Formulae Sheet for Physics Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and Thermodynamics, Blectricity and Magnetism and Modern Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps §n quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEB Mains, and Advanced, 0.1: Physical Constants ‘Speed of light « 3x 10 m/s Planck constant ho 8.63% 10 Te he 1242 cV-nm Gravitation constant Boltzmann constant Molar gas constant 6.67107"? ma kg 138 x 107 J/K 8314 J/(mol K) Avogadro's mumber Na 6.023 x 10* mol? Charge of electron 1.602 10-2. Permeability of vac- lo dr x 10-7 N/A? Permitivity of vacwum ¢ 8.85 10? F/m Coulomb constant pz 9x 10 Nuw*/C? Faraday constant F 96185 C/mol ‘Mass of electron me 9.1 107" kg ‘Mass of proton mp 1.6726 1077 eg Mass of neutron me 1.6749 % 10-27 kg Atomic mass unit uu .66 10°” kg ‘Atomic mass unit ou 931.49 MeV/c? Stefan-Boltzmann 8.67 10-* W/(mm? K4) constant Rydberg constant Ry 1.007 x 107 mot Bobr magneton po 927 10-3 /T Bobr radius ap 0.529 x 10°! m 1.01325 x 10° Pa 29% 10" mK Standard atmosphere atm Wien displacement ‘constant 1 MECHANICS (argra Dot product: ¢-6 = asbs +ayby +acbs = abcosd > (ayb, — agby )i+ (Osby — anbz)) + (axby — ayba)h Cross product: [a x8) = absino 1.2: Kinematics Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel, 4 = AF/AL, fy = AB/AL Bins = deat wew.concopts-of-physics.COM | pg. 1 Motion in a straight line with constant a: wewhal saul} dot, vt t= 20s Relative Velocity: tay =a Projectile Motion: 1.8: Newton's Laws and Friction Linear momentum: j= mi Newton's first law: inertial frame Newton's second law: F= i, # = ma Newton's third law: Fay = —Foa Frictional force: fetssic, max — Hs, fainetic = eV Banking angie: eee Centripetal force: F. ast mii, Feet ‘Minimum speed to complete vertical circle: Umin, vettom = VEL, Umin, woe = VT Conical pendulum: T = 2ny A\ 1A: Work, Power and Energy Work: W = FS FScos0, W Kinotic energy: = }m Potential energy: F = —3U/82 for conservative forces ka? Ugraitatnat = M90, Toprng Work done by conservative forces is path indepen deat and depends only on initial and Gnal points: $ Feomsentive = 0. Work-energy theorem: W’ = AK i Gat Frm ewe concepts-of-physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 —» 1 a =a Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi wow concepts-of-physics.cOM | pg. 2 Mechanical energy: F = U-4K. Conserved if forces are Power Poe = 28, Pa =F 1.5: Centre of Mass and Collision Centre of mass: Zem CM of few useful configurations: L. my, ma separated by r 2. Triangle (CM = Ci 3. Semicireular ring: ye = 2 4. Semicireular dise: ye 5, Hemispherical shell: y= 6. Solid Hemisphere: y, 7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/ for the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone Motion of the CD Dme, M M=Sm tom = Bem = Milam, deg = Impulse: f= J Fat = ag Before cullen ; After collision Collision: ae'92 Momentum conservation: mavi-+mavs = mav{-+mavt Elastic Collision: Sonuy+dmave?= bmivi? Coullcient of restitution: _ ==) _ 1, completely elastic oe 0, completely in-elastie If vp = 0 and my << mg then vf = —v If vp = 0 and my 3 mg then vy = Quy Elastic collision with my = my : vj = v2 and oy = uy 1.6: Rigid Body Dynamics Angular velocity: w,. — 4%, Angular Accel.: ay = 3%, a= 43, @=axF Rotation about an axis with constant a: wae tat, o Jot, uta Moment of Inertia: 1=Djmur2, = [rtd Perodua 7 &. ‘Theorem of Perp. Axes: J: = Ie 1 ly Radius of Gyration: k= yT/m Angular Momentum: Z E=13 zerxh, ub * Peg Torque: F= Fx F 7-4, 10 ve Conservation of £: Equilibrium condition: > yr-d Kinetic Energy: K,a = }/u* Dynamics: 1.7: Gravitation Gravitational force: F=Gaes GEE “WD —— Variation of g with height: goa Effect of non-spherical earth shape on Ry 1 km) Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight: ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 @ ii ia) Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi wow concepts-of-physics.cOM | pg. 3 mg =mg — mu*R eos? 8 meio Orbital velocity of satelite: Bscape velocity: ve = BE Kepler's laws: €D First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one ofthe focus Second: Areal velocity is constant. (dja = 0) Third: 7? x a'. In cixcular orbit T? = fat 1.8: Simple Harmonie Motion Hooke's law: F ‘kx (for stoall elongation 2.) san He Accelerati Time period: T= = 2n/E Displacement: = = Asin(ut +8) Velocity: » = Awcos(wt +6) = tw VAT? Potential energy: U = Joo ars, Kinetic energy K fotal energy: E =U +K = Smut? Simple pendulum: T = 2 Physical Pendulum: T ‘orsional Pendulum = 2n/F > Springs in series: hook ee Springs in parallel: keg = f+ ke Vera: af Superposition of two SHM’s: z= Aisinut, 22 Agsin(ut +4) Ban tay = Asinlt +0) As Yat + AP 4 2ArArcosd Aasind tane Fit Apeosd 1.9: Properties of Matter Modulus of rigidity: ¥ = 4/4, B= -v8b, = Compressibility: K = 4 =-24% Poisson’s ratio: = Blastic energy: U = } stress x stain x volume Surface tension: = F/l Surface energy: U = SA Excess pressure in bubble: Apair = 25/R, Apap = 45/R Capillary rise: k= S24 Hydrostatic pressure: p = pgh 1 ed we Bernoulli's equation: p+ 3gv* + pgh = constant Buoyant force: Fx = pVg = We Equation of continuity: Ary: = Avs ‘Torricell’s theorem: venue = V2 Viscous force: F = —nA$# Stoke's law: F = Grr Poiseuilli’s equation: Yelunefow — apr ‘Terminal velocity: vy = 27g=a i Gat Frm ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi 2 Waves 2.1: Waves Motion General equation of wave: #¥ = 1. Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency 1, Wavelength A, Pe od 7, Angular Frequency w, Ware Number k 2 2 we” x Progressive wave travelling with speed v: yaflt—a/v)~ 42; yasltt2/v— ) = Asin(2x (2/d — 4/T)) Progressive sine wave: y= Asin(ke — ut 2.2: Waves on a String Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length and tension T: v= VT]p ‘Transmitted power: Pay = 2n?yvA2v? Interference: t= Aysin(ke —wt), yg = Agsin(ke —wt + 4) y= vi ty = Asin(ke — (a? aa? s2AAsews A= VAP +A? + 2A, Arcosd ‘ Aasind OR TE Ag cond ans, constructive é {3 Ax, destructive, Standing Waves: w= Arse ut), ye Ansin(te +t) vi ty — 2A coskz)sinwt {i String fixed at both ends: x odes; n= 0,1,2, antinod 1, Boundary conditions: y=0 at # = 0 and at x= L 2, Allowed Freq: b= n3, En =1,2,3, 41% ovrtone/2" harmonies: m= 3eyF JOC v 5. 2" overtone/3" harmonies: vz ~ Zey/ 6. All harmonics ave present String fixed at one end: 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at 2 =0 2 Allowed Freq: L = (Qn 4 1) 01,2, 3. Fundamontal/1* harmonies: vp = 4. 1% overtone/3" harmonies: vy 2 overtone/5 6. Only odd harmonics are present. Sonometer: vx 3, vx VP, vx 2.8: Sound Waves Displacement wave: s = sosinw(t — 2/ Pressure wave: p= pocosi(t/v), po Speed of sound waves: Standing longitudinal waves: ps = posinw(t ~ 2/v) P= Pit r= 2pcoskesinut pa = posinw(t 42/0) Closed organ pipe: 1, Boundaty condition: y = 0 at 2 =0 2. Allowed freq: L= Qn +1)3, v= Qn+ I), n= 0,1,2, 3, Fundamental/1* harmonies: vo = 2 4. 1% overtone/3" harmonies: 1 = Sv = i Gat Formas wwe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 -» See Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physics wow concepts-of- physics.cOM | pg. 5 5. 