Unit 1:

IoT Web Technology

 IoT Web Technology

1.1 Introduction to Internet of things

o IoT stands for Internet of Things. It essentially means a network of devices and objects that
are connected to the Internet. Being connected to the Internet means that they can either
collect data and send it through the Internet, receive information from the Internet, or do
both the things. The Internet of things (IoT) describes the network of physical
objects/"things" that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the
purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the
Internet.
o The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the process of connecting everyday physical objects
to the internet—from common household objects like lightbulbs; to healthcare assets like
medical devices; to wearables, smart devices, and even smart cities.
o In the simplest terms, the Internet of Things (IoT) is how we describe the digitally
connected universe of everyday physical devices. These devices are embedded with
internet connectivity, sensors and other hardware that allow communication and control via
the web. IoT makes once "dumb" devices "smarter" by giving them the ability to send data
over the internet, allowing the device to communicate with people and other loT-enabled
things.
o The connected "smart home" is a good example of IoT in action. Internet enabled
thermostats, doorbells, smoke detectors and security alarms create a connected hub where
data is shared between physical devices and users can remotely control the "things" in that
hub (i.e., adjusting temperature settings, unlocking doors, etc.) via a mobile app or website.
o Far from being restricted to just the home, the Internet of Things can be found in an array
of devices, industries and settings. From smart blackboards in school classrooms to medical
devices that can detect signs of Parkinson's disease, IoT is rapidly making the world smarter
by connecting the physical and the digital.

Fig : How IoT Works

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o IoT works in the following way:

• Devices have hardware like sensors, for example, that collect data.
• The data collected by the sensors is then shared via the cloud and integrated with
software.
• The software then analyzes and transmits the data to users via an app or website.
o The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices
connected and controlled by the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology
mean that the specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic
characteristics shared by most. The IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of
the physical world into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements,
economic benefits, and reduced human exertions.
1.2 Time for convergence
o Integrated environments that have been at the origin of the successful take upof smartphone
platforms and capable of running a multiplicity of user-driven applications and connecting
various sensors and objects are missing today. Such super-stack like environments,
bringing together a number of distinct constituencies, represent an opportunity for Europe
to develop Internet of Things ecosystems.

o As a quintessence the next big leap in the Internet of Things evolution will be the
coherence of efforts on all levels towards innovation. In case of the IoT community this
would mean that out of many possible “coherence horizons” the following will likely
provide the foundation for a step forward to the Internet of Things:
• Coherence of object capabilities and behavior: The objects in the Internet of Things
will show a huge variety in sensing and actuation capabilities, in information
processing functionality and their time of existence. In either case it will be necessary
to generally apprehend object as entities with a growing “intelligence” and patterns
of autonomous behavior.
• Coherence of application interactivity: The applications will increase in complexity
and modularization, and boundaries between applications and services will be blurred
to a high degree. Fixed programmed suites will evolve into dynamic and learning
application packages. Besides technical, semantic interoperability will become the
key for context aware information exchange and processing.
• Coherence of corresponding technology approaches: Larger concepts like Smart
Cities, Cloud computing, Future Internet, robotics and others will evolve in their own

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way, but because of complementarity also partly merge with the Internet of Things.
Here a creative view on potential synergies can help to develop new ecosystems.
• Coherence of real and virtual worlds: Today real and virtual worlds are perceived
as two antagonistic conceptions. At the same time virtual worlds grow exponentially
with the amount of stored data and ever-increasing network and information
processing capabilities. Understanding both paradigms as complementary and part of
human evolution could lead to new synergies and exploration of living worlds.

1.3 Towards the IoT universe

o In analogy to the definition that a universe is commonly defined as the totality of
existence, an Internet of Things universe might potentially connect every- thing. As a
further analogy to new theories about parallel universes, different Internet of Things
worlds might develop and exist in parallel, potentially over- lap and possess spontaneous
or fixed transfer gates.
o These forward-looking considerations do certainly convey a slight touch of science
fiction, but are thought to stimulate the exploration of future living worlds. The overall
scope is to create and foster ecosystems of platforms for connected smart objects,
integrating the future generation of devices, network technologies, software technologies,
interfaces and other evolving ICT innovations, both for the society and for people to
become pervasive at home, at work and while on the move. These environments will
embed effective and efficient security and privacy mechanisms into devices,
architectures, plat- forms, and protocols, including characteristics such as openness,
dynamic expandability, interoperability of objects, distributed intelligence, and cost and
energy-efficiency.
o Whereas the forthcoming Internet of Things related research in the scope and
corresponding national research programs will address the above matters, challenges from
a societal and policy perspective remain equally important, in particular the following:
• Fostering of a consistent, interoperable and accessible Internet of Things across
sectors, including standardization.
• Directing effort and attention to important societal application
• Areas such as health and environment, including focus on low energy consumption.
• Offering orientation on security, privacy, trust and ethical aspects
• In the scope of current legislation and development of robust and future-proof general

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data protection rules.

