Senior Hig h School

Stat1st1cs and
Probabi1lty
Quarter 3 — Module 7:
Percentiles and T-Distribution
 Percentile and the

Percentiles have been discussed on your Grade 10 and their uses. These were
also discussed that percentiles are identifier of a student’s performance in
comparison to the performance of the whole class.

In this lesson, you will explore and understand the student’s t-distribution
and identify the percentiles using the t-tables.

The t-distribution (also called Student’s t-distributionJ is a family of

distributions that look almost identical to the normal distribution curve, only a bit
shorter and stouter. The t-distribution is used instead of the normal distribution
when you have small samples. The larger the sample size, the more the t distribution
looks like the normal distribution. In fact, for sample sizes larger than 20 (e. g. more
degrees of freedom), the distribution is almost exactly like the normal distribution.
The I-distribution is similar to a normal distribution. It has a precise
mathematical definition. Instead of diving into complex math, let’s look at the useful
properties of the I-distrilautiori and why it is important in analysis of any set of
statistical quantitative data.

• Like the normal distribution, the I-distribution has a smooth shape.

• Life the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you thinlc about
folding it in half at the mean, each side will be the same.
• Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the I-distribution has a
mean of zero.
• The normal distribution assumes that the population standard deviation is known.
The I-distribution does not make this assumption.
• The f-dis tribution is defined by the degree:s of freedom. These are related to the
sample size.
• The I-distribution is most useful for small sample sizes, when the population
stanclard deviation is not known, or both.
• As the sample size increases, the f-distribution becomes more similar to a normal
distribution.

Using the t-table, shown on the next page we can be able to identify the t value of a
certain data.
 Let us be familiar first with the following words:

1. Degree of freedom - This refers to the maximum number of logically

independent values which vary in the data sample.

2. Percentile — This is a measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.

Below is the t-table which you can use to find the t-value

nghttai1edarea(o)
dfv 0.40 025 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025 00010 0.0005
1 0.325 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619
2 0.289 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.277 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.215 12.924
4 0.271 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.267 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.265 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.263 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.262 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.3SS 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.261 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.260 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.260 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.259 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.259 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.258 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.258 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.258 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.257 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.257 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.610 3.922
19 0.257 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.257 0.687 1.326 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.257 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.256 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.256 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0. 256 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2. 797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.256 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.256 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.256 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.256 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.256 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.256 0.683 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.255 0.681 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
60 0.254 0.679 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
120 0.254 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 2.860 3.160 3.373
 Illustrative example:

1. Identify the t-value whose number of samples n = 7 and has an area (e)
equal to 0.05.
2. Find the t-value whose degree of freedom is 20 and has a = 0. 0 1.
3. Identify the t-value of the following percentiles given the number of samples.
a. 95'" percentile , N= 30
b. 90"' percentile, N=20

Solution:
1. To identify the t-value, identify first the degree of freedom using the formula
df= n- 1 where n is the sample size.
df = n- 1
df = 7- 1
df = 6

Locate the t-value on the I-table using the degree of freedom and the area (a)

right tailed area ( a )

df/v 0.40 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.0 1 0.005 0.0025 0.00 10 0.0005
1 0.325 1.000 3.078 12.706 31.82 1 63.657 127.32 1 318.309 636.619
2 0.289 0.816 1.886 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.277 0.765 1.638 3.182 4.S41 5.84 1 7.453 10.2 IS 12.924
4 0. 27 1 0. 74 1 1.533 2.776 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.267 0.727 1.476 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.263 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408

Therefore, the t-value with sample size of 7 and has e = 0.05 is 1.943.

2. Since the degree of freedom and a are already given locate the t-value
on the t-table.

Therefore the t-value is 2.528.

