CHEM 18.

1 Module 9a: Hydrolysis of Salts and Buffer Preparation

2nd Sem AY 2020-2021 Discussion Study Guide

OUTLINE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

I. Introduction At the end of this discussion, the student should be
II. Acidity/Basicity of a Salt Solution able to:
A. Salts that produce neutral solutions • identify which ion/s will undergo hydrolysis;
B. Salts that produce basic solutions • write hydrolysis reactions;
C. Salts that produce acidic solutions • determine whether a salt solution is acidic, basic or
D. Salts in which both the cation and the anion neutral;
hydrolyse • calculate the pH of a salt solution; and
III. pH Calculations Involving Hydrolysis Reactions • prepare buffers from salts and stock solutions.
IV. Buffers
A. Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
V. Buffer Preparation
A. Preparation from stock buffer solution
B. Preparation from pure, dry, weighable solids
VI. Answers to SAQs
VII. References and Suggested Links

I. INTRODUCTION

Salts or ionic compounds are product of neutralisation reactions between an acid and a base. Take sodium nitrite (NaNO2)
for instance.

NaOH(aq) + HNO2(aq) → H2O(l) + NaNO2(aq) (Rxn 9a-1)

NaOH (base) upon reacting with HNO2 (acid) forms the salt NaNO2. Under certain conditions, the ions of a salt may react
with water to generate H+ and OH– ions. This reaction is called hydrolysis. Consequently, the resulting pH of the solution
may not be only neutral but may also be acidic or basic. This behavior of cations and anions as acids or bases depends on
the strength of acid or base they are associated with.

Buffers are solutions that resist drastic pH change. The components of a buffer solution neutralize an acid or a base
introduced into a solution. Buffers are important, especially in biological systems.

In this module, you will learn about the pH of salt solutions and hydrolysis reactions, as well as the preparation of buffer
solutions. Knowledge and familiarity of the names and chemical formula of the various strong and weak acids and bases
would prove to be useful.

II. ACIDITY/BASICITY OF A SALT SOLUTION

For now, all salts that you will be dealing with are strong electrolytes. This means that when they are dissolved in water,
cations and anions are fully liberated (indicated by the “→” arrow). When a salt is dissolved in water, there are four possible
cases to consider when determining its acidity or basicity.

A. SALTS THAT PRODUCE NEUTRAL SOLUTIONS

When salts of a strong acid and a strong base are dissolved in water, the resulting pH of the solution is neutral. For instance,
when sodium nitrate (NaNO3), a salt formed by the reaction between NaOH and HNO3 (a strong base and strong acid,
respectively), dissolves in water, it dissociates completely:

H2 O -
NaNO3(s) → Na+
(aq) + NO3(aq) (Rxn 9a-2)

None of the ions has affinity for proton (H+) or can produce one. Thus, these are termed as spectator ions as no hydrolysis
are expected from both of them. Thus, the pH of the solution is neutral.
CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 1 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
More examples: NaCl, CaCl2, KI

B. SALTS THAT PRODUCE BASIC SOLUTIONS

Considering a salt in which its cation is derived from a strong base while its anion is a conjugate base of a weak acid, when
dissolved in water, the pH would be basic. For instance, when sodium acetate (NaCH3COO) is dissolved in water, it would
dissociate into Na+ ion and CH3COO– ion.

H2 O -
NaCH3 COO(s) → Na+
(aq) + CH3 COO(aq) (Rxn 9a-3)

Sodium ion, the spectator ion, has neither acid nor base properties. However, the acetate ion (CH3COO-), the conjugate
base of a weak acid CH3COOH has affinity to a proton. Since the best proton available in the solution is water, it would
react with it to yield CH3COOH, thus, producing OH–. The generation of OH- renders the solution basic.
- -
CH3 COO(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ CH3 COOH(aq) + OH(aq) (Rxn 9a-4)

NOTE: The hydrolysis reaction (Rxn 9a-4) is reversible, as denoted by the “⇌" arrow.

More examples: CaF2, Na3PO4, KCN

C. SALTS THAT PRODUCE ACIDIC SOLUTIONS

On the other hand, a solution of salt in which the anion is derived from a strong acid while the cation is the conjugate acid
of a weak base is acidic. Considering ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) when dissolved in water, the dissolution is given by the
reaction below.