• Providing resources like spectrum allowing pan-European service
• provision and removal of barriers such as roaming.
• Maintaining the Internet of Things as an important subject for international
cooperation both for sharing best practices and developing coherent strategies.
1.4 Internet of things vision
o Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept and a paradigm that considers pervasive presence in
the environment of a variety of things/objects that through wireless and wired connections
and unique addressing schemes are able to interact with each other and cooperate with
other things/objects to create new applications/services and reach common goals.
o In this context the research and development challenges to create a smart world are
enormous. A world where the real, digital and the virtual are converging to create smart
environments that make energy, transport, cities and many other areas more intelligent.
o The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable things to be connected anytime, anyplace,
with anything and anyone ideally using any path/network and any service.
o Internet of Things is a new revolution of the Internet. Objects make themselves
recognizable and they obtain intelligence by making or enabling context related decisions
thanks to the fact that they can communicate information about themselves. They can
access information that has been aggregated by other things, or they can be components
of complex services.
o New types of applications can involve the electric vehicle and the smart house, in which
appliances and services that provide notifications, security, energy-saving, automation,
telecommunication, computers and entertainment are integrated into a single ecosystem
with a shared user interface.
o In the future computation, storage and communication services will be highly pervasive
and distributed: people, smart objects, machines, platforms and the surrounding space
will create a highly decentralized common pool of resources interconnected by a dynamic
network of networks. The “communication language” will be based on interoperable
protocols, operating in heterogeneous environments and platforms.
o IoT in this context is a generic term and all objects can play an active role thanks to their
connection to the Internet by creating smart environments, where the role of the Internet
has changed. This powerful communication tool is providing access to information, media
and services, through wired and wireless broadband connections.

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1.5 IoT Applications

It is impossible to envisage all potential IoT applications having in mind the
development of technology and the diverse needs of potential users. In the following sections,
we present several applications, which are important. These applications are described, and
the research challenges are identified. The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs
and the advancements to enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics and cyber-physical
systems continue to be challenged by a variety of technical (i.e., scientific and engineering),
institutional, and economical issues.
• Smart Cities
o With more than 60 percent of the world population expected to live in urban cities by
2025, urbanization as a trend will have diverging impacts and influences on future
personal lives and mobility. Rapid expansion of city borders, driven by increase in
population and infrastructure development, would force city borders to expand outward
and engulf the surrounding daughter cities to form mega cities, each with a population of
more than 10 million. By 2023, there will be 30 mega cities globally, with 55 percent in
developing economies of India, China, Russia and Latin America.
o This will lead to the evolution of smart cities with eight smart features, including Smart
Economy, Smart Buildings, Smart Mobility, Smart Energy, Smart Information
Communication and Technology, Smart Planning, Smart Citizen and Smart Governance.
o The role of the cities governments will be crucial for IoT deployment. Running of the
day-to-day city operations and creation of city development strategies will drive the use
of the IoT. Therefore, cities and their services represent an almost ideal platform for IoT
research, taking into account city requirements and transferring them to solutions enabled
by IoT technology.
o In this context there are numerous important research challenges for smart city IoT
applications:
• Overcoming traditional silo based organization of the cities, with each utility
responsible for their own closed world. Although not technological, this is one of the
main barriers
• Creating algorithms and schemes to describe information created by sensors in
different applications to enable useful exchange of information between different city
services.

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Fig: Smart City Applications

• Mechanisms for cost efficient deployment and even more important maintenance of
such installations, including energy scavenging
• Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of sensors and efficient
• calibration of a large number of sensors deployed everywhere from lamp-posts to
waste bins
• Low energy protocols and algorithms
• Algorithms for analysis and processing of data acquired in the city and making
“sense” out of it.
• IoT large scale deployment and integration
• Healthcare
o Before Internet of Things, patients’ interactions with doctors were limited to visits, and
tele and text communications. There was no way doctors or hospitals could monitor
patients’ health continuously and make recommendations accordingly.
o Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled devices have made remote monitoring in the healthcare
sector possible, unleashing the potential to keep patients safe and healthy, and
empowering physicians to deliver superlative care. It has also increased patient
engagement and satisfaction as interactions with doctors have become easier and more
efficient. Furthermore, remote monitoring of patient’s health helps in reducing the length
of hospital stay and prevents re-admissions. IoT also has a major impact on reducing
healthcare costs significantly and improving treatment outcomes.

