Smart Grids

Luís Neves

School of Technology and Management

Polytechnic Institute of Leiria
isneves (Instituto Politécnico de Leiria) 2013/2014
 What are smart grids?
An electricity network that uses digital and other
advanced technologies to monitor and manage
the transport of electricity from all generation
sources to meet the varying electricity demands
of end-users.
Co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all
generators, grid operators, end-users and
electricity market stakeholders to operate all parts
of the system as efficiently as possible,
minimising costs and environmental impacts
while maximising system reliability, resilience and
stability.

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 Smarter electricity systems

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 Rationale for smart grid technology

World challenges
ageing infrastructure
continued growth in demand
integration of increasing numbers of variable
renewable energy sources and electric vehicles
need to improve the security of supply
need to lower carbon emissions.
Smart grid technologies offer ways not just to meet these
challenges but also to develop a cleaner energy supply
that is more energy efficient, more affordable and more
sustainable. (IEA, Technology Roadmaps: Smart grids)

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 Characteristics of smart grids
Characteristic Description
Enables informed Consumers help balance supply and demand, and ensure reliability by
participation by modifying the way they use and purchase electricity. Modifications come
customers as a result of consumers having choices that motivate different
purchasing patterns and behaviour, involving new technologies, new
information about their electricity use, and new forms of electricity pricing
and incentives.

Accommodates all A smart grid accommodates not only large, centralised power plants, but
generation and storage also the growing array of customer-sited distributed energy resources.
options Integration of these resources – including renewables, small-scale
combined heat and power, and energy storage – will increase rapidly all
along the value chain, from suppliers to marketers to customers.

Enables new Correctly designed and operated markets efficiently create an

products, services opportunity for consumers to choose among competing services. Some
and markets of the independent grid variables that must be explicitly managed are
energy, capacity, location, time, rate of change and quality. Markets can
play a major role in the management of these variables. Regulators,
owners/operators and consumers need the flexibility to modify the rules
of business to suit operating and market conditions.
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 Characteristic Description
Provides the power Not all commercial enterprises, and certainly not all residential customers,
quality for the range of need the same quality of power. A smart grid supplies varying grades (and
needs prices) of power. The cost of premium power-quality features can be included
in the electrical service contract. Advanced control methods monitor essential
components, enabling rapid diagnosis and solutions to events that impact
power quality, such as lightning, switching surges, line faults and harmonic
sources.
Optimises asset A smart grid applies the latest technologies to optimise the use of its assets.
utilisation and operating For example, optimised capacity can be attainable with dynamic ratings,
efficiency which allow assets to be used at greater loads by continuously sensing and
rating their capacities.
Maintenance efficiency can be optimised with condition-based maintenance,
which signals the need for equipment maintenance at precisely the right time.
System-control devices can be adjusted to reduce losses and eliminate
congestion. Operating efficiency increases when selecting the least-cost
energy-delivery system available through these types of system-control
devices.
Provides resiliency to Resiliency refers to the ability of a system to react to unexpected events by
disturbances, attacks isolating problematic elements while the rest of the system is restored to
and natural disasters normal operation. These self-healing actions result in reduced interruption of
service to consumers and help service providers better manage the delivery
infrastructure.
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 Deployment of electric vehicles and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

12

10

Coluna 1
6 Coluna 2
Coluna 3

0
Linha 1 Linha 2 Linha 3 Linha 4

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 Smart grid technologies

Fonte: IEA

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 Wide-area monitoring
and control
Real-time monitoring and display of power-system components
and performance, across interconnections and over large
geographic areas, help system operators to understand and
optimise power system components, behaviour and
performance.
Advanced system operation tools avoid blackouts and facilitate
the integration of variable renewable energy resources.
Monitoring and control technologies along with advanced
system analytics – including wide-area situational awareness
(WASA), wide-area monitoring systems (WAMS), and
wide-area adaptive protection, control and automation
(WAAPCA) – generate data to inform decision making, mitigate
wide-area disturbances, and improve transmission capacity
and reliability.

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 Integration of ICT

Underlying communications infrastructure

support data transmission for deferred and
real-time operation, and during outages.
Along with communication devices, significant
computing, system control software and
enterprise resource planning software support
the two-way exchange of information between
stakeholders, and enable more efficient use
and management of the grid.

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 SCADA vs PMU

Open
Close
Close
Close

N T
ME
~ Several
RE
Seconds to milli
secs
S U
a Minute
to sec
EA
me
try
E M
T
l e
V KV Te
P
Q
MW
MVAR
SC
AD
A

TA
Hz Hz
S
Network model
State Estimator

• Traditionally developed for • Made possible for all round

accommodating old development in technologies
information technology regime
(Slow communication, data
without time stamp)
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 Renewable and distributed generation
integration

Integration of renewable and distributed energy

resources (large, medium or small) can present
chalenges for the dispatchability and controllability of
these resources and for operation of the electricity
system.
Energy storage systems, both electrically and for
themally based, can alleviate such problems by
decoupling the production and delivery of energy.
Smart grids can help through automation of control of
generation and demand to ensure balancing of supply
and demand.

