.

4, 7 and 9 are placed before decimal point. Thus, replaced 4,

7 and 9 with zero.
dan 9 dengan sifar.
Thus, 63 479 = 63 000 (2 s.f.)

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

Example 3: Round off 68.79 to 1 significant figures.

8 > 5, thus add 1 to 6.

Thus, 68.79 = 70 (1 s.f.)

Example 4: Round off 0.008025 to 2 significant figures.

Digits 2 dan 5 are dropped because it is placed after the

decimal points.

Thus , 0.008025 = 0.0080 (2 s.f.)

Exercise 1 (TP1-3)

1. Discuss and understand the following situation. Then, complete the the following.

The actual profit of the bank is RM 583 126292.48

Round off RM 583 126292.48 to three significant figures.

RM 583 126292.48 to three significant figures is RM 583 million

Profit
RM 583 126292.48

Sifnificant figures are the ( digits ) that shows the ( degree of accuracy ) of a measurement.

2. State the number of significant figures of the following numbers.

Tips: 3874 [4 a.b.] 26 000 [2 a.b.] – Nearest thousand.

6009 [4 a.b.] 26 000 [3 a.b.] – Nearest hundred.
8508 [4 a.b.] 26 000 [4 a.b.] – Nearest ten.
26 000 [5 a.b.] – Nearest one.

Significant figures according to the degree of accuracy required.

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

Number Number of significant Number Number of significant

figures figures
a) 3 700 2 s.f. e) 0.090 2 s.f.

b) 40 005 5 s.f. f) 8.0060 5 s.f.

c) 5 000 700 5 s.f. g) 0.003000 4 s.f.

d) 0.6004 4 s.f. h) 40.0002 6 s.f.

3. Complete the following table by rounding each of the following numbers correct to the significant figures (s.f.)

Number 3 significant figures 2 significant figures 1 significant figure

3 572 3 572 = 3 570 3 572 = 3 600 3 572 = 4 000
(2<5) (7>5) (=5)

6 057 6 060 6 100 6 000

10 485 10 500 10 000 10 000

70 243 70 200 70 000 70 000

476 812 477 000 480 000 500 000

4. Complete the following table by rounding each of the following numbers correct to the significant figures (s.f.)

Number 3 significant figures 2 significant figures 1 significant figure

0.03571 0.03571 = 0.0357 0.03571 = 0.036 0.03571 = 0.04
(1<5) (7>5) (=5)

6.8 6.80 6.8 7

20.86 20.9 21 20

0.3728 0.373 0.37 0.4

105.94 106 110 100

0.004607 0.00461 0.0046 0.005

1323 1320 1300 1000

0.9932 0.993 0.99 1

Tip: Rounding is only done on the final answer which is obtained from the calculation.

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

5. Calculate each of the following operations. State the correct answer to the significant figures (s.f.) stated in
brackets.

a) 2.8 + 0.32 × 3.82 – 2.3 [2 s.f.] b) 0.45 × 18.2 + 0.8 [3 s.f.]

2.8 + 0.32 × 3.82 – 2.3 0.45 × 18.2 + 0.8

= 2.8 + 1.2224 – 2.3 = 8.19 + 0.8
= 1.7224 = 10.2375
= 1.7 = 10.2

c) 1.77 × 6.08 + 30 [4 s.f.] d) 5.64 ÷ 0.7 + 1.87 [3 s.f.]

1.77 × 6.08 + 30 5.64 ÷ 0.7 + 1.87

= 10.7616 + 30 = 8.05714 + 1.87
= 40.7616 = 9.92714
= 40.76 = 9.93

e) 15.26 – 4.2 × 0.4 + 8.3 [1 s.f.] f) 6.82 + 6.95 ÷ 0.42 × 1.7 [3 s.f.]

15.26 – 4.2 × 0.4 + 8.3 6.82 + 6.95 ÷ 0.42 × 1.7

= 15.26 – 1.68 + 8.3
= 6.82 + 16.548 × 1.7
= 13.58 + 8.3
= 21.88
= 34.952
= 20 = 35.0

g) 4.898 ÷ 0.4 – 1.348 [4 s.f.] h) 27.3998 + 0.5 ÷ 2.5 [5 s.f.]