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• IoT is undoubtedly transforming the healthcare industry by redefining the space of

devices and people interaction in delivering healthcare solutions. IoT has applications in
healthcare that benefit patients, families, physicians, and hospitals.

Fig: IoT in Healthcare

• IoT for Patients - Devices in the form of wearables like fitness bands and other wirelessly
connected devices like blood pressure and heart rate monitoring cuffs, glucometer etc.
give patients access to personalized attention. These devices can be tuned to remind
calorie count, exercise check, appointments, blood pressure variations and much more.
IoT has changed people’s lives, especially elderly patients, by enabling constant tracking
of health conditions. This has a major impact on people living alone and their families.
On any disturbance or changes in the routine activities of a person, alert mechanism sends
signals to family members and concerned health providers.
• IoT for Physicians - By using wearables and other home monitoring equipment
embedded with IoT, physicians can keep track of patients’ health more effectively. They
can track patients’ adherence to treatment plans or any need for immediate medical
attention. IoT enables healthcare professionals to be more watchful and connect with the
patients proactively. Data collected from IoT devices can help physicians identify the best
treatment process for patients and reach the expected outcomes.
• IoT for Hospitals - Apart from monitoring patients’ health, there are many other areas
where IoT devices are very useful in hospitals. IoT devices tagged with sensors are used
for tracking real time location of medical equipment like wheelchairs, defibrillators,
nebulizers, oxygen pumps and other monitoring equipment. Deployment of medical staff
at different locations can also be analyzed real time.
• The spread of infections is a major concern for patients in hospitals. IoT-enabled hygiene
monitoring devices help in preventing patients from getting infected. IoT devices also

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help in asset management like pharmacy inventory control, and environmental

monitoring, for instance, checking refrigerator temperature, and humidity and
temperature control.
• Agriculture
o In IoT-based smart farming, a system is built for monitoring the crop field with the help
of sensors (light, humidity, temperature, soil moisture, etc.) and automating the irrigation
system. The farmers can monitor the field conditions from anywhere. IoT-based smart
farming is highly efficient when compared with the conventional approach.
o The applications of IoT-based smart farming not only target conventional, large farming
operations, but could also be new levers to uplift other growing or common trends in
agricultural like organic farming, family farming (complex or small spaces, particular
cattle and/or cultures, preservation of particular or high-quality varieties, etc.), and
enhance highly transparent farming.
o In terms of environmental issues, IoT-based smart farming can provide great benefits
including more efficient water usage, or optimization of inputs and treatments.
• Crop Monitoring: Sensors placed along the farms monitor the crops for changes in light,
humidity, temperature, shape and size. Any anomaly is detected by the sensors is analyzed
and farmer is notified. Thus, remote sensing can help prevent the spread of diseases and
keep an eye on the growth of crops.
• Weather conditions: The data collected by sensors in terms of humidity, temperature,
moisture precipitation and dew detection help in determining the weather pattern in farms
so that cultivation is done for suitable crops.
• Soil quality: The analysis of quality of soil helps in determining the nutrient value and
drier areas of farms, soil drainage capacity or acidity, which allows to adjust the amount
of water needed for irrigation and the opt most beneficial type of cultivation.
• Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure
o The rise of Wi-Fi’s role in home automation has primarily come about due to the
networked nature of deployed electronics where electronic devices (TVs and AV
receivers, mobile devices, etc.) have started becoming part of the home IP network and
due the increasing rate of adoption of mobile computing devices (smartphones, tablets,
etc.), see Figure The networking aspects are bringing online streaming services or
network playback, while becoming a mean to control of the device functionality over the
network. At the same time mobile devices ensure that consumers have access to a portable

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‘controller’ for the electronics connected to the network. Both types of devices can be
used as gateways for IoT applications. In this context many companies are considering
building platforms that integrate the building automation with entertainment, healthcare
monitoring, energy monitoring and wireless sensor monitoring in the home and building
environments.

Fig: Smart Home Platform

o IoT applications using sensors to collect information about operating conditions
combined with cloud hosted analytics software that analyze disparate data points will help
facility managers become far more proactive about managing buildings at peak
efficiency.
o Issues of building ownership (i.e., building owner, manager, or occupants) challenge
integration with questions such as who pays initial system cost and who collects the
benefits over time. A lack of collaboration between the subsectors of the building industry
slows new technology adoption and can prevent new buildings from achieving energy,
economic and environmental performance targets
• Food and Water Tracking and Security
o Food and fresh water are the most important natural resources in the world. Organic food
produced without addition of certain chemical substances and according to strict rules, or
food produced in certain geographical areas will be particularly valued. Similarly, fresh
water from mountain springs is already highly valued. In the future it will be very
important to bottle and distribute water adequately. This will inevitably lead to attempts