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 Transmission enhancement
applications
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) are used to
enhance the controllability of transmission networks and
maximise power transfer capability.
High voltage DC (HVDC) technologies are used to connect
offshore wind and solar farms to large power areas, with
decreased system losses and enhanced system controllability,
allowing efficient use of energy sources remote from load
centres.
Dynamic line rating (DLR), which uses sensors to identify the
current carrying capability of a section of network in real time,
can optimise utilisation of existing transmission assets, without
the risk of causing overloads.
High-temperature superconductors (HTS) can significantly
reduce transmission losses and enable economical
fault-current limiting with higher performance, though there is a
debate over the market readiness of the technology.

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 Distribution grid management
Distribution and sub-station sensing and automation
can reduce outage and repair time, maintain voltage
level and improve asset management.
Advanced distribution automation processes real-time
information from sensors and meters for fault location,
automatic reconfiguration of feeders, voltage and
reactive power optimisation, or to control distributed
generation.
Sensor technologies can enable condition- and
performance-based maintenance of network
components, optimising equipment performance and
hence effective utilisation of assets.

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 Advanced metering infrastructure
Remote consumer price signals, which can provide time-of-use
pricing information.
Ability to collect, store and report customer energy consumption
data for any required time intervals or near real time.
Improved energy diagnostics from more detailed load profiles.
Ability to identify location and extent of outages remotely via a
metering function that sends a signal when the meter goes out
and when power is restored.
Remote connection and disconnection.
Losses and theft detection.
Ability for a retail energy service provider to manage its
revenues through more effective cash collection and debt
management.
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 Electric vehicle charging
infrastructure
Electric vehicle charging infrastructure handles
billing, scheduling and other intelligent features
for smart charging (grid-to-vehicle) during low
energy demand.
In the future, large charging installation will
provide power system ancillary services such as
capacity reserve, peak load shaving and
vehicle-to-grid regulation. This will include
interaction with both AMI and customer-side
systems.

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 Customer-side systems
Include Energy management systems, energy storage
devices, smart appliances and distributed generation.
Energy efficiency gains and peak demand reduction
can be accelerated with in-home displays/energy
dashboards, smart appliances and local storage.
Demand response includes both manual customer's
response and automated, price-responsive appliances
and thermostats that are connected to an energy
management system or controlled with a signal from
the utility or system operator.

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 Smart grid technologies

Technology area Hardware Systems and software

Wide-area monitoring Phasor measurement units (PMU) Supervisory control and data
and control and other sensor equipment acquisition (SCADA), wide-area
monitoring systems (WAMS),
wide-area adaptive protection,
control and automation
(WAAPCA), wide-area situational
awareness (WASA)
Information and communication Communication equipment (Power Enterprise resource planning
technology integration line carrier, WIMAX, LTE, RF mesh software (ERP), customer
network, cellular), routers, relays, information system (CIS)
switches, gateway, computers
(servers)
Renewable and distributed Power conditioning equipment Energy management system
generation integration for bulk power and grid support, (EMS), distribution management
communication and control system (DMS), SCADA,
hardware for generation and geographic Information system
enabling storage technology (GIS)
Transmission enhancement Superconductors, FACTS, HVDC Network stability analysis,
automatic recovery systems

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 Smart grid technologies

Technology area Hardware Systems and software

Distribution grid management Automated re-closers, switches Geographic information system
and capacitors, remote controlled (GIS), distribution management
distributed generation and storage, system (DMS), outage
transformer sensors, wire and management system (OMS),
cable sensors workforce management system
(WMS)

Advanced metering infrastructure Smart meter, in-home displays, Meter data management system
servers, relays (MDMS)
Electric vehicle charging Charging infrastructure, Energy billing, smart grid-to-vehicle
infrastructure batteries, inverters charging (G2V) and discharging
vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
methodologies

Customer-side systems Smart appliances, routers, in-home Energy dashboards, energy

display, building automation management systems, energy
systems, thermal accumulators, applications for smart phones and
smart thermostat tablets

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 Maturity levels and development
trends of smart grid technologies

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 Smart grid demonstration
and deployment efforts
Country National smart grid initiatives

China China’s State Grid Corporation outlined plans in 2010 for a pilot smart grid programme
that maps out deployment to 2030. Smart grids investments will reach at least USD 96
billion by 2020.