H2 O -
NH4 Cl(s) → NH+
4(aq) + Cl(aq) (Rxn 9a-5)

Since the anion Cl– is derived from a strong acid HCl, it is a spectator ion and would not affect the pH. However, the
presence of NH4+ would lead to production of H3O+, since it is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3. The generation of
H3O+ renders the solution acidic.
+
NH+
4(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3 O(aq) (Rxn 9a-6)

More examples: CH3NH3Cl, C5H5NHNO3, C6H5NH3Cl

D. SALTS IN WHICH BOTH THE CATION AND THE ANION HYDROLYSE

For this case, the cation component of the salt is a conjugate acid of a weak base, while the anion component is the
conjugate base of a weak acid. Both cation and anion are capable of hydrolysis. To predict the pH, the relative strengths
of the cation acting as acid and anion acting as base should be considered. In other words, the Ka of the cation and Kb of
the anion must be compared. The rules summarized in Table 9a-1 would be the reference for the prediction of the resulting
pH.

More examples: NH4CH3COO, CH3CH2NH3CN, CH3NH3NO2

Table 9a-1. Predicting the pH of a Salt Solution when the Cation and Anion are Hydrolysable.
Condition pH Explanation
Ka (cation) > Kb (anion) Acidic The hydrolysis of the cation would proceed in greater extent
compared to the hydrolysis of the anion. Since there would be
more H+ generated compared to OH-, the solution will be acidic.
Ka (cation) < Kb (anion) Basic The resulting solution will be basic since hydrolysis of the anion
will be of greater extent compared to that of the cation.
Ka (cation) ≈ Kb (anion) Nearly neutral If Ka of the cation and Kb of the anion are not significantly
different, then the solution will be nearly neutral.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 2 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
Sample Problem 1: Given the following salts, determine the ion/s which will undergo hydrolysis for each. Also provide the
spectator ion/s, hydrolysis reaction/s if applicable, and most probable pH of the resulting solution.

a. KNO3
Dissolution: H2 O -
KNO3(s) → K+ (aq) + NO3(aq)
Note: Do not forget to include the state of the chemical species.
Hydrolysable ion/s: none (K+ is derived from KOH, NO3- is derived from HNO3)
Spectator ion/s: K+, NO3- (both ions do not undergo hydrolysis)
Hydrolysis reaction: none
Most probably pH: neutral

b. KCN
Dissolution: H2 O -
KCN(s) → K+ (aq) + CN(aq)
Hydrolysable ion/s: CN- (it is the conjugate base of the weak acid HCN)
Spectator ion/s: K+ (it is derived from the strong base KOH)
- -
Hydrolysis reaction: CN(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HCN(aq) + OH(aq)
(CN- acts as a base and accepts a proton from H2O)
Most probably pH: basic

c. NH4NO3
Dissolution: H2 O -
NH4 NO3(s) → NH+
4(aq) + NO3(aq)
Hydrolysable ion/s: NH4+ (it is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3)
Spectator ion/s: NO3- (it is derived from the strong acid HNO3)
+
Hydrolysis reaction: NH+
4(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3 O(aq)
(NH4+ acts as an acid and donates a proton to H2O)
Most probably pH: acidic

d. NH4CN
Dissolution: H2 O -
NH4 CN(s) → NH+
4(aq) + CN(aq)
Hydrolysable ion/s: NH4+, CN- (NH4+ is the conjugate acid of the weak base NH3, CN- is the conjugate
base of the weak acid HCN)
Spectator ion/s: none
+
Hydrolysis reaction: NH+4(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3 O(aq)
(NH4+ acts as an acid and donates a proton to H2O)
- -
CN(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HCN(aq) + OH(aq)
(CN- acts as a base and accepts a proton from H2O)
Most probably pH: Ka (NH4+) = 5.6 × 10-10
Kb (CN-) = 1.6 × 10-5
Since Ka (NH4+) < Kb (CN-), the solution is basic.

SAQ 1. Predict the most probable pH of the aqueous solution of the following salts.
1. Na2SO4
2. C5H5NHClO4

III. pH CALCULATIONS INVOLVING HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS

Thus far, you are only able to predict the most probable pH of a salt solution through a qualitative approach. Now, you will
perform some calculations involving hydrolysis reactions.

Sample Problem 2: Calculate the pH of a 0.25 M NaF solution. The Ka value for HF is 7.2 × 10-4.

Step 1: Write the dissolution of the salt in water.