4.898 ÷ 0.4 – 1.348 27.3998 + 0.5 ÷ 2.5

= 12.245 – 1.348 = 27.3998 + 0.2
= 10.897 = 27.5998
= 10.90
= 27.600

i) (724 + 25.1) ÷ 0.2 [2 s.f.] j) 0.024 + 0.2016 ÷ 1.2 [1 s.f.]

(724 + 25.1) ÷ 0.2 0.024 + 0.2016 ÷ 1.2

= 749.1 ÷ 0.2 = 0.024 + 0.168
= 3 745.5 = 0.192
= 3700 = 0.2

Mind Test 2.1a, page 34, Question 1 (a), (b), (c), (d)
Mind Test 2.1b, page 36, Question 1 (a), (c), (e), (g) and 2 (a), (c), (e), (g)

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

2.2 Standard Form

Many scientific fields such as astronomy, biology, physics, engineering frequently use numbers that are too big or
too small in their research. These numbers are written in standard form to make writing easier.
Standard form is a way to write a singke number in the form ; A where 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is an interger.

For example, the land area of Malaysia is 330 803 000 000 m². This value can be written as 3.308 × m² or
3.30803 × m² or depending on the number of significant figures required.

When a single number is changed ti single form: ♦ 𝑎𝑛 , n is a positive index.

• Numbers with value more than 1 is written as a positive index. ♦ 𝑎;𝑛 , –n is a negative index.
• Numbers with value less than 1 is written as a negative index.

1. Write the following single numbers in standard form.

(a) 28 (b) 280 (c) 2 805.3

28 = 2.8 × 10 28 = 2.80 × 100 2 805.3 = 2.8053 × 1000

= 2.8 × 10² = 2.8 053 × 10³

2. Write the following decimals in standard form.

(a) 0.325 (b) 0.00325 (c) 0.03025 (d) 0.003005

0.325 = 3.25 × 0.00325 = 3.25 × 0.03025 = 3.025 × 0.003005 = 3.005 × 000

0 000 00
;
= 3.25 × = 3.25 × = 3.025 × = 3.005 ×
0³ 0² 0³
;3 ;2 ;3
= 3.25 × = 3.025 × = 3.005 ×

How do you change a number in standard form to single number?

When a number in standard form is changed to single form:
• The number will be equal to 10 or more if the index is positive.
• The number will be less than 1 if the index is negative.
5
1. Write 4.17 × as a single number.

5
4.17 × = 4.17 × 100 000
= 417 000

;5
2. Write 8.063 × as a single number.

;5
8 .063 × = 8.063 × 00000
= 0.00008063

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

3. Determine 3 050 terabytes in bytes. State the answer in standrad form.

2
3 050 terabytes= 3 050 × bytes
3 2
= (3.05 × )× bytes Use index law
3: 2
= (3.05 × ) bytes
5 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚:𝑛
= 3.05 × bytes

4. Determine 0.0057 nanometre in metre. State your answer in standard form.

0.0057 nanometre = 0.0057 × ;9 metre

= (5.7 × ;3) × ;9 metre
= (5.7 × (;3):(;9) ) metre Use index law
= (5.7 × ;3;9) metre 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚:𝑛
= 5.7 × ; 2metre

Exercise 2 (TP 2-3)

1. Standard form makes it easy to write a number of large value and number of small value in the form that is
Simple and easy to understand.