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to forge the origin or the production process. Using IoT in such scenarios to secure
tracking of food or water from the production place to the consumer is one of the
important topics.
1.6 Future Internet Technologies
The IoT has the possibility of integration of several emergent technologies that are presented
in the current market. We are pointing the role of these technologies that they will play in the
IoT.
• Cloud Computing and Internet of Things
These are two very emergent technologies which are already in use. Their integration and
uses are more penetrating, making them the most relevant technologies in the Future Internet.
The need for integration brings more mutual advantages. The Cloud offers a better solution
to manage IoT services and applications. Similarly, the Cloud can be benefited from Internet
of Things by expanding their visibility to handle with real-time things in more scattered and
progressive manner, and distributing services in immense number of real life examples. The
bellow we described the advantages we possess when we adopt IoT with Cloud.
✓ Data Storage: Internet of Things implicates a large number of things which acts as
information sources that produce a large volume of data of different types at different
velocity. The major suitable and worthwhile solution to manage data produced by IoT
is the Cloud.
✓ Data Processing: The information collected from various sources through the IoT
devices is vast. This huge data can be processed easily with the integration of Cloud.
It is the most suitable and worthwhile solution to handle with data generated by IoT.
✓ Communication Resources: IoT devices make use of IP-enabled devices with
specific hardware which is most expensive. Cloud presents a proper and frugal
solution to join, follow, and manage the things from anyplace at any time by making
use of specific protocols. The availability of these high-speed networks allows the
observing and controlling of wireless things.
• Bigdata and IoT
In future, the number of heterogeneous networked devices embedded with the IoT will be
high. They generate massive amount of data. It increases the importance of big data analytics
in IoT. These needs encourage us to introduce effective algorithms for big data analytics in
future IoT. The below shows how bigdata analytics process the data collected from the IoT
devices.

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✓ Processing Heterogeneous data:

The huge amount of information like text, video and voice etc., in IoT applications is collected
from heterogeneous sensors like cameras, Vehicles, customers etc. Processing like fusion,
classification on Heterogeneous data brings various advantages and new system improvement
possibilities.
✓ Processing Nonlinear Data:
The optimal fusion rule in multi-sensor data fusion like applications in IoT, derived from the
Variant joint distributions. Nevertheless, nonlinear operations are involved by general
optimal rule which is generally mathematically intractable.
✓ Processing high-dimensional data:
In IoT, bigdata is always composed of high-dimensionality. The best examples in many IoT
applications are images and videos captured by cameras are obviously comes under very
high-dimensional data. The huge data collected from the sensors or objects can be represented
in the form of a compact matrix.
✓ Processing Parallel and distributed data:
The data processing like heterogeneous, non-linear and high dimensional are comes under
the centralized and implemented at a data center. Nevertheless, practically in many IoT
applications, the network objects are organized in decentralized manner.
• Machine Learning and IoT
The introspection of the data to next level with the Internet of Things (IoT) is being carried
out by Machine Learning (ML). The enormous data generated from the things or objects of
IoT to compute you bring machine learning to bear along with it. At very complex
environments the machines are not great in automatic decision making though they are good
at processing the data mechanically and physically. The ML technology is a place where there
is lot of scope for the data scientists to publish their brilliant ideas. Here, there is a call to the
data scientists to enhance data-driven in their work and build their Machine Learning skills
because of the opportunities ahead of us to make the services and products more interactive
and intelligent. There must be a place where systems are made to ensure secure that mistakes
can be made, and that decision-making responsibilities have to be assigned appropriately.
• Semantic Web and IoT
The Semantic Web is an extension of the World Wide Web through standards set by the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The goal of the Semantic Web is to make Internet data

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machine-readable. Semantic web points at reusing the state transfer protocol architectural
style and Web protocols to make physical things of the network perfect citizens of the WWW.
The URI’s, standard HTTP protocol interfaces and hypermedia-based representations are
used for abstracting the physical things in the context of Web of Things. The interoperability
of the IoT is enabled as a service on a ubiquitous basis, the W3CWoT. Interest Group has
proposed a distributed “Web Servient” as a soft-defined virtualization middleware for
physical things.
• Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure-less wireless network that is deployed
in a large number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner that is used to monitor the system,
physical or environmental conditions. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a major role in
the IoT. They are major number of domains where we find a wide range of applications of
sensors like health-care, industrial automation and production monitoring, home automation,
agriculture, control networks, road safety and many other fields. In future, the sensor nodes
are migrated into the “Internet of Things” to use it to work together and finish their tasks
dynamically. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are most important elements in the IoT terms.
We get most benefits of connecting both WSN and other IoT elements to get remote access,
as heterogeneous information systems can be able to work together and provide common
services. This migration is not mere speculation, but a fact supported by several international
companies.
1.7 Infrastructure
The Internet of Things will become part of the fabric of everyday life. It will become
part of our overall infrastructure just like water, electricity, telephone, TV and most recently
the Internet. Whereas the current Internet typically connects full-scale computers, the Internet
of Things (as part of the Future Internet) will connect everyday objects with a strong
integration into the physical world.
• Plug and play Integration
To achieve a true Internet of Things we need to move away from such small-scale, vertical
application silos, towards a horizontal infrastructure on which a variety of applications
can run simultaneously. This is only possible if connecting a thing to the Internet of
Things becomes as simple as plugging it in and switching it on. Such plug and play
functionality requires an infrastructure that supports it, starting from the networking level
and going beyond it to the application level.