H2 O
NaF(s) → Na+ -
(aq) + F(aq) (Rxn 9a-7)

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 3 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
Step 2: Write the hydrolysis reaction (if there are any).
Na+ is from the strong base NaOH, so it will not hydrolyze. F-, on the other hand, is hydrolysable because it is the conjugate
base of the weak acid HF. F- acts as a base and accepts a proton from H2O.
-
F-(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HF(aq) + OH(aq) (Rxn 9a-8)

Due to the formation of OH-, it can already be predicted that the pH will be basic.

Step 3: Construct the ICE table.

Recall how to construct an ICE table. To calculate the initial molar concentration of F-, use the given initial molar
concentration of NaF and the stoichiometry from Rxn 9a-7.

mol NaF 1 mol F- mol F-

[F- ]0 = (0.25 )( ) = 0.25
L 1 mol NaF L

For the ICE table, let x = amount of F- that will undergo hydrolysis.
-
F-(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HF(aq) + OH(aq)
I 0.25 M - 0 0
C -x - +x +x
E 0.25 M - x - x x

Step 4: Write the equilibrium constant expression.

As shown in Rxn 9a-8, F- acted as a base. However, only the Ka value for HF is given. Thus, the Kb value for F- must be
calculated using Eqn 9a-1.

KaKb = Kw (Eqn 9a-1)

-14
Kw 1.0 ×10 -11
Kb = = = 1.38889 × 10
Ka 7.2 ×10
-4

Note: Do not round off anything yet. Just add extra digits.

Now, for the Kb expression:

[HF][OH- ] (x)(x) x2 -11

Kb = = = = 1.38889 × 10
[F- ] 0.25 - x 0.25 - x

Step 5: Solve for x.

The resulting equation is quadratic. First, manipulate it such that its form is ax2+ bx + c = 0, then use the quadratic formula.
Perform the algebra yourself to serve as practice.

Solving the quadratic equation gives the following x values:

x1 = 1.863383782 × 10-6 and x2 = -1.863397671 × 10-6

We are solving for concentrations, so a negative value would have no physical meaning. Thus, x1 will be used as the “x”.

Step 6: Calculate pH.

Going back to the ICE table, [OH-] = x. Hence, [OH-] = 1.863383782 × 10-6 M. Note that [OH-] value has two significant
figures.

Calculate pOH first, but do not round off yet. Just take note of the number of significant figures. Also remember to take
into account the rules for significant figures for logarithm.

pOH = -log [OH-] = -log (1.863383782 × 10-6 M) = 5.729697689

2 SF 2 digits after decimal point

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 4 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
Finally, for the pH:

pH = 14.00 – pOH = 14.00 - 5.729697689 ≈ 8.27

Therefore, the pH of 0.25 M NaF solution is 8.27. As predicted from the hydrolysis reaction in Rxn 9a-8, the solution is
basic, and this is consistent with the calculated pH.

Alternative Solution (Approximation)

Instead of solving a quadratic equation as shown in Step 5, you can also make an approximation. If the ratio of initial
concentration and equilibrium constant (c/K) is at least 1,000,000, any deduction from the initial concentration can be
neglected in the calculation.

First, you must show that the abovementioned condition holds true. For this example:

c 0.25 M 10
= = 1.8 × 10
K 1.38889 × 10
-11

Since c/K >>> 1,000,000, you can do the following approximation:

x2 x2 -11
≈ = 1.38889 × 10
0.25 - x 0.25

In this approximation, you are essentially assuming that the x in the denominator is approximately zero. This greatly
simplifies the calculation, and you no longer need to use the quadratic formula to solve for x. Using this approximation, x
= 1.863390727 × 10-6, which is very close to the x value obtained by the longer method.

Sample Problem 3: Determine whether an aqueous solution of NH4F will be acidic, basic or neutral given that the Ka and Kb
of HF and NH3 are 7.2 x 10-4 and 1.8 x 10-5, respectively.

Step 1: Write the dissolution of the salt in water.

H2 O
NH4 F(s) → NH+ -
4(aq) + F(aq) (Rxn 9a-9)

Step 2: Write the hydrolysis reaction (if there are any).

Both ions will undergo hydrolysis. NH4+ acts as an acid, while F- acts as a base.
+
NH+
4(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3 O(aq) (Same as Rxn 9a-6)
-
F-(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ HF(aq) + OH(aq) (Same as Rxn 9a-8)

Step 3: Solve for the respective hydrolysis constants of the species.

Use Eqn 9a-1 to solve for the Ka of NH4+ and the Kb of F-.