2. Write the following single numbers in standard form.

Single number Standard form Single number Standard form

a) 46 4.6 × e) 38000 3.8 × 4

b) 592 2 f) 2935 3
5.92 × 2.935 ×

c) 0.32 ; g) 0.123 ;
3.2 × 1.23 ×

d) 74631 4 h) 0.0000247 ;5
7.4631 × 2.47 ×

3. Convert the numbers in standard form to single numbers.

Standard form Single number Standard form Single number

a) 1.6 × 0 1.6 e) 1.2356 × 6 1 235 600

25.4 ;3 0.00935
b) 2.54 × f) 9.35 ×

2 534 ;3 0.001422
c) 5.34 × g) 1.422 ×

;3 0.001066 6 2 883 000

d) 1.066 × h) 2.883 ×

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

4. Write the following whole numbers in standard form correct to 3 significant figures.

4 ;
a) 74 651 = 7.47 × d) 0.12378 = 1.24 ×

4
b) 60 000 = 6.00 × e) 35.95 = 3.60 ×

3 ;6
c) 3 447 = 3.45 × f) 0.0000034515 = 3.45 ×

5. Complete the following table by writing the following metric system measurements values in standard form.
(TP 2)

Prefix Symbol Single number Standard form

exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 8
1×
peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 5
1×
tera T 1 000 000 000 000 1×
giga G 1 000 000 000 1×
mega M 1 000 000 1×
kilo k 1 000 1×
hecto h 100 2
1×
deca da 10 1×
- - 1 0
1×
desi d 0.1 ;
1×
centi c 0.01 ;2
1×
mili m 0.001 ;
1×
micro µ 0.000 001 ;
1×
nano n 0.000 000 001 ;
1×
pico p 0.000 000 000 001 ;
1×
femto f 0.000 000 000 000 001 ;
1×
atto a 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 ; 8
1×

6. Convert the following measurements in the metric system to the units given in brackets.

a) 2 060 terabyte [byte] d) 0.026 picometre [metre]

2 ; 2
2 060 terabyte = 2 060 × byte 0.026 picometre = 0.026 × metre
3 2 ;2 ; 2
= (2.06 × )× byte = (2.6 × )× metre
3: 2 (;2):(; 2)
= (2.06 × ) byte = (2.6 × ) metre
5 ;2; 2
= 2.06 × byte = (2.6 × ) metre
; 4
= 2.6 × metre

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

b) 0.0034 nanometre [metre] e) 310 teralitre [litre]

0.0034 nanometre = 0.0034 × ;9 metre 2

310 teralitre = 310 × litre
= (3.4 × ;3) × ;9 metre = (3.1 × 2
)× 2
litre
= (3.4 × (;3):(;9) ) metre = (3.1 × 2: 2
) litre
= (3.4 × ;3;9) metre = 3.1 × 4
litre
= 3.4 × ; 2meter

c) 5 070 petabyte [byte] f) 0.65 femtometre [metre]

; 5
5 070 petabyte = 5 070 × 5
byte 0.65 femtometre = 0.65 × metre
;
= (5.07 × 3
)× byte 5 = (6.5 × )× ; 5
metre
(; ):(; 5)
= (2.06 × 3: 5
) byte = (6.5 × ) metre
; ; 5
= 2.06 × 8
byte = (6.5 × ) metre
; 6
= 6.5 × metre

Mind Test 2.2a, page 39, Question 1 (a), (b), (c), (d), 2 (a), (b), (c), (d), 3 (a), (b), (c), (d)

How are basic arithmetic operations involving numbers in standard form performed?
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Operations of addition and subtraction S× +T× = (S + T) ×
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
S× −T× = (S − T) ×

1. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State your answer in standard form.
5 5
(a) 2.73 × 10³ + 5.92 × 10³ (b) 4.27 × + 9.35 ×

2.73 × 10³ + 5.92 × 10³ 4.27 × 5 + 9.35 × 5

= (2.73 + 5.92) × 10³ = (4.27 + 9.35) × 5

= 8.65 × 10³ = 13.62 × 5
= (1.362 × 10) × 5
= 1.362 × × 5
6
= 1.362 ×

4 5
(c) 7.02 × + 2.17 ×

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6 5
(d) 9.45 × – 3.24 ×

2. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State the answer in standard form.
;3 ;3
(a) 3.58 × + 9.24 ×

3.58 × ;3+ 9.24 × ;3

= (3.58 + 9.24) × ;3
= 12.82 × ;3
= 1.282 × × ;3
;3
= 1.282 ×
= 1.282 × ;2

;4 ;4
(b) 8.21 × + 1.49 ×

;5 ;6
(c) 2.3 × – 4.6 ×

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

Exercise 3 (TP 4)

1. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State the answer in standard form.