2 overtone/St harmonics: = 50 = $5 OK 6. Only odd harmonics are present Open organ pipe: L 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x Allowed freq: L=n}, v=ngp, n= 1,2, 2, Bundamental/I" harmonies: Uy = 3 >< 3. UF overtone/2*" harmonics: 1 = 2 = 3¢ SOK overtone/3" harmonics: vy = 3% = $8 YOOK [All hartnonics are present. Resonance column: badd, bed ly hy Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies wy © ws pi =posinu(t~ s/c), pa = posinunlt ~ x/e) = bi +pa = 2pc0s Ault — 2/:) sins(¢— 2/2) wa (oy Han)/2, Awa (bente fog) where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, uy is the spood of the observer w.r-t. the medium, consid- ered positive when it moves towards the source and negative when it moves away from the source, and u, is the speed of the source wa-t. the medium, consid- ered positive when it moves towards the observer and negative when it moves away from the observer. 2.4: Light Waves Plane Wave: # = Kosinw(t~ £), 1= Io Spherical Wave: E sesinw(t— ‘Young's double slit experiment (a= Path difference: Az Phase difference: §— 222 Interference Conditions: for integer n, Inn, constructive; $=( Gehan, teste, cy constructive Are { (ns 3)A, destructive Intensity: I=h+h+2VTheoss, Inae= (V+ VI) Inn = (VE~ VE) B= fy = Aly c08" 4, Inax = Ml Iain = 0 Fringe width: w= A2 Optical path: Az! = pAr Interference of waves transmitted through thin film: na, constructive; “ {Giga Gee Diffraction from a single slits g Visit ww-concepte-of-physics.com to buy SIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” and our other books. Written by ITTians, Foreword by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students. i Gat Forme ewe concepts-of-physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020» 1 a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi wow concepts-of-physics.cOM | pg. 6 3 Optics 3.1: Reflection of Light Laws of reflection: stat oe ateae @ Incident ray, reflected ray, and 2 plane (i) 28 = Zr Plane mirror: ra Tein the same (i) the image and the object are equidistant from mi- ror (i) virtual image of real object OS Spherical Mirror: 1 2. Mirror equation: 3. Magnification: m = ‘ocal length f — R/2 3.2: Refraction of Light Refractive index: 1 Snell's Law: Apparent depth: j= Critical angle: 0, ~ sin Deviation by a prism: SS i+ A, general result sin Sif fox minivan deviation t=2)A, format [SZ Lens maker's formula: } = (w= 1) [yh Lens formula: 2 — 2 Power of the lens: P= 5, P in diopter if f in metre ‘Two thin lenses separated by distance d: 3.8: Optical Instruments Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjuster Compound microscope: 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = 2 2. Resolving power: R= 2 = sine Astronomical telescope: 1, In normal adjustment: m 2. Resolving power: R= fy 3.4: Dispersion Cauchy's equation: = jo +4, A>0 Dispersion by prism with small A and é: 1. Mean de = (by DA 2. Angular dispersion: & (He — ae Dispersive power: = St =f (6 A and i small Dispersion without deviation: AGF (Hy = A+ —1)4 = 0 Deviation without dispersion: (te ~ HDA = (uh, — HAY i Gat Formas ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 -» a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi www.concopts-of-physics.com | pg 4 Heat and Thermodynamics 4.1: Heat and ‘Temperature Tomp. scales: F=324+9C, K=C +2736 Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT, n: number of moles van der Waals equation: (p +g) (V —}) = RT ‘Thermal expansion: [ = £o(1 + aT) A= Ag(l+ SAT), V = V1 4+ AT), y= 28 = 30 ‘Thermal stress of a material: £ = YS! 4.2: Kinetic Theory of Gases General: M = mia, k= R/N« Maxwell distribution of speed: RMS speed vm = Average spi Most probable speed: Pressure: p= jpv2_, Bquipartition of energy: K = HAT for each degree of fieedom, Thus, K = {AT for molecule