-14
Kw 1.0 ×10 -10
Ka, NH+ = = ≈ 5.6 × 10
4 Kb, NH3 1.8 ×10
-5

-14
Kw 1.0 ×10 -11
Kb, F- = = ≈ 1.4 × 10
Ka, HF 7.2 ×10
-4

Since Ka, NH+ > Kb, F- , the hydrolysis of NH4+ will proceed to a greater extent compared to the hydrolysis of F-. Therefore,
4
the resulting solution will be acidic.

Note: For this problem, it is alright to not take note of the significant figures because it only involves comparing the
magnitude of Ka and Kb.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 5 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
 SAQ 2.
1. Calculate the pH of a 0.15 M NH4Cl solution.
2. Will an aqueous solution of CH3NH3CN be acidic, basic, or neutral? Support you answer with calculations. (Ka
-10 -4
(HCN) = 6.2 × 10 ; Kb (CH3NH2) = 4.4 × 10 )

IV. BUFFERS

Buffers are solutions that resist drastic pH change upon addition of small amount of acid or base. They contain both acidic
and basic components that can neutralize OH- and H3O+ ions, respectively.

A buffer solution must contain an acid-base conjugate pair. Thus, buffers are prepared by mixing a solution containing: a)
a weak acid + its conjugate base or b) a weak base + its conjugate acid. The pH of a buffer system can be adjusted by
changing the base-to-acid ratio.

How does a buffer solution resist drastic pH change? Consider the CH3COOH – NaCH3COO buffer system. It is composed of
the weak acid component, acetic acid (CH3COOH), and the conjugate base component in salt form, sodium acetate
(NaCH3COO). The net ionic equation describing the acetic acid buffer system can be written as:

CH3COOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ CH3COO-(aq) + H3O+(aq) (Rxn 9a-10)

Since H3O+ was generated, we expect that this buffer is slightly acidic upon preparation.

Now, upon addition of a base (OH-) to the buffer system, the acid component will neutralize it.

CH3COOH (aq) + OH- (aq) → CH3COO- (aq) + H 2O (l) (Rxn 9a-11)

Upon addition of an acid (H3O+) to the buffer system, the base component will neutralize it.

CH3COO- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) → CH3COOH (aq) + H 2O (l) (Rxn 9a-12)

A buffer system will only work if the pH of interest is within the useful buffering range:

Useful buffering range = pKa ± 1 (Eqn 9a-2)

By definition, pKa is analogous to pH.

pKa = -log (Ka) (Eqn 9a-3)

SAQ 3. Identify if the following system will form a buffer or not.

1. HNO3 – NaNO3
2. HNO2 – NaNO2
3. HCN – KCN
4. NaHCO3 – Na2CO3

A. HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION

The Henderson – Hasselbalch equation is the main equation used in preparing buffer solutions. To derive it, consider the
dissociation of a general weak monoprotic acid HA (Rxn 9a-13), as well as its Ka expression (Eqn 9a-4).
+
HA(aq) + H2 O(l) ⇌ A-(aq) + H3 O(aq) (Rxn 9a-13)

[A- ][H3 O+ ]
Ka = (Eqn 9a-4)
[HA]

Take the negative logarithm of Eqn 9a-4, and apply the properties of logarithms.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 6 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
 [A- ][H3 O+ ]
- log Ka = - log
[HA]

+ [A- ]
- log Ka = - log[H3 O ] - log
[HA]

Now, apply the definition of pKa and pH to arrive at the Henderson – Hasselbalch equation (Eqn 9a-5).

[A- ]
pKa = pH - log
[HA]

[A- ]
pH = pKa + log (Eqn 9a-5)
[HA]

V. BUFFER PREPARATION

Buffer solutions can be prepared in multiple ways. In this discussion, two ways of preparing buffers will be discussed: A)
from stock buffer solution, and B) from pure, dry, weighable solids.

A. PREPARATION FROM STOCK BUFFER SOLUTION

A stock solution is a concentrated solution that can be diluted to

produce solutions with lower concentration. Now, diluting a buffer
solution will NOT alter its pH. If you have a 1 M buffer solution with a
pH of 7.2, diluting it to 0.01 M will not affect the pH. It will still be 7.2.

Preparation of buffer from stock solution simply requires the use of

the dilution formula (Eqn 9a-6).

C1V1 = C2V2 (Eqn 9a-6)

where C1 is the concentration of the stock solution, V1 is the volume

of the stock solution needed, and C2 and V2 are the concentration
and volume of the buffer to be prepared, respectively.