4 5 6 6
a) 4.02 × + 3.16 × f) 6.2 × – 3.29 ×

4.02 × 4 + 3.16 × 5 6.2 × 6 – 3.29 × 6

= 0.402 × 5 + 3.16 × 5
= (6.2 – 3.29) × 6
= (0.402 + 3.16) × 5 = 2.91 × 6
= 3.562 × 5

4 4 3 2
b) 1.7 × + 3.65 × g) 4.8 × – 6.3 ×
4.8 × 3 – 6.3 × 2
4 4
1.7 × + 3.65 × = 4.8 × × 2 – 6.3 × 2
4 2
= (1.7 + 3.65) × = 48 × – 6.3 × 2
= 5.35 × 4 = (48 – 6.3) × 2
= 41.7 × 2
= 4.17 × × 2
3
= 4.17 ×
3 4 9 8
c) 6.7 × + 8.03 × h) 4.7 × – 2.1 ×

6.7 × 3
+ 8.03 × 4 4.7 × 9 – 2.1 × 8
= 0.67 × 4 + 8.03 × 4 = 4.7 × 9 – 2.1 × ;
× 9

= (0.67 + 8.03) × 4 = 4.7 × 9 – 0.21 × 9

= 8.7 × 4 = (4.7 – 0.21) × 9

= 4.49 × 9

;6 ;5 ;6 ;7
d) 3.8 × + 7.5 × i) 9.62 × – 7.18 ×

;6 ;5
3.8 × + 7.5 × 9.62 × ;6 – 7.18 × ;7
; ;5 ;5
= 3.8 × + 7.5 × = 9.62 × ;6 – 7.18 × ; × ;6

= 0.38 ;5
+ 7.5 × ;5 = 9.62 × ;6 – 0.718 × ;6
= (0.38 + 7.5) × ;5 = (9.62 – 0.718) × ;6
= 7.88 × ;5 = 8.902 × ;6

4 2 ;5 ;6
e) 3.2 × + 7.2 × j) 8.45 × – 4.23 ×

3.2 × 4 + 7.2 × 2 8.45 × ;5 – 4.23 × ;6

= 320 × 2 + 7.2 × 2
= 8.45 × ;5 – 4.23 × ; × ;5
= (320 + 7.2) × 2
= 8.45 × ;5 – 0.423 × ;5
= 327.2 × 2
= (8.45 – 0.423) × ;5
= 3.272 × 4
= 8.027 × ;5

Mind Test 2.2b, page 41, Question 1 (a), (c), (e), (g), (i), (k)

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𝑚 𝑛 𝑚:𝑛
(S × )× (T × ) = (S × T) ×
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚;𝑛
Operation of Multiplication and Division (S × ) ÷ (T × ) = (S ÷ T) ×

1. Solve the following operations. State your answers in standard form.

(a) 3 × 5 × 4.9 × 2
(b) 7.5 × ;3
×5× ;6

59 0 68 0
(c) (d)
2 0 4 0

Exercise 4 (TP 4)

1. Calculate the value of each of the following operations. State the answer in standard form.

5 2 85 0
a) 3.7 × × 5.0 × d) 25 0
5 2
3.7 × × 5.0 ×
= (3.7 × 5.0) × 5:2 85
× 5;2
= 18.5 × 7 25
= 3.4 × 3
= 1.85 × 8

;3 ;6 2 4
b) 2.37 × ×6× e) (1.17 × ) ÷ (2. 6 × )

2.37 × ;3 × 6 × ;6 (1.17 × 2 ) ÷ (2. 6 × 4

)
= (2.37 × 6) × ;3:(;6) = (1.17 ÷ 2.6) × 2;4
= 14.22 × ;9 = 0.45 × ;2
= 1.422 × × ;9 = 4.5 × ; × ;2
= 1.422 × ;8 = 4.5 × ;3

;2 6 4 ;4
c) 5.2 × ×9× f) (4.76 × ) ÷ (7 × )
5.2 × ;2 × 9 × 6 (4.76 × 4 ) ÷ (7 × ;4 )
= (5.2 × 9) × ;2:6 = (4.76 ÷ 7) × 4;(;4)
= 46.8 × 4 = 0.68 × 8
= 4.68 × × 4 = 6.8 × ; × 8
5
= 4.68 × = 6.8 × 7

Mind Test 2.2c, page 42, Question 1 (a), (c), (e), (g), 2, 3, 4

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

How do you solve problems involving numbers in standard form?