having f de- tees of freedoms Internal energy of moles ofan ides! gas is U ~ fu 4.8: Specific Heat Specific hea mar Latent heat: L = Q/m Specific heat at constant volum Specific heat at constant pré Relation between C, and C, Ratio of specific heats: y= Re fon between U and Cy: AU Specific heat of gas mixture: miOps + m0 pe 4.4: Theromodynamic Processes First law of thermodynamics: AQ = AU + AW ‘Work done by the gas: awepar, we [sav i Wanna = 08 (22) tare = D(VS — Wattaie = PLB aot Wircebone = 0 Efficiency of the heat engine: Sow a work done by the engine _ Qu — Qs Treat supplied to it earner = 1- a Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: cop = 9 = gee z Entropy: AS = 82, 5) -5,= Const. T:AS=$, Vasying T: AS = mein 3 Adiaba process: AQ =0, pV" = constant 4.5: Heat Transfer Conducti aa = _Kaat 89 = Kast ‘Thermal resistance: Ete KA) Gear re Kirehhot?'s Law: g2tt port Beet = Bi osy Wien’s displacement law: nT =5 ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 Molar internal energy ofan ideal gas: — Ar, StofamBoltzmann law: 82 = ocAT® =r monatomic and f= fot dato gas Newton's ta of coting, “bat Ses et Formas sew concepts com ca our ton §Formulae Sheet for Physi www. concopts-of-physics.COM | pg. 8 5 Electricity and Magnetism 5.1: Blectrostaties Coulomb's law: F = aa se Electric fiel Electric dipole moment: 7 = qd) x Potential of a dipole: Field of a dipole: peuett, Torque on a dipole placed in Pot. energy of a dipole placed in 5.2: Gauss's Law and its Applications Blectrie flux: $ Gauss's law: f E-dS = gu/ Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis: 5 ae Vn E and V of a uniformly charged sphere: 2, forrR E forr > R v-{ sige Fe) frre y oe and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell OTR Field of a line charge: B= Field of an infinite sheet: E = Field in the vieinity of conducting surface: E = = 5.8: Capacitors Capacitance: C= 9/V Parallel plate capacitor: = @A/d Jindrical capacitor: C= gia; AS Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor: Poi Energy stored in capacitor: U = }CV?= 2 = }ov Energy density in electric fleld E: U/V = }eoB? Capacitor with dielectrie: C= 5.4: Current electricity Current density: j =1/A = oF Drift speed: vy = 12 Resistance of a wire: R= pl/A, where p= 1/o ‘Temp. dependence of resistance: R = Ry(1~ aAT) Ohm's law: V =iR Kirchhoff’s Laws: (3) The Junction Law: The algebraic sum of all the currents directed towards a node is 2et0 ie, Bqedels = 9. (i) The Loop Law: The algebraic sum of all the potential diflerenocs along a elosed loop im circuit is 2et0 ic., Diop A Vi = 0 Resistors in parallel: Resistors in series: Ruy Rit Re Bt Wheatstone bridge: Balanced if R:/Re = Rs/Ry Blectric Power: P = V2/R = PR =1V Bane Got Formulas ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi www. concopts-of- physics.cOm | pg. 9 Galvanometer as an Ammeter: Charging of capacitors: a) =cv lee Discharging of capacitors: q(!) = que"* ‘Time constant in RC circuit: r= RC Peltier effe Secback effect: L. Thermo-etaf: © = aT + 387? 2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt = a4 67. 3. Neutral temp: Ty = ~a/ 4. Inversion temp. T, = ~2a/t. ‘Thomson effect: emf e = 3 Faraday’s law of electrolysis: 1 m=Zit=4 where iis current, is time, Z is eectr , Eis chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/ is 5.5: Magnetism Lorentz force on a moving charge: F = gi x B+ Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: (or =3h7 Ne Force on a current carrying wire: Bailxs Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole): ath. #4 forque on a magnetic dipole placed in Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in