3. a. The 95th percentile is the number where 95% of the values lie below it
and 5% lie above it, so you want the right-tail area to be 0.05. Move across
the row, find the column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=30 or
df = 29.

ri t tailed area I o '|

df,/ - 0.40 0.25 0. IO 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.0010 0.0003
1 0.323 1.000 3.OT8 12.706 S1.BMI 63.637 12 7.321 318.509 636.6 t9
2 0289 0.816 1.886 4.305 6.965 9.925 L't.089 22.32T 31.o99
3 0.2T.‘ 0.T65 1.638 3.182 4.54t 5.84t 7.453 10.215 t2.924
4 0.271 0.741 1.533 ?.776 5.747 4.604 5.398 7.173 8.6t0
3 0.267 0.727 1.4T6 2.571 3.365 4.032 4.773 ?.693 6.669
6 0.263 0.7t8 I.°40 2.447 5.143 3.707 4.3t7 5.208 3.959
7 0.263 0.711 1.4t3 2.36'3 2.998 ?.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.262 0.706 1.J97 2.306 2.896 3.3o5 3.833 4.oG1 5.041
9 0 261 0.T03 J.383 Z.262 2.82 I ?.2 0 3.690 4.29T 4.781
10 0.26D 0.700 1.372 Z.228 2.764 3.169 3.381 4.14-4 4.o8›”’
11 0.26D 0.697 1.363 2.201 2.718 3.106 3.49T 4.025 4.457
12 0259 0.695 1.356 2.1?9 2.68t 3.OSS 3. 428 3.930 4.318
13 0259 0.694 2.ISO 2.160 2.630 3.012 3?72 0852 ?22I
t4 025B 0.692 I.343 2.145 2624 2.977 5326 378T 4140
1o 0.25B 0.691 1.341 2.131 2.602 2.94 T 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.25B 0.690 1.337 2. 120 2.583 2.92 I 3.252 3.686 4.0 IN
IT 0.257 0.689 1.333 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.963
18 0.25? 0.688 1.J30 2.101 2.532 2.8?8 3.19? 3.6 t0 3.922
19 0*57 0.6BB 1.S2B 2.095 2.539 2.BBC 3.1/4 3.?79 3.883
20 0257 0.687 I.325 2.08G 2.520 2.8^5 3.155 5.552 5.850
21 0.257 0.686 1.323 ?.080 2.518 2.83t 3.130 3:27 3.8!9
22 0.256 0.686 1.321 ?.07 2.508 2.8j9 31!9 3606 3792
23 0.256 0.68? 1.3t9 2.069 2.500 2.807 :1O4 3485 5768
24 0.2£6 0.685 1.JI8 ?.06 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.46T 3.740
2? 0 256 0.6B4 1.5t6 2.060 2.485 2.TB7 207B 3.450 3."25
2G 0.'256 0.681 1.3t3 0.036 2.479 2.779 3.06T 3.403 5707
27 0.256 0.684 1.3tJ '2.0o2 2.473 2.77t l0T 3.421 3.690
28 0.256 0.683 1.3t3 2.048 2.467 2.T65 $.047 3.408 567J
29 1.699 2.095 2.462 2.73C 3.03B 3.396 5.659
30 0256 0.683 I.3t0 1.69T 2.042 2.43T 2.730 3.030 3.386 3.646
40 0.253 0.6B1 1.?O3 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 1051
60 0 2S4 0.679 1.296 1.67t 2.000 2.390 2.660 2.9!o 3232 3.460
120 0.254 0.677 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.3 8 2.617 2.860 0160 337Z

So therefore, the t-value of P9 6 with n= 30 is 1.699.

b. The 90th percentile is the number where 90% of the values lie below it
and 10% lie above it, so you want the right-tail area to be 0.0 1. Move across
the row, find the column for 0.05, and then locate the t-value using n=20 or
df = 19.
 6I v 0.40 0.25 0.10 O.OS 0.025 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.0010 0.0005
1 0.325 1.OOD 6.314 12.TO6 11.821 63.657 127.321 318.309 636.619
2 0.289 D.B16 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.327 31.599
3 0.277 D.z65 2.353 3.18g 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.115 12.924
4 0.271 D.741 2.132 2.T76 3.747 4.604 5.59B 7.17Z 8.610
0.:267 D.r27 2.015 2.5r1 3.36S 4-.032 4./73 5.893 6.869
6 0.265 D.GB 1.94-3 2.447 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.2O8 5.959
”r 0.263 D./11 1895 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.262 0./06 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.35S 3.833 4.501 5.04t
9 0.261 D.rO3 1.B33 2.262 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.r81
10 0.260 0.DOD 1.812 2.:228 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.26O D.69z 1.r96 2.2O1 2.718 3.LO6 3.A9Y 4.O25 4.A17
12 0.259 D.695 1.r82 2.1r9 2.6B1 3.055 3.42B 3.930 4.31B
13 0.259 0.6R4 1.r71 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.3/2 3.852 4.221
14 0.258 D.693 1.761 2.145 1.624 2.977 Z.326 3.r87 4.140
1o 0.258 D.691 1.’753 2.131 2.6D2 2.947 3.186 3.733 4.073
16 0.258 D.69D 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.253 3.686 4.015
1r 0.:257 D.689 1.r4O 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.122 3.646 3.965
18 0.267 D.68B 1. fM 2. 10 1 2.6o2 Z.8U8 3. 197 3.6 10 3. 922
19 I.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.5T9 3.BB3
20 0.257 D.6B7 1.325 1 '725 2.086 2.528 2.B45 3.153 3.S52 3.BPO