;3
1. A ream of paper contains 800 sheets of paper. The thickness of one sheet of paper is 9.4 × cm.
Given the total thickness of n reams is 225.6 cm, calculate the value of n.

2.

2 2
(a) PQ² = [(3.5 × )² − (2.1 × )²] m²
5 4
= [1.225 × − 4.41 × ] m²
4
= (7.84 × ) m²

PQ = (7 84 4) m²
= 2.8 × 2 m

(b) Area of ΔPQR = 2 × (2.1 × 2 ) m × (2.8 × 2

) m²
= 2.94 × 4 m²

Cost of land = 2.94 × 4 × RM45

= RM1 323 000.00

3.

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

Solution: Law of Indices

Radius of earth = (
2742 04
) km 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚:𝑛
2
4
= 0.6371 × 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚;𝑛
; 4
= 6.371 × ×
3
= 6.371 × km (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 × 𝑏 𝑛
Surface area of Earth
= 4πj²
𝑎;𝑚 =
= [4(3.142) (6.371 × 3 )²] km² 𝑎𝑚
= 510 130 608.1 km²
𝑎 0𝑚 𝑎
= 5.101 × 8 km² (4 s.f.) =𝑏× 𝑚;𝑛
𝑏 0𝑛

Mind Test 2.2d, page 44, Question 1 and 2

Exercise 5 (TP 5-6)

1. A cube box has a volume of 75 cm³. Calculate the length of the box and give your answer in cm, correct to 3
significant figures.
Length = 75
= 4.2171633
= 4.22 (3 s.f.)

2. Given the length of AB = AD, the height of ABD is 8 cm and the length of BD is 15.12 cm. Calculate the length
of the hypotenuse in the standard form, correct to 3 significant figures.

A
Length of AC = 8 cm
Length of BC = 15.12 ÷ 2 = 7.56 cm
8 cm
B D Hypotenuse = AB or AD
C = 8² + 7 562
= 11.0070
= 11.0 cm (3 s.f.)

3. Given that PS = SR = 21 cm and QS = 38.25 cm, calculate the area of the triangle PQR. Give the
answer correct to three significant figures in the standard form.
Q
Area of PQR = 2 × 42 cm × 38.25 cm
= 803.25 cm²
= 8.0325 × 2
= 8.03 × 2 (3 s.f.)

P R
S

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SMKPBP1 Mathematics Form 3 Date: ____________

4. If Azeem spent 1.25 hours doing Mathematics exercises in a day, how much time does Azeem spent
within 30 days? Round off your answer to 2 significant figures.

Time = 1.25 × 30
= 37.5
= 38 jam (2 s.f.)

5. A rectangular photo frame has a length of 112 cm and a width of 55 cm. Calculate the perimeter of the
frame. Give your answer in cm, correct to three significant figures in the standard form.

Perimeter = (2 × 112) + (2 × 55)

= 334
= 3.34 × 2 cm (3 s.f.)

6. Mrs Aimi has a gold necklace weighing 32.4 g. The original gold price is RM198.00/g. Taking into
account the rise in gold prices by 18% per year, what is the price of Mrs Aimi’s gold necklace after 2
years? Provide your answer in the standard form correct to 6 significant figures.

Original price = 32.4 × RM 198.00

= RM 6 415.20
8
Price increased per year = 00 × RM 6 415.20
= RM 1 154.736

Price after 2 years = RM 6 415.20 + (1 154.736 × 2)

= RM 8 724.67
= RM 8.72467 × 3

7. The diagram below shows a portable swimming pool. Calculate the maximum volume of water that
can be filled, in litre. State the answer in standard form and correct to four significant figures. [1000cm =
1 litre]
Maximum volume of water
305 cm 183cm = (305 × 183 × 56) cm³
= 3 125 640 cm³
= 3 125 640 ÷ 1000 litre
56cm = 3 125.64 litre
= 3.12564 × 3 litre
= 3.126 × 3 litre (4 s.f. )

Test Yourself, page 45, Question 1 (a), (b), (c), 2 (e), (f), (g), 3 (a), (b), 4
Skill Enhancement, page 46, Question 1 and 2
Self Mastery, page 46, Question 1 and 2

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