To accurately prepare a buffer solution, a volumetric flask is used

(Figure 9a-1). A volumetric flask has a specific volume, and its neck
has a mark (the blue line in the figure) for precise dilutions. For the
specific 500-mL volumetric flask shown, diluting to the mark will give
a solution with a total volume of 500.00 mL.

Figure 9a-1. A volumetric flask. (From Wikimedia Commons:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volumetric_flask_hg.jpg)

Sample Problem 4: Describe how you will prepare 1.00 L of 0.100 M carbonate buffer at pH 9.80 using 0.500 M stock
solution with pH of also 9.80.

To solve this problem, simply calculate for the volume of the stock solution needed (V1) using Eqn 9a-6.

C1V1 = C2V2

C2 V2 (0.100 M)(1.00 L)
V1 = = = 0.200 L = 200 mL
C1 (0.500 M)

Thus, V1 = 200 mL. Take note that V1 has three significant figures. However, this is not yet the final answer since you are
asked to DESCRIBE.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 7 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
Final answer: To prepare the buffer, transfer 200 mL of the 0.500 M stock buffer solution into a 1.00 L volumetric flask,
and then dilute to mark using distilled water.

B. PREPARATION FROM PURE, DRY, WEIGHABLE SOLIDS

The calculations involved in preparing a buffer solution from pure, dry, weighable solids are better discussed by going
straight to an example.

Sample Problem 5: Describe how you will prepare 1.00 L of 0.100 M carbonate buffer at pH 9.80 using any two appropriate
reagents given below:

H2CO3 (l) NaHCO3 (s) Na2CO3 (s)

MM = 62.026 g/mol MM = 84.008 g/mol MM = 105.99 g/mol

For carbonic acid (H2CO3), Ka1 = 4.45 × 10-7 and Ka2 = 4.69 × 10-11.

To solve this problem, the first thing to do is to select the appropriate solids. Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid (it can donate
two protons), hence the two Ka values. For NaHCO3 (s) and Na2CO3 (s), the sodium cation (Na+) is just a spectator ion. Focus
on the anions: HCO3- and CO32-, respectively.

Now, to select the appropriate solids, apply the useful buffering range as shown in Eqn 9a-2.

H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- ⇌ CO32-

Ka Ka1 = 4.45 × 10-7 Ka2 = 4.69 × 10-11
pKa pKa1 = 6.35 pKa2 = 10.33
Useful buffering
5.35-7.35 9.33-11.33
range (pKa ± 1)

To prepare the buffer system, the acid component must have HCO3- and the base component must have CO32-. This is
because the desired pH of 9.80 is within the range 9.33-11.33. Therefore, the appropriate solids are NaHCO3 and Na2CO3.

The appropriate solids have been selected, and their respective masses can now be calculated.

Step 1: Calculate the base – to – acid mole ratio using the Henderson – Hasselbalch equation (Eqn 9a-5).
2-
[CO3 ]
pH = pKa2 + log
[HCO-3 ]

2-
[CO3 ]
log = pH-pKa2
[HCO-3 ]

2-
[CO3 ] pH-pKa2
= 10
[HCO-3 ]

2-
[CO3 ] 9.80-10.33
= 10
[HCO-3 ]

2-
[CO3 ]
= 0.2951209227
[HCO-3 ]

Note: pKa2 = 10.33 was used because this is the pKa for HCO3- ⇌ CO32-. Do not round off yet.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 8 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
Step 2: Calculate the mole fraction of each component.
By definition, the mole fraction of a component is calculated as:

no. of moles of component

mole fraction of component = (Eqn 9a-7)
total no. of moles

The calculated mole ratio can be interpreted as:

2- 2-
[CO3 ] 0.2951209227 mol CO3
= 0.2951209227 =
[HCO-3 ] -
1 mol HCO3

Hence,

- 2-
total no. of moles = 1 mol HCO3 + 0.2951209227 mol CO3 = 1.2951209227 mol

So,
2-
2- 0.2951209227 mol CO3
mol fraction of CO3 = = 0.2278713266
1.2951209227 mol
-
- 1 mol HCO3
mol fraction of HCO3 = = 0.7721286734
1.2951209227 mol

Note: The mole fraction is unitless. The sum of the mole fractions must be equal to 1.

Step 3: Calculate the mass of each component.

