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Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) : If The Signal Applied To The Input Terminal, Results in Opposite

The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps). Some key points: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier with very high input impedance and low output impedance. It can be used as an inverting or non-inverting amplifier. 2) Typical op-amp applications include changing voltage amplitudes, oscillators, filters, and instrumentation circuits. 3) An ideal op-amp has infinite input resistance and bandwidth, zero output resistance, and infinite voltage gain. Negative feedback is required for practical op-amp circuits to function linearly.

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Firoj Ansari
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80 views9 pages

Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) : If The Signal Applied To The Input Terminal, Results in Opposite

The document discusses operational amplifiers (op-amps). Some key points: 1) An op-amp is a high-gain differential amplifier with very high input impedance and low output impedance. It can be used as an inverting or non-inverting amplifier. 2) Typical op-amp applications include changing voltage amplitudes, oscillators, filters, and instrumentation circuits. 3) An ideal op-amp has infinite input resistance and bandwidth, zero output resistance, and infinite voltage gain. Negative feedback is required for practical op-amp circuits to function linearly.

Uploaded by

Firoj Ansari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operational amplifier (OP-AMP)

An Op-Amp is a very high gain differential amplifier with very high


input impedance (typically a few Mega ohm) and a low output
impedance (less than 100Ω)

 If the signal applied to the input terminal, results in opposite


polarity output then input terminal is called inverting input, and
if output is of same polarity input terminal is called non-
inverting input.
2
Operational amplifier (OP-AMP)
 Earlier, op-amp were used primarily to perform mathematical
operation such as summation, subtraction, differentiation and
integration etc. so named as op-amp.

 Typical application of op-amp includes – voltage amplitude change,


oscillators, filter circuits and in instrumentation circuits.

3
Characteristics of an Ideal Operational amplifier
Ideal op-amp has following characteristics -

��Input Resistance Ri= ∞


��Output Resistance Ro= 0
��Voltage Gain A = ∞
��Bandwidth = ∞
��Perfect balance i.e vo= 0 when v1= v2
��Characteristics do not drift with temperature

4
Concept of Virtual Ground +Vout
 An Op-Amp has a very high gain +VCC
typically order of 105.
Slope: Ad
-Vi
 If power supply voltage Vcc =15V +Vin
Then maximum input voltage which +Vi
can be applied
-VCC
Vd = Vcc /Ad = 15/ 105 = 150µV

i.e. Op-Amp can work as a linear


amplifier (from +Vi to –Vi) if input
voltage is less than 150µV. Above that
Op-Amp saturates.

 if V1 is grounded then V2 can not be


more than 150 µV which is very very
small and close to ground.

 Therefore V2 can also be considered at ground if V1 is at ground.


Physically V2 is not connected to the ground yet we considered V2 at
ground that is called virtual ground. 5
Need of negative feedback in op-amp
 Any input signal slightly greater than zero drive the output to
saturation level because of very high gain.

 Thus when operated in open-loop, the output of the OPAMP is


either negative or positive saturation or switches between positive
and negative saturation levels (comparator). Therefore open loop
op-amp is not used in linear applications.

 With negative feedback, the


voltage gain (Acl) can be reduced
and controlled so that op-amp can
function as a linear amplifier.

 In addition to provide a control and stable voltage gain, negative


feedback provides control of input & output impedance and
amplifier bandwidth.
6
Noninverting Amplifier
 The differential input to the op-amp (Vin-Vf) will be amplified by the open
loop gain and produces an output voltage.

Vo = Ad (Vin − V f )
R1
V f = βVo = Vo
R1 + R f
Vo Ad 1
= =
Vin 1 + βAd β

 Since βAd >> 1

Vo 1 R1 + R f Rf
= = Vo = (1 + )Vin
Vin β R1
R1
10
Voltage Follower
 The lowest gain that can be obtained from a non-inverting
amplifier with feedback is 1.

 When the non-inverting amplifier gives unity gain, it is called


voltage follower because the output voltage is equal to the input
voltage and in phase with the input voltage. In other words the
output voltage follows the input voltage.

Vo = Vin
 Voltage follower has very high input
impedance and very low output
impedance hence used as a buffer
amplifier for interfacing high impedance
source and low impedance load.
11
Inverting Amplifier or Scale Changer

If R1 = Rf then vO = -v1, the circuit behaves like an inverter.

If Rf / R1 = K (a constant) then the circuit is called inverting amplifier or scale


changer voltages.
12
Summing Amplifier
For an ideal OPAMP,
v1 = v2. The current drawn
by OPAMP is zero. Thus,
applying KCL at v2 node

i1 + i2 + i3 = i f
Va Vb Vc Vo
+ + =
Ra Rb Rc R f

Rf Rf Rf Rf
Vo = −( Va + Vb + Vc ) If Ra = Rb = Rc = R; then Vo = − R (Va + Vb + Vc )
Ra Rb Rc
If Rf = R then vO = -(va +vbf +vc ), the circuit behaves like a inverting summer.

If R / Rf = n where n is number of inputs then the circuit behave like a


averaging amplifier.
13

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