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Week 5's Lectures (Lecture 7)

The document is a chapter from a university-level mathematics textbook on metric spaces and compact spaces. It defines an open cover and a subcover of a set in a metric space. A set is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover. Examples show that intervals like (0,1) are not compact subsets of the real numbers. Finite sets, closed and bounded subsets of Euclidean spaces, and subsets of discrete metric spaces satisfying certain conditions are proven to be compact.

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Wisal muhammed
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54 views6 pages

Week 5's Lectures (Lecture 7)

The document is a chapter from a university-level mathematics textbook on metric spaces and compact spaces. It defines an open cover and a subcover of a set in a metric space. A set is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover. Examples show that intervals like (0,1) are not compact subsets of the real numbers. Finite sets, closed and bounded subsets of Euclidean spaces, and subsets of discrete metric spaces satisfying certain conditions are proven to be compact.

Uploaded by

Wisal muhammed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Republic of Kurdistan

University of Zakho

Faculty of Science

Department of Mathematics

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
Semester 6
Week 5’s Lectures
(Lecture 7)

Prepared by
Ibrahim S. Ibrahim

2020-2021
University of Zakho Mathematical Analysis

CHAPTER 4. METRIC SPACE

4.6. COMPACT SPACES IN A METRIC SPACE

Definition 4.6.1 (Cover & Open cover)

A cover of a set 𝑆 in a metric space 𝑋 is a collection {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ of subsets of 𝑋 such that

𝑆 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆.
λ∈Δ

If 𝐺𝜆 is an open set ∀λ ∈ Δ, then the collection {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ is called an open cover of 𝑆.

Definition 4.6.2 (Subcover)

A subset of {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ that is also an open cover of 𝑆 is a subcover.

Definition 4.6.3 (Compact)

A subset 𝑆 of a metric space 𝑋 is said to be compact if every open cover of 𝑆 has a finite
subcover.

I.e., if {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ is an open cover of 𝑆, then there are finitely many open sets

𝐺𝜆1 , 𝐺𝜆2 , … , 𝐺𝜆𝑛

such that

𝑆 ⊂ 𝐺𝜆1 ∪ 𝐺𝜆2 ∪ … ∪ 𝐺𝜆𝑛


𝑛

𝑆 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆𝑖 .
𝑖=1

In particular, the metric space 𝑿 is said to be compact if for every collection {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ
of open sets in 𝑋 for which 𝑋 = ⋃λ∈Δ 𝐺𝜆 , there exist finitely many open sets

𝐺𝜆1 , 𝐺𝜆2 , … , 𝐺𝜆𝑛

such that
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University of Zakho Prepared by Ibrahim S. Ibrahim

𝑋 = ⋃ 𝐺𝜆𝑖 .
𝑖=1

Example 4.6.1 Show that (0, 1] is not compact in ℝ.


1
Solution. Let {(𝑛 , 2)} be an open cover of (0, 1], i.e.,
𝑛∈ℕ

1
(0, 1] ⊂ ⋃ ( , 2) .
𝑛
𝑛∈ℕ

1 1 1 1
Let a finite subcover ⋃𝑘𝑖=1 (𝑛 , 2) = (1,2) ∪ (2 , 2) ∪ … ∪ (𝑘 , 2) = (𝑘 , 2).

1 1 1
But 𝑘+1 ∈ (0, 1] and 𝑘+1 ∉ (𝑘 , 2) ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ.

1
So, (0, 1] ⊄ (𝑘 , 2) ∀𝑘 ∈ ℕ.

Therefore, there is an open cover of (0, 1] which has no finite subcover.

Thus, (0, 1] is not compact in ℝ.

Homework 4.6.1

(1) Show that (2, 4] is not compact in ℝ.

(2) Show that [0, ∞) is not compact in ℝ.

(3) Show that (𝑎, 𝑏) is not compact in ℝ for any 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑎 < 𝑏.

(4) Show that ℝ is not compact.

(5) Show that [0, 2) is not compact.

Theorem 4.6.1 Every finite set in any metric space 𝑋 is compact.

Proof. Let 𝑆 = {𝑥1 , 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 } be any finite set in 𝑋.

To prove that 𝑆 is compact.

Let {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ be an open cover of 𝑆, i.e.,

𝑆 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺λ .
λ∈Δ

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University of Zakho Mathematical Analysis

Each element in 𝑆 must be containing at least one open set of the collection, i.e.,

∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑆, ∃𝐺λ0 of {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ 𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑥 ∈ 𝐺λ0 .

That is,
𝑛

𝑆 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆𝑖 .
𝑖=1

Therefore, 𝑆 is compact.

Theorem 4.6.2 (Heine-Borel theorem)

A subset 𝑆 of a Euclidean metric space ℝ𝑛 is compact if and only if 𝑆 is closed and bounded.

“Eduard Heine 1821-1881 Germany Emile. Borel 1871-1956 France”

𝑛
Example 4.6.2 The set {𝑛+1} ∪ {1} is compact in ℝ since it is closed and bounded by

Theorem 4.6.2.
𝑛
But the set {𝑛+1} is not compact since it is not closed by Theorem 4.6.2.

Example 4.6.3

Let 𝑆 be a subset of a discrete metric space 𝑋, then 𝑆 is compact if and only if 𝑆 is finite.

Notes

(1) Notice that any subset of a metric space with the discrete metric is closed and bounded.
However, only finite subsets are compact, hence any infinite subset is closed, bounded,
and not compact.

(2) Every subset of a discrete metric space 𝑋 is both open and closed.

Theorem 4.6.3 Every closed subset of a compact metric space is compact.

Proof. Let 𝐹 be a closed subset of a compact metric space 𝑋.

We have to prove that 𝐹 is compact.

Let {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈Δ be an open cover of 𝐹, i.e.,

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University of Zakho Prepared by Ibrahim S. Ibrahim

𝐹 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆 .
𝜆∈∆

Now,

𝑋 = 𝐹 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐
𝜆∈∆

⟹ 𝑋 = ⋃(𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 ).
𝜆∈∆

Since 𝐹 is closed, then 𝐹 𝑐 is open in 𝑋.

Hence, {𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 }𝜆∈∆ is an open cover of 𝑋.

Since 𝑋 is compact, this open cover has a finite subcover, i.e., ∃ a finite ∆0 ∈ ∆ such that

𝑋 = ⋃ (𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 ).
𝜆∈∆0

So,

𝑋 ∩ 𝐹 = ⋃ (𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 ) ∩ 𝐹
𝜆∈∆0

⟹ 𝐹 = ( ⋃ (𝐺𝜆 ∪ 𝐹 𝑐 )) ∩ 𝐹
𝜆∈∆0

⟹ 𝐹 = ( ⋃ (𝐺𝜆 ∩ 𝐹)) ∪ (𝐹 𝑐 ∩ 𝐹)
𝜆∈∆0

⟹ 𝐹 = ( ⋃ (𝐺𝜆 ∩ 𝐹)).
𝜆∈∆0

∴ 𝐹 ⊂ ⋃ 𝐺𝜆 .
𝜆∈∆0

∴ {𝐺𝜆 }λ∈∆0 is a finite subcover of 𝐹.

∴ 𝐹 is compact.

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University of Zakho Mathematical Analysis

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