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• Infrastructure Functionality
The infrastructure needs to support applications in finding the things required. An
application may run anywhere, including on the things themselves. Finding things is not
limited to the start-up time of an application. Automatic adaptation is needed whenever
relevant new things become available, things become unavailable or the status of things
changes. The infrastructure has to support the monitoring of such changes and the
adaptation that is required as a result of the changes.
• Semantic Modelling of Things
To reach the full potential of the Internet of Things, semantic information regarding the
things, the information they can provide or the actuations they can perform need to be
available. It is not sufficient to know that there is a temperature sensor or an electric motor,
but it is important to know which temperature the sensor measures: the indoor temperature
of a room or the temperature of the fridge, and that the electric motor can open or close
the blinds or move something to a different location. As it may not be possible to provide
such semantic information by simply switching on the thing, the infrastructure should
make adding it easy for users. Also, it may be possible to derive semantic information,
given some basic information and additional knowledge, e.g. deriving information about
a room, based on the information that a certain sensor is located in the room. This should
be enabled by the infrastructure.
• Physical Location and Position
As the Internet of Things is strongly rooted in the physical world, the notion of physical
location and position are very important, especially for finding things, but also for
deriving knowledge. Therefore, the infrastructure has to support finding things according
to location (e.g. geo-location based discovery). Taking mobility into account, localization
technologies will play an important role for the Internet of Things and may become
embedded into the infrastructure of the Internet of Things.
• Security and Privacy
In addition, an infrastructure needs to provide support for security and privacy functions
including identification, confidentiality, integrity, non-repudiation authentication and
authorization. Here the heterogeneity and the need for inter- operability among different
ICT systems deployed in the infrastructure and the resource limitations of IoT devices
(e.g., Nano sensors) have to be taken into account.

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1.8 Networks and communication

o Present communication technologies span the globe in wireless and wired networks and
support global communication by globally accepted communication standards. The
Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA) intends to lay the
foundations for the Internet of Things to be developed by research through to the end of
this decade and for subsequent innovations to be realized even after this research period.
Within this time frame the number of connected devices, their features, their distribution
and implied communication requirements will develop; as will the communication
infrastructure and the networks being used. Everything will change significantly. Internet
of Things devices will be contributing to and strongly driving this development.
o Changes will first be embedded in given communication standards and networks and
subsequently in the communication and network structures defined by these standards.
• Networks
o The evolution and pervasiveness of present communication technologies has the
potential to grow to unprecedented levels in the near future by including the world of
things into the developing Internet of Things. Network users will be humans,
machines, things and groups of them.
o A key research topic will be to understand the complexity of these future networks
and the expected growth of complexity due to the growth of Internet of Things. The
research results of this topic will give guidelines and timelines for defining the
requirements for network functions, for network management, for network growth
and network composition and variability. Wireless networks cannot grow without
such side effects as interference.
o Wireless networks especially will grow largely by adding vast amounts of small
Internet of Things devices with minimum hardware, software and intel- ligence,
limiting their resilience to any imperfections in all their functions.
o Based on the research of the growing network complexity, caused by the Internet of
Things, predictions of traffic and load models will have to guide further research on
unfolding the predicted complexity to real networks, their standards and on-going
implementations.
o Applications such as body area networks may develop into an autonomous world of
small, mobile networks being attached to their bearers and being connected to the
Internet by using a common point of contact. The mobile phone of the future could

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provide this function.