To calculate the mass of each component:

mass of component = M × VL × MM × mole fraction (Eqn 9a-8)

where M = molarity of the buffer solution

VL = volume of the buffer solution in liters
MM = molar mass of the component in g/mol
Mole fraction = mole fraction of the component

mol g
mass of Na2 CO3 = (0.100 ) (1.00 L) (105.99 ) (0.2278713266) ≈ 2.42 g Na2 CO3
L mol

mol g
mass of NaHCO3 = (0.100 ) (1.00 L) (84.008 ) (0.7721286734) ≈ 6.49 g NaHCO3
L mol

Note: Masses will have 3 significant figures. The calculated values are not yet the final answer because you are asked to
describe.

Final answer: To prepare the buffer, weigh 2.42 g Na2CO3 and 6.49 g NaHCO3, dissolve in minimum amount of distilled
water, transfer quantitatively to a 1.00 L volumetric flask, and dilute to mark with distilled water.

SAQ 4. Describe how you will prepare the following:

1. A phosphate buffer (250 mL, 0.0125 M) with a pH of 6.5 from a 0.500 M stock solution of the same pH.
2. A 500 mL 0.100 M carbonate buffer with pH 7.2 using the same set of reagents given in Sample Problem 5.
The density of H2CO3 is 1.67 g/cm3.

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 9 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10
 VI. ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1 SAQ 3
1. Neutral 1. Not a buffer
2. Acidic 2. Buffer
3. Buffer
4. Buffer

SAQ 2 SAQ 4
1. 5.04 1. V stock buffer solution = 6.25 mL
-11 2. 3.68 g NaHCO3, 0.230 mL H2CO3
2. Ka, CH + = 2.3 × 10
3 NH3
-5
Kb, CN- = 1.6 × 10
Basic

VII. REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED LINKS

• BODNER GM, PORDUE HL. Chemistry: An Experimental Science, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1994.
• BRESCIA F, ARENTS J, MEISLICH H,TURK A. Fundamentals of Chemistry. 4th ed. New York Academic Press. 1983.
• BROWN TE, LEMAY HE, BURSTEN BE. Chemistry: The Central Science. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 1999.
• CHANG R. Chemistry, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010.
• CHANG R. General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2008.
• GILLESPIE RJ. A Defense of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model. J. of Chem. Educ. 1974, 51(6):
367.
• GILLESPIE RJ. The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory of Directed Valency. J. Chem. Educ. 1963,
40(6): 295-301.
• HARRINGTON EC. Estimating Equilibrium Constants. J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50(8): 549.
• LEE BB, RAVINDRA P, CHAN ES. A Critical Review: Surface and Interfacial Tension Measurement by the Drop Weight
Method. Chem. Eng. Comm. 2008, 195(8): 889-924.
• MORTIMER CE. Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1968
• NYMAN CJ,KING GB. Problems for General Chemistry and Quantitative Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. 1971.
• PIERCE, WC, HAENISCH EL, SAWYER DT. Quantitative Analysis, 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1958.
• SIENKO MJ, PLANE RA. Chemistry, 4th ed. Michigan: Edwards Bros. 1955.
• SISLER HH, STEWART JJ, LIPPINCOTT WT. A Systematic Laboratory Course in General Chemistry, 2nd ed. New York:
The McMillan Co. 1950.
• ZUMDAHL SS. Chemical Principles. 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. 1998.

Link Used
Wikimedia Commons. (2006). File:Volumetric flask hg.jpg. Retrieved December 30, 2020 from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volumetric_flask_hg.jpg

SUGGESTED LINKS
These supplementary videos might help you further understand the topic:

Khan Academy. (2014, August 15). Acid-base properties of salts [Video]. Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/acids-and-bases-ap/acid-base-equilibria-tutorial-ap/v/acid-base-
properties-of-salts

Khan Academy. (2014, August 16). pH of salt solutions [Video]. Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/acids-and-bases-ap/acid-base-equilibria-tutorial-ap/v/ph-of-salt-
solutions

Khan Academy. (2016, March 14). pH and pKa relationship for buffers [Video]. Khan Academy.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/buffers-titrations-solubility-equilibria-ap/buffer-solutions-tutorial-
ap/v/ph-and-pka-relationship-for-buffers

CHEM 18.1 2nd Sem 2020-2021 No part of this module may be reprinted without the written permission of the General 10 of
Module 9a Discussion SG Chemistry and Chemical Education Division, Institute of Chemistry, UPLB, College, Laguna. 10