Therefore, the t-value of 90 ' h percentile with n= 20 is 1.328

Ass€ssr€nt
A. ¥gu1ttp1e Cbotee. Choose tbe letter of tlze best answec. Wz2te tlze clzosezz
letter oxz a saparate sfzeet o£ papar.

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristics of t-distributions

A. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution has a smooth shape.
B. Like the normal distribution, the t-distribution is symmetric. If you
think about folding it in half at the mean, each side will be the same.
C. Like a standard normal distribution (or z-distribution), the t-
distribution has a mean of one,
D. The normal distribution assumes that the population standard
deviation is known. The I-distribution does not make this assumption.
 2. This refers to the measure of position with data divided into 100 parts.
A. Percentiles
B. Quartiles
C. Deciles
D. Median

3. This refers to the maximum number of logically independent values, which

vary in the data sample.
A. Level of significance
B. Percentiles
C. Degree of freedom
D. Probability

4. What is the right-tailed area if the confidence interval is 75%?

A. 0.05
B. 0. 10
C. 0.005
D. 0.25

5. What will be the degree of freedom of the data whose sample size is 18?
A. 17
B. 18
C. 19
D. 20

For number 6 to 8, use the given data below to answer the following questions.

There are 9 students who will be taking up the test, the researcher sets the level of
significance to 0.05. The following are the scores of the nine students:

23, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 40, 45

6. What will be the t-value of the given problem?
A. 1. 729
B. 1. 456
C. 1. 612
D. 1. 551

7. What ill bethevflueof25ti percentile?

A. 25
B.26
C. 27
D. 28
 8. Using the t-table, give the t-value of 95"' percentile?
A. 1.729
B. 1.456
C. 1.612
D. 1.551

9. What will be the degree of freedom whose t-value is 0.689?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

10. Find the t-value of 2. 5 t h percentile using the t-table with a degree of
freedom of 6.
A. 2.570
B. 4.030
C. -2.570
D. -4.030

II. For numbers 11-15, fill out the table below.

Percentile n
40t" percentile 2
75'^ percentile 10
90'h percentile IS
95'^ percentile 20
97.5'" percentile 25

fleerenc€s

Ca1aca.N, Uy, C. ,Noble, N.M.8s Manalo. R. A. (2016). lstatistics and Probab ilitg. VIBAL
BOOKSTORE.
https:// mmm.dummies.coin/ education/mnth statishcs/horn-to-find-percentiles-for-
a-t-distribution/ courses.lumenlearnirig.com.
https://www.jbstatistics.com/ r-basics-finding-percentiles-and-areas-for-the-t-
distribution/
 Senior High School

Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 — Module 8:
Length of Confidence Interval
and Appropriate Sample Size
 Length of Confidence and Appropriate Sample Siz

How large should be the sample* Many researchers find this a problem. In
fact, many rely on old methods to determine the sample size they need in their
investigations. This problem must be addressed carefully because needlessly large
samples are a waste of important resources. On the other hand, insufficient sample
size may lead to poor results.