o Generalizing the examples given above, the trend may be to expand current end user
network nodes into networks of their own or even a hierarchy of networks. In this way
networks will grow on their current access side by unfolding these outermost nodes
into even smaller, attached networks, spanning the Internet of Things in the future. In
this context networks or even networks of networks will be mobile by themselves.
o Wireless networks being built for the Internet of Things will show a large degree of
ad-hoc growth, structure, organization, and significant change in time, including
mobility. These constituent features will have to be reflected in setting them up and
during their operation.
o Network technology has traditionally developed along the line of predictable progress
of implementation technologies in all their facets. Given the enormous expected
growth of network usage and the number of user nodes in the future, driven by the
Internet of Things, there is a real need to minimize the resources for implementing all
network elements and the energy being used for their operation.
• Communication
o The research aimed at communication technology to be undertaken in the coming
decade will have to develop and unfold all potential communication profiles of
Internet of Things devices, from bit-level communication to continuous data streams,
from sporadic connections to connections being always on, from standard services to
emergency modes, from open communication to fully secured communication,
spanning applications from local to global, based on single devices to globally-
distributed sets of devices.
o Communication between processes running within an operating system on a single or
multicore processor, communication between processes running in a distributed
computer system, and the communication between devices and structures in the
Internet of Things and the Future Internet using wired and wireless channels shall be
merged into a unified minimum theoretical framework covering and including
formalized communication within protocols.
o Many types of Internet of Things devices will be connected to the energy grid all the
time; on the other hand a significant subset of Internet of Things devices will have to
rely on their own limited energy resources or energy harvesting throughout their
lifetime.
o Given this spread of possible implementations and the expected importance of
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minimum-energy Internet of Things devices and applications, an important topic of

research will have to be the search for minimum energy, minimum computation, slim
and lightweight solutions through all layers of Internet of Things communication and
applications.
1.9 Processes
o The deployment of IoT technologies will significantly impact and change the way
enterprises do business as well as interactions between different parts of the society,
affecting many processes. To be able to reap the many potential benefits that have been
postulated for the IoT, several challenges regarding the modelling and execution of such
processes need to be solved in order to see wider and in particular commercial
deployments of IoT.
• Adaptive and Event-driven Processes: One of the main benefits of IoT integration is
that processes become more adaptive to what is actually happening in the real world.
Inherently, this is based on events that are either detected directly or by real-time
analysis of sensor data. Such events can occur at any time in the process.
• Processes Dealing with Unreliable Data: When dealing with events coming from the
physical world (e.g., via sensors or signal processing algorithms), a degree of
unreliability and uncertainty is introduced into the processes. If decisions in a business
process are to be taken based on events that have some uncertainty attached, it makes
sense to associate each of these events with some value for the quality of information
(QoI).
• Processes Dealing with Unreliable Resources: Not only is the data from resources
inherently unreliable, but also the resources providing the data themselves, e.g., due to
the failure of the hosting device. Processes relying on such resources need to be able to
adapt to such situations. The first issue is to detect such a failure. In the case that a
process is calling a resource directly, this detection is trivial. When we’re talking about
resources that might generate an event at one point in time (e.g., the resource that
monitors the temperature condition within the truck and sends an alert if it has become
too hot), it is more difficult. Not having received any event can be because of resource
failure, but also because there was nothing to report.
• Highly Distributed Processes: When interaction with real-world objects and devices
is required, it can make sense to execute a process in a decentralized fashion. For
example, in environmental monitoring or supply chain tracking applications, no

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messages need to be sent to the central system as long as everything is within the defined
limits. Only if there is a deviation, an alert (event) needs to be generated, which in turn
can lead to an adaptation of the overall process.
1.10 Data Management:
o Data management is a crucial aspect in the Internet of Things When considering a world of
objects interconnected and constantly exchanging all types of information, the volume of
the generated data and the processes involved in the handling of those data become critical.
Some of the most relevant concepts which enable us to understand the challenges and
opportunities of data management are:
• Data Collection and Analysis (DCA): Data Collection and Analysis modules or
capabilities are the essential components of any loT platform or system and its main
functions are to store user/customer data, creating new data models of user data, on
demand data access, customer task automation etc.
• Big Data: Big data is about the processing and analysis of large data repositories, so
disproportionately large that it is impossible to treat them with the conventional tools
of analytical databases Storing this data is cheap, and it can be mined for valuable
information. Examples of such data include web logs, social networks, internet search
indexing, medical records etc.
• Semantic Sensor Networks: The information collected from the physical world in
combination with the existing resources and services on the Web facilitate enhanced
methods to obtain business intelligence, enabling the construction of new types of front-
end application and services which could revolutionize the way organizations and
people use Internet services and applications in their daily activities.
• Virtual Sensors: A virtual sensor can be considered as a product of spatial, temporal
and/or thematic transformation of raw or other virtual sensor producing data with
necessary provenance information attached to this transformation. Virtual sensors and
actuators are a programming abstraction simplifying the development of decentralized
applications
• Complex Event Processing: Complex event processing (CEP) is an emerging network
technology that creates actionable, situational knowledge from distributed message-
based systems, databases and applications in real time or near real time. CEP can
provide an organization with the capability to define, manage and predict events
situations exceptional conditions, opportunities and threats in complex heterogeneous

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networks. Types include Computation-oriented CEP Detection-oriented CEP,

Distributed CEP.
1.11 Security, Privacy and Trust:
➢ Security
o As the loT becomes a key element of the future internet and a critical national/international
infrastructure, the need to provide adequate security for the loT infrastructure becomes ever
more important. Large-scale applications and services based on the loT are increasingly
vulnerable to disruption from attack or information theft. Advances are required in several
areas to make the loT secure from those with malicious intent, such as:
• DoS/DDOS attacks: In computing, a denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) is a cyber-
attack in which the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource
unavailable to its intended users by temporarily or indefinitely disrupting services of a
host connected to the Internet. Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks in IoT
networks are considered one of the growing challenges that need to be shed light on.
DDoS attacks utilize the limited resources in IoT devices, such as storage limitation
and network capacity, that cause this issue in the IoT application. DoS/DDOS attacks
are already well understood for the current internet, but the loT is also susceptible to
such attacks and will require specific techniques and mechanisms to ensure that
transport, energy, city infrastructures cannot be disabled or subverted.
• Unauthorized Access: Unauthorized Access is when a person who does not have
permission to connect to or use a system gains entry in a manner unintended by the
system owner. The popular term for this is “hacking”. The specifics are different for
each individual event but it could happen in any number of ways. Usually, access is
gained via unpatched software or other known vulnerabilities.
• Data Manipulation: Essentially, data manipulation is a fraudulent cyber activity
wherein a malicious actor alters, tweaks, or modifies the valuable digital documents
and critical data instead of straight away stealing the data to damage the organization
and make of the misery.
• Information disclosure: Information disclosure issues in web application can be used
by attackers to gain insightful knowledge about the possible weaknesses of a web
application, thus allowing them to craft a malicious hack attack Information disclosure
is when an application fails to properly protect sensitive and confidential information
from parties that are not supposed to have access to the subject matter in normal

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circumstances. These types of issues are not exploitable in most cases, but are
considered as web application security issues because they allow malicious hackers to
gather relevant information which can be used later in the attack lifecycle, in order to
achieve more than they could if they didn’t get access to such information.
General attack detection and recovery/resilience to cope with loT specific
threats, such as compromised nodes, malicious code hacking attacks. Cyber situation
awareness tools/techniques will need to be developed to enable loT-based
infrastructures to be monitored. Advances are required to enable operators to adapt the
protection of the loT during the lifecycle of the system and assist operators to take the
most appropriate protective action during attacks.

➢ Privacy
o Privacy means that information about individuals must be protected and should not be
exposed without explicit consent under any circumstances. Every individual has the
ultimate right to decide with whom to share their data. In case of IoT, many devices are
connected together, working together in both public and in private domain. Privacy is
important to identify the authorized end user, user privacy, access control, to do secure
communications, resilience to attacks, and the most important to build the trust level
between the device or application and the end user.
o As much of the information in an IoT system may be personal data, there is a requirement
to support anonymity and restrictive handling of personal information. There are a number
of areas where advances are required,
• Cryptographic techniques that enable protected data to be stored
processed and shared, without the information content being accessible to other parties.
Technologies such as homomorphic and searchable encryption are potential candidates for
developing such approaches.
• Techniques to support Privacy by Design concepts, including data minimization,
identification, authentication and anonymity.
• Fine-grain and self-configuring access control mechanism emulating the real world.
o There are a number of privacy implications arising from the ubiquity and pervasiveness of
IoT devices where further research is required, including:
➢ Preserving location privacy, where location can be inferred from things associated with
people.

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➢ Prevention of personal information inference, that individuals would wish to keep

private, through the observation of IoT-related exchanges.
➢ Keeping information as local as possible using decentralized computing and key
management.
➢ Use of soft identities, where the real identity of the user can be used to generate various
soft identities for specific applications. Each soft identity can be designed for a specific
context or application without revealing unnecessary information, which can lead to
privacy breaches.
➢ Trust
o As IoT-scale applications and services will scale over multiple administrative domains and
involve multiple ownership regimes, there is a need for a trust framework to enable the
users of the system to have confidence that the information and services being exchanged
can indeed be relied upon. The trust framework needs to be able to deal with humans and
machines as users, i.e. it needs to convey trust to humans and needs to be robust enough to
be used by machines without denial of service. The development of trust frameworks that
address this requirement will require advances in areas such as:
• Lightweight Public Key Infrastructures (PKI) as a basis for trust management.
Advances are expected in hierarchical and cross certification concepts to enable
solutions to address the scalability requirements.
• Lightweight key management systems to enable trust relationships to be established
and the distribution of encryption materials using minimum communications and
processing resources, as is consistent with the resource constrained nature of many IoT
devices.
• Quality of Information is a requirement for many IoT-based systems where metadata
can be used to provide an assessment of the reliability of IoT data.
• Decentralized and self-configuring systems as alternatives to PKI for establishing trust
e.g. identity federation, peer to peer.
• Novel methods for assessing trust in people, devices and data, beyond reputation
systems. One example is Trust Negotiation. Trust Negotiation is a mechanism that
allows two parties to automatically negotiate, on the basis of a chain of trust policies,
the minimum level of trust required to grant access to a service or to a piece of
information.
• Assurance methods for trusted platforms including hardware, software, protocols, etc

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• Access Control to prevent data breaches. One example is Usage Control, which is the
process of ensuring the correct usage of certain information according to a predefined
policy after the access to information is granted

1.12 Device Level Energy Issues

o One of the essential challenges in IoT is how to interconnect “things” in an interoperable
way while taking into account the energy constraints, knowing that the communication is
the most energy consuming task on devices. RF solutions for a wide field of applications
in the Internet of Things have been released over the last decade, led by a need for
integration and low power consumption.

• Low Power Communication

Several low power communication technologies have been proposed from different
standardization bodies. The most common ones are,

✓ IEEE 802.15.4 has developed a low-cost, low-power consumption, low complexity,

low to medium range communication standard at the link and the physical layers for
resource constrained devices.
✓ Bluetooth low energy (Bluetooth LE) is the ultra-low power version of the Bluetooth
technology that is up to 15 times more efficient than Bluetooth.
✓ Ultra-Wide Bandwidth (UWB) Technology is an emerging technology in the IoT
domain that transmits signals across a much larger frequency range than conventional
systems. UWB, in addition to its communication capabilities, it can allow for high
precision ranging of devices in IoT applications.
✓ RFID/NFC proposes a variety of standards to offer contact less solutions. Proximity
cards can only be read from less than 10 cm and follows the ISO 14443 and is also the
basis of the NFC standard. RFID tags or vicinity tags dedicated to identification of
objects have a reading distance which can reach 7 to 8 meters.
o Cable-powered devices are not expected to be a viable option for IoT devices as they are
difficult and costly to deploy. Battery replacements in devices are either impractical or very
costly in many IoT deployment scenarios. As a consequence, for large scale and
autonomous IoT, alternative energy sourcing using ambient energy should be considered.

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• Energy Harvesting
o Energy harvesting is the capture and conversion of small amounts of readily available
energy in the environment into usable electrical energy. The electrical energy is
conditioned for either direct use or accumulated and stored for later use. This provides
an alternative source of power for applications in locations where there is no grid power
and it is inefficient to install wind turbines or solar panels.
o Most low-power electronics, such as remote sensors and embedded devices, are
powered by batteries. However, even long-lasting batteries have a limited lifespan and
must be replaced every few years. The replacements become costly when there are
hundreds of sensors in remote locations. Energy harvesting technologies, on the other
hand, provide unlimited operating life of low-power equipment and eliminate the need
to replace batteries where it is costly, impractical, or dangerous.

o Most energy harvesting applications are designed to be self-sustaining, cost-effective,

and to require little or no servicing for many years. In addition, the power is used closest
to the source, hence eliminating transmission losses and long cables. If the energy is
enough to power the device directly, the application or device powered by the energy
can operate battery less.

o Four main ambient energy sources are present in our environment: mechanical energy,
thermal energy, radiant energy and chemical energy.
o Energy harvesting (EH) must be chosen according to the local environment. For outside
or luminous indoor environments, solar energy harvesting is the most appropriate
solution. In a closed environment thermal or mechanical energy may be a better
alternative. It is mainly the primary energy source power density in the considered
environment that defines the electrical output power that can be harvested and not the
transducer itself.
• Future Trends and Recommendation
o In the future, the number and types of IoT devices will increase, therefore
interoperability between devices will be essential. More computation and yet less power
and lower cost requirements will have to be met. Technology integration will be an
enabler along with the development of even lower power technology and improvement
of battery efficiency.

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o For solar energy harvesting, photovoltaic cells are probably the most advanced and
robust solution. They are already used in many applications and for most of them,
today’s solutions are sufficient. Yet, for IoT devices, it could be interesting to improve
the photovoltaic cells efficiency to decrease photovoltaic cells’ sizes and to harvest
energy in even darker places.
1.13 IoT Related standardization
o The IERC previous SRAs addresses the topic of standardization and is focused on the actual
needs of producing specific standards.
• The Role of Standardization Activities
o Standards