United States USD 4.5 billion was allocated to grid modernisation under the American Recovery
Reinvestment Act of 2009, including: USD 3.48 billion for the quick integration of
proven technologies into existing electric grids, USD 435 million for regional smart grid
demonstrations, and USD 185 million for energy storage and demonstrations.

Italy The Italian regulator has awarded 8 tariff-based funded projects to demonstrate at-scale
advanced network management and automation solutions necessary to integrate
distributed generation. The Ministry of Economic Development has also granted over
EUR 200 million for demonstration of smart grids features
and network modernisation in Southern Italian regions.

Japan The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan is developing a smart grid that
incorporates solar power generation by 2020 with government investment of over USD
100 million.
The Japanese government has announced a national smart metering initiative and large
utilities have announced smart grid programmes.

South Korea The Korean government has launched a USD 65 million pilot programme on Jeju Island
in partnership with industry. The pilot consists of a fully integrated smart grid system for
6000 households, wind farms and four distribution lines. Korea has announced plans to
implement smart grids nationwide by 2030.
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 Smart grid demonstration
and deployment efforts

Country National smart grid initiatives

Spain In 2008, the government mandated distribution companies to replace existing meters with
new smart meters; this must be done at no additional cost to the customer.
The utility Endesa aims to deploy automated meter management to more than 13 million
customers on the low voltage network from 2010 to 2015. The communication protocol
used will be open. The utility Iberdrola will replace 10 million meters.
Germany The E-Energy funding programme has several projects focusing on ICTs for the energy
system.
Australia The Australian government announced the AUD 100 million “Smart Grid, Smart City”
initiative in 2009 to deliver a commercial-scale smart grid demonstration project.
Additional efforts in the area of renewable energy deployments are resulting in further
study on smart grids.
United Kingdom The energy regulator OFGEM has an initiative called the Registered Power Zone that will
encourage distributors to develop and implement innovative solutions to connect
distributed generators to the network. OFGEM has set up a Low Carbon Networks fund
that will allow up to GPB 500m support to DSO projects that test new technology,
operating and commercial arrangements.
France The electricity distribution operator ERDF is deploying 300 000 smart meters in a pilot
project based on an advanced communication protocol named Linky. If the pilot is
deemed a success, ERDF will replace all of its 35 million meters with Linky smart meters
from 2012 to 2016.

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 Smart grid demonstration
and deployment efforts

Country National smart grid initiatives

Brazil APTEL, a utility association, has been working with the Brazilian
government on narrowband
power line carrier trials with a social and educational focus. Several
utilities are also managing smart grid pilots, including Ampla, a power
distributor in Rio de Janeiro State, which has been deploying smart
meters and secure networks to reduce losses from illegal
connections. AES Eletropaulo, a distributor in São Paulo State, has
developed a smart grid business plan using the existing fibre-optic
backbone. The utility CEMIG has started a smart grid project based
on system architecture developed by the IntelliGrid Consortium, an
initiative of the EPRI.
Portugal Inovgrid: 30k Smart meters (Evora), Public lighting, Test technologies
(PLC DCSK and GPRS). Test pilots on 5 other cities.
http://www.inovcity.pt

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 OECD North America EV deployment
impact on peak demand

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 Development and demonstration
need for commercial-scale demonstration
Demand response enabled by smart grids
Demand response (DR) is one of the key
approaches enabled by smart grids.
Demand response can significantly
reduce peak demand and provide the
flexibility needed, both in volumetric
terms and in speed of response, to
support variable generation technologies.
Development of consumer-based enabling
technologies
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 Key enabling technology development
questions
Is there an optimal mix of behavioural
modification and automation technologies?
How much customer education is required and
what are the best approaches?
What policies can governments adopt to
encourage innovation without picking technology
winners?
What is the impact of ICT choices (e.g.
private/dedicated carriers vs. public-based
carriers such as the Internet) on enabling
technology development?

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 InovGrid architecture

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 Inovgrid smartmetering

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 Consumption Reduction in Évora InovCity

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 New businesses

DR Aggregators
Distributed Storage
...

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 References
Blumsack, Seth, e Alisha Fernandez. 2012. «Ready or
not, here comes the smart grid!» Energy 37 (1) (Janeiro):
61–68. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.054.
IEA. 2011. «Technology Roadmap: Smart Grids». Paris:
International Energy Agency.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publicatio
n/name,3972,en.html.
OECD. 2012. «ICT Applications for the Smart Grid».
OECD Digital Economy Papers (190).
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k9h2q8v9bln-en.
Pedro Godinho Matos, «InovGrid Project», ESOF 2012,
Dublin 15th July 2012.
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/downloads/events/20120711-e
sof/esof-2012-pedro-godinho-matos.pdf

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