J: vee Hill effect: Ve = 2 5.6: Magnetic Field due to Current Biot-Savart law: aff = goishsr Field due to a straight conductor: Field due to an infinite straight wire: B= 40% B= £24 (costh — costs) Force between parallel wires: Field on the axis of a ring: Ae a Br = actor Field at the centre of an are: B= 42% Field at the centre of a ring: B= Ampere’s law: f Hal = pol Field inside a solenoid: 2 Pa pani, Field inside a toroid: B= #32 Field of a bar magnet: ‘Tangent galvanometer: By tang = 42, i= Ktand Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = k8, ‘Time period of magnetometer: T = 27 Permeability: B= pit i Gat Frm ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 ~» a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts-of physics.cOM | pg. 10 5.7: Blectromaguctic Induction Magnetic flax: 6~ § #-a8 Faraday’s law: = ~48 Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-ield that op- poses the change in magnetic flux. Motional emf: Self inductance: ¢= Li, ¢= Le Self inductance of a solenoid: L = s4sn?(a"l) Growth of current in BR cieuit: § = #[1—« =] . ossg fo tL ae, sf # Decay of current fn ER chou: ‘Time constant of LR cirenit: += 1/R Energy stored in an inductor: 0 = $4 Energy density of B fields u~ $= ‘Mutual inductance: ¢ = Mi, -Me EMF induced in a rotating coil: ¢~ NABw sinwt Lots Altern ting current: an/i rieiat fgsin(ut +9), Average current in AC: RMS currents fine = [f (7 ae)” Energy: F = tins? RT Capacitive reactance: X. = Inductive reactance: X;, = wh / Imepedance: Z = eo/io RC circuit 4 2= JROTC, nd = she Lop k ER circuit: 4 uf 2=VB=ST, wno= 4 LOR Circuit: Fs fea aut z=R+ (Eon), tong Yroanance = YA Power factor: P msirme C086 ‘Transformer: 2 Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: = 1/ ya Visit ww-concepte-of-physics.com to buy “IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions” and our otler books. Written by IfTians, Foreword by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students. i Gat Frm ewe concepts-of-physics.com © 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 —» 1 a ae Get Our Book &Formulae Sheet for Physi www.concepts-of physics.cOM — | pg. 11 6 Modern Physics i 6.1: Photo-electrie effect Popuiation at time N= Noe ga. Photon’s energy: E = hy = he/ Photon's momentum: p=h/A= B/e Max. KE of ejected photo-clectron: Kage = hv — 6 ‘Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: vy = 9/) Stopping potential: V, = ¢ de Broglie wavelength: = A/p 6.2: The Atom Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit: mate 13622 Berne v Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit: a = 0.529 A Quantization of the angular momentum: | = 2 Photon energy in state transitio Eyahw Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition rom nth to mth slate: X-ray spectrum: din Moseley's law: 7 = a(Z — 8) X-ray diffraction: 2dsin? = nA Heisenberg uncertainity principle: ApAr > h/Qn), ABAt> hi(2n) 6.8: The Nucleus Nuclear radius: R= RoA'*, Ry 1.110 tm Decay rate: 4 = Aw Half life: (4/2 = 0.693/ Average life: tae =1/ Population after n half lives: N= Ny/2 ‘Mass defect: Am = [Zmy + (A~ Z)my]~ M Binding energy: 2 lZmy + (A— Z)imq — Me Qualue: Q =U; ~ Uy Energy released in nuclear reaction: AE = Ame? where Am = mregtaste ~ Mprodute: 6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors UIE, ‘Triode Valve: atom 4p Half Wave Rectifier: Full Wave Rectifier: Plate resistance of a triode: 1, ‘Transconductance of a triode: gn = 4 Amplification by a triode: = ~ 3% Relation between 1), j4, and gu Current in a transistor: Je =I, + Jc i Gat Frm ewe concepts-of-physics.com ) 2020 by Jitender Singh Ver. 2020 ~» a ae Get Our Book &