WPiat’s New

Defazzltloxz of Terms

1. Confikdence interval - In statistics, this refers to the probability that

a Population parameter will fall between a set of values for a certain proportion of
times. Confidence intervals measure the degree of uncertainty or certainty in
a sampling method. They can take any number of probability limits, with the most
common being a 95*ñ› or 99"Z‹› confidence level.
Z. Narrowness of the interval - This pertains to a small width in relation to the
length of the confidence interval.

Length of Cozz6cdezzce Izztezval

This refers to the absolute difference between the upper confidence limit and
the lower confidence limit.

LCI = | UCL — LCD l * I L — UCL l

Or
LCI = UCL — LCL

Where:
LCI - length of confidence interval

UCL — upper confidence limit

LCL — lower confldence limit
Example 1. Find the length of the confidence interval 0. 275 •p• 0.360

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Determine the given. UCL = 0.3 60
LCL = 0. 275
2. Use the formula for Length of LCI = UCL — LCL
Confidence Interval.
3. Substitute the given value, then LCI = 0.360 - 0.275
perform the indicated operation. LCI = 0.085

Thus, the length of confidence is 0.085.

Example 2. Find the length of the confidence interval

upper confidence limit — 0. 805

lower confidence limit = 0. 526

SO<bOm:

Steps Solution
1. Determine the given. UCL = 0.805
LCL = 0. 626
2. Use the formula for Length of LCI = UCL — LCL
Confidence Interval.
3. Substitute the given value, then LCI = 0.805 - 0.526
perform the indicated operation. LCI = 0. 279

Thus, the length of confidence interval is equal to 0.279.

Try this in your notebook.

A. Find the length of the confidence interval.

1. 0.355 < p < 0.470

2. 0.475‹ p • 0.835
3. Upper confidence limit = 0.796
Lower confidence limit = 0. 536
4. Upper confidence limit = 0.896
Lower confidence limit = 0. 526
5. Upper confidence limit = 0.966
Lower confidence limit = 0.635
 Tlze £orznu7a Foe izsterval estimate of popu7atiozi zneazs (y) with
bziowzz variazzce is:

‘T‘he formula to fizzd tlze Tezzgth o£ tbe cozzfideazee izitervaT

= 2z °/2
Where:
z«/— is thez value
2
— standard deviation
n— sample size

Example 3: Find the length of the confidence interval given the following data:

n - 0.3, n=70, confidence 1eve1=95%

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Determine the given. n = 0.3, n =70, confidence level=95*Z»
2. Determine the t 1- a) 100*% = 95% Find a in equation (1-
confidence coefficient. a) 100% = 95% where in
95% is the given
confidence level.
(1— a) = 95"7•
(1- a )- 0.95 h g 9'1% to deems
number.
(l— o) = 0. 95 — Subtraction property of
equality.
i (-a) - (-0.05)' ! Multiplication property of
a = 0.05 equality.

n/2 = 0.05/ 2 Division property of

a/2 = 0.025 equality.
 Subtract 0.025 from
0.500 - 0. 025 = 0.475 0. 500 (which is half the
area of the Standard
Normal Curve).
Hence, Using the Area
under the Standard
Normal Curve Table,
as shown below.

3. Substitute the values Use this formula to solve

in the formula and for the length of
compute. confidence interval.
LCI = 2za/q . LCI = 2(1.96) ( ) Supplies the values,
then multiply
2(1.96)(0.3).
LCI=
t. 176 Divide 1. 176 by .

LCI = 0. 1406 Answer

Thus, the length of confidence interval is equal to 0. 1406

Try this in your notebook.

B. Find the length of the confidence interval given the following data:

1. n = 0.3, n = 45, confidence level 98%

2. o = 0. 5, n = 50, confidence level 95%«

3. n = 1. 5, n = 70, confidence level 99%

‘T‘he £ocmuTa for cozifidezice izitezval of popuTatiozz meazi, i£ zz<3O

The formula to find the length of the confidence interval.

LCI = 2ta/ 2

Where:
fa — is thet value
2

w— standard deviation
n— sample size

Example 4: Find the length of the confidence interval, given the following data:

s = 6. 5, n= 15, confidence level = 99%

SOlutlOH:

Steps S OlutlOH
l . Determine the given. s = 6. 5, n= 15,
confidence level = 99%

2. Find the degree of df — n-1

freedom df. df — 15- I

Thus, the degree of freedom is 14.

