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Electrical Machines (3206) Induction Motors: Year / Semester: 3 / 2

The document discusses the construction and operation of induction motors. It describes the induction motor as having two main parts - the stationary stator and the rotating rotor. The stator contains windings that produce a rotating magnetic field when powered by three-phase AC. The most common type of rotor is the squirrel cage rotor, made of aluminum or copper bars that induce currents to generate torque as the rotor lags behind the rotating field. Induction motors have advantages like self-starting capability and simplicity of design.

Uploaded by

Mona Sayed
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
50 views

Electrical Machines (3206) Induction Motors: Year / Semester: 3 / 2

The document discusses the construction and operation of induction motors. It describes the induction motor as having two main parts - the stationary stator and the rotating rotor. The stator contains windings that produce a rotating magnetic field when powered by three-phase AC. The most common type of rotor is the squirrel cage rotor, made of aluminum or copper bars that induce currents to generate torque as the rotor lags behind the rotating field. Induction motors have advantages like self-starting capability and simplicity of design.

Uploaded by

Mona Sayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

11/14/2019

Electrical Machines (3206)

Induction motors

Year / Semester : 3 / 2
Lecture Notes (3)

Oct. 2019

Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 1

Introduction to Induction Motor


 Induction motor is
an alternating
current (AC) motor.
 It is the most widely used
machine. used in
industrial, commercial or
residential applications as
a general purpose motors.

 It is simple to manufacture, rugged and


reliable, cheap, required low maintenance
cost and has high efficiency.
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 2

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Construction of Induction Motor


 An Induction motor has two parts, which are
electrical circuits that perform as electromagnets:
 Stator (The stationary electrical part of the motor).
 Rotor (The rotary electrical part of the motor).
 The Stator is a typical three-phase. It is made up of a
number of slots to carry three-phase windings that
geometrically spaced 120 degrees apart.
 Stator construction: The stator core of a motor is
made up of several hundred thin laminations that are
stacked together forming a hollow cylinder.
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 3

Construction of Induction Motor


 Stator windings:
 Are coils of insulated wire inserted into slots of the stator core
to form an electromagnet.
 Electromagnetism is the principle behind motor operation.
 The stator windings are connected directly to the power source.

3-Phase Stator Winding


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Construction of Induction Motor


 The rotor: It is the rotating part of the electromagnetic
circuit. The rotor consists of laminated, cylindrical
iron cores with slots for receiving the conductors.
 In modern induction motors, the most common type
of rotor has cast-aluminum.
 The two major types of rotor in induction motor:

Squirrel cage rotor. Wound rotor.


Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 5

Squirrel Cage Rotor


 The Squirrel-cage rotor: Used in the huge majority of
machines.
 It has circular, silicon steel laminations with slots in the
circumference that are mounted on a steel shaft.
 There are no external connections (Does not require a power source)
 In larger machines, rotors are usually made by manually
hammering solid copper bars into the rotor slots then
manually brazing an end-ring in place.
 The conductors in the rotor have been constructed with
a "skew" of one conductor pitch. The conductors are
not arranged parallel to the axis of the rotor, but at an
angle, this is done to reduce torque vibrations and noise.
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Construction of Induction Motor


 Rotor construction of squirrel cage: The squirrel cage
rotor is the most common type is used. In overall
shape, it is a cylinder mounted on a shaft.
 Internally it contains longitudinal conductive bars
(usually made of aluminum or copper) set into slots and
shorting at both ends by rings forming a cage.
Conductor Bars
The core of the rotor is built
with stacks of thin steel
laminations. Such laminations
reduce stray circulating
currents that would result in Steel Laminations
eddy current loss. End Ring Shaft
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 7

Construction of Induction Motor


 Wound rotor or slip-ring rotor: The major difference
between the wound rotor and the squirrel cage rotor is
the conductors.
 The wound rotor consists of wound coils instead of
bars. These coils are connected through slip rings and
brushes to external variable resistors.
Slots
Slip Rings

Wound Rotor Shaft


 As rotor windings or bars rotate within the magnetic field created
by the stator magnetizing currents, voltages are induced in them.
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Wound Rotor or Slip-Ring Rotor


 Have a three-phase windings, similar to the stator winding, on
the rotor.
 Usually star-connected - terminals of the three phases
connected to the slip rings.
 In normal operation, the windings are short-circuited at slip
rings to allow currents to flow.
 External circuits can be connected to the rotor to control the
machine.
 Significantly more expensive There-phase windings
than cage rotor machines.

Slip Ring Rotor,


Note Skewed Rotor
as for Cage Machine Slip rings
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 9

Wound Rotor or Slip-Ring Rotor


 Characterized by:

Shaft
Slip
Rings
No saliency Rotor
 Having a stator and a rotor winding.
 Both stator and rotor windings are 3-phase.
 Stator winding is connected to an ac supply.
 Rotor winding is short circuited.
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Induction Motor
Advantages of 3-phase Induction Motor are:
 Self-Starting Motor.
 No special Starting Equipment.
 Speed Reversal ‘Plugging’ by reversing phase sequence to stator
(swapping over any two phase connections).
 Squirrel cage machine has no rotor electrical connections.
 Slip ring machine can use external resistance to increase starting
torque and decrease the starting current (shorted out when full speed
is reached).

Principle of Operation:
 Stator - with three windings AA’, BB’, CC’ - 120 Elec apart.
 Windings are connected to a 3-phase supply - VA, VB, and
VC - displaced 120 in time with respect to one another.
 A rotating magnetic field is created that ROTATES in
space with constant amplitude.
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 11

Induction Motor

The windings AA’


span of 180.

The situation for a 2-pole machine.


 If the windings AA’ span 90 instead of 180 - a 4-pole machine as shown.
 When these are fed with 3-phase voltages, the distribution is now as shown.

The field distribution now rotates at half the rate as in the 2-pole case.
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Induction Motor
The frequency of the phase voltages is f in Hertz, or  e = 2 f
electrical radians/Sec. If the number of poles is P, then the
field distribution rotates in space at:

Mechanical radians/Sec rpm


 Ns is called the synchronous speed.
 When the rotating field moves past the rotor conductors, voltages will be
induced in the rotor bars.
 Voltages will cause currents to flow in the bars and will produce a
torque.
 The rotor will rotate and try to catch up with the rotating field.

 If the rotor catches up completely (i.e. rotor speed  r = s), then the
rotor sees no rotating field, no currents are induced and the torque on
the rotor is zero.

Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 13

Induction Motor
Torque is generated if  r < s. The rotor is said to “slip”. By
definition: The slip frequency:

(all in either mechanical rad/sec)

The normalized (or “per unit”) slip

(dimensionless) or per unit slip,

Or

Where f = supply frequency, Hz (frequency of stator emf ’s and currents)


f2 = frequency of rotor emf ’s and currents, Hz
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Important Factors Involved in Induction Motor Operation

 The slip: The difference between the rotor speed, Nr


and the synchronous speed, Ns is called the slip.
 Slip speed= Ns - Nr rev/s
 The ratio (Ns – Nr )/Nr is called the fractional slip or
just slip, S, and usually expressed as a percentage. Thus
Slip,

 Rotor emf and frequency:


 Rotor emf.
 Rotor frequency:
Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 15

Important factors involved in induction motor operation


 Rotor impedance and current:
 Rotor resistance, R2.
 Rotor reactance:

 Rotor impedance per phase:

At standstill, slip s =1, then

At standstill, starting current


And when running,
current is,
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Induction Motor as a Generalized Transformer


 Rotor circuit at standstill:
 E2 is induced in the rotor
circuit at standstill (zero
speed)

 Stator circuit:

Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla 17

Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motor at Standstill

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Dr. Izzeldin Idris Abdalla


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