3. Find the e in ( I- (1- o)100% = 99% Find a in equation (1-

n) 100% confidence v) 100% = 99 o/ where in
level, then find fa/ 99% is the given
2
confidence level
(1- ) = 99% Since, 100% of (1 — n) is
equal to (1 - a)

(1- )= 0.99 Charge 99% to decimal

number

(1- a) = 0.99 Subtraction property of

uali
 ' (-a) = (-0.01)› Multiplication property of
equality.
o=0.01

a/2 = 0.01/2 Division property of

equality.
a/2= 0.005

Hence, Using the t

t -- 2.977 distribution critical values
2
(t Table) at df = 14 and
°/2- 0.005 , as shown beI ow.
4. Substitute the values Use this formula to solve
in the formula and for the length of
compute. confidence interval.
LCI=2V2.
£Cl = 2(2.977) ( ) Supplies the values,
then multiply 2(2.977)
(6. 5).
38.701
Divide 38. 70 1 by .

Thus, the length of confidence interval is equal to 9.99

Try this:

C. Find the length of the confidence interval given the following data:

1. s = 4. 5, n = 20, confidence interval = 98%

2. s = 3.5, n = 25, cort£idence interval' 95%
3. s = 2.5, n = 28, cort£idence i ttervaJ ' 99%

In deriving the formula for the sample size, there are two things to remember
when we decided on the quality of the sample size that we need: confidence and the
narrowness of the interval.

Confidence internal describes the uncertainty inherent in this

estimate and describes a range of values within which we can be
reasonably sure that the true effect actually lies.
Narrowness of the internal pertains to a small width in relation to the
length of the confidence interval.

If the confidence interval is relatively narrow (e. g., 0. 70 to 0 80), the effect
size is known precisely. If the interval is wider (e.g. , 0.60 to 0. 93) the uncertainty is
greater, although there may still be enough precision to make decisions about the
utility of the intervention. Intervals that are very wide (e.g. , 0. 50 to 1. 10) indicate
that we have little knowledge about the effect, and that further information is needed.
The computing formula in determining sample size is derived from the formula of the
margin of error R where:
Z
E ‘ '2 )
——
• Study the derivation of the computing formula for determining minimum
sample size when estimating a population mean.
• Discuss the elements of the formula.

To solve for n, which is a sample size needed in estimating a population mean,

do this. (Hint: Apply the appropriate properties of equality.)

*o/2 ’ Formula for margin of error.

E ——
Multiply both sides of the equation by
(E) = (
. Multiplication property of equality.
[ )(E ) Divide both sides of the equation by E.
Division property of equality.
 Square both sides.
E

This is now the resulting formula for

sample size needed in estimating a
population mean.

rormula in Determlnlng the Mlnlnium Sample 5lze Needed when

Bstlotatâag tbe Bopu1attoa Meaa

Where:
za/ 2 — is thez value

‹r— standard deviation

n— number of sample R— margin of error

Since the value of ‹r is usually unknown, it can be estimated by the standard

deviation (aJ from a prior sample. Alternatively, we may approximate the range R of
observations in the population and make a conservative estimate of = R . In any case,
round up the value of obtained to ensure the sample size will be sufficient to achieve
the specified reliability.
Example 1: Feeding Program
In a certain barangay, Mario wants to estimate the mean weight p, in
kilograms, of all seven-year-old children to be included in a feeding program. He
wants to be 99'% confident that the estimate of p is accurate 0.06 kg. Suppose from
a previous study, the standard deviation of the weights of the target population was
0.5kg, what should the sample size be?
Note: The phrase “accurate to within 0.06 kg” indicates a narrotued width of the
confidence interval. Thus, the decide error E= 0. 06 kg.
Population standard deviation n = 0. 5 kg.
 Solution:
Steps
1. Determine the given. 99"/ confidence,€ = 0.06 kg, n = 0.5 kg
2. Determine the n = 100% - 99% To determine the value of
confidence coefficient a, we can simply subtract
o= 1 -.99
the confidence level from
a = .01 100%.

n/2 = 0.0 1/ 2 Division property of

equality.
a/2 = 0.005

0.500 - 0.005 = 0.495 Subtract 0.005 from

0.500.
Hence, Using the Area
under the Standard
Normal Curve Table.
2
3. Substitute the values Ze
'2
in the formula and
E
compute.
.58)(0.5) 2
0.06
1.29
0.06

n = (21.S) 2

4. Round up the resulting ' 62. 25 or 463

value to the nearest Thus, Mario needs a sample size of 463
whole number.

Note: When Determining sample size, we always round up the resulting value to
the next whole number.
en the calculated sample size is not a whole number, it should
ed up to the next higher whole number.
nding up a sample size calculation for conservativeness ensures that your sample size will always be the representative of the po
Example 1. A sample size calculation determined that 2006.083 data points were
necessary to represent the population. In this case, 2007 data points
samples should be taken.
2. Suppose the calculated sample size is 409. 14. What would be the
sample size?
409.14*
Answer: 410

Try this:

D. Round up the following calculated sample size.

1. n = 207.39
2.n=347.S6
3. n= 976.09

Example 2. Replicating a study

Kristine wants to replicate a certain study, where the lowest observed value
is 10.4 while the highest is 12.8. She wants to estimate the population mean p to
within an error of 0.05 of its true value. Using 98% confidence level find the sample
size n that she needs.
Solution:

Steps Sofuhon
1. Determine the given. 98"Zn confidence, E = 0.06 kg, lowest observed value is
10.4 while the highest is 12.8.

2. Determine the °= 100% - 98% To determine the value of

confidence coefficient. a, we can simply subtract
o= 1-.98
the confidence level from
u = .O2 100%.

n/2 = 0. 02/ 2 Division property of

equality.
«/2 = 0.o i

0.50 - 0.0 1 = 0.49 Subtract 0.005 from

0.500.
Hence, Using the
Area under the
Standard Normal
Curve Table,
 3. Determine the Since the range R = 12. 8 — 10.4 = 2.4
standard deviation.
Then, using the formula
p = fi/4 = P.4/ 4 = . S

4. Substitute the values

in the formula and
compute.
(2.33)(0.6)
0.06
'2
E )2
•-(:5
n = (23.3) 2

5. Round up the resulting

n = 542. 89 or 543
value to the nearest whole
number.

Thus, Kristine needs a sample size of 543.

E. Solve this.

1. The school nurse of a certain school wants to conduct a survey about the average
number of students who buy snacks at the school canteen. If he plans to use 98'Z»
confidence level, 3 as the margin of error, and a standard deviation of 15. How many
sample sizes does he need for the survey?

Assessment

A. Find the length of the following confidence interval.

1. 0.242 <p < 0.653

2. 0.345 < p < 0.570

3. 0.2T5 < p < 0.463

4. Upper confidence limit = 0.820
Lower confidence limit = 0.490
5. Upper confidence limit = 0.715
Lower confidence limit = 0.3 50

B. Find the length of the confidence interval given the following data:
6. s — 5.36, n = 350, confidence level: 99%
7. s = 2.35, n = 250, confidence level: 99%
8. s = 1.20, n = 200, confidence level: 95%
9. s = 8. 15, n = 29, confidence interval: 99%
10. s = 3. 25, n = 17, confidence interval: 95%

C. Solve the following problems.

11. In a group presentation, the average geometric reasoning of Grade 10 students in
a Mathematics camp was observed to be 80 with s standard deviation of 4. A researcher
wants to replicate the study to estimate the true population mean p to within 0.5
maximum error. If the 98% level of confidence is adopted, how many respondents are
needed?

12. Teacher Carol, wants to conduct a survey about the average number of students
in a certain school who wants online class instead of distance modular learning. If
she plans to use 99% confidence level, 0.5 as the margin of error, and a standard
deviation of 5. How many sample sizes does she need for the survey*
References

Alonzo, George A. (2017). Statistics and Probability For Senior High School,
Salinlahi Publishing House, Inc., 1206 Cardonia St. Barangay Poblacion,
Makati City, Philippines.

Belecina, Rene R. et. at. (2016). Statistics and Probability. 1•' ed. Rex Bookstore, 856
Nicanor Reyes Sr. St. Sampaloc, Manila.

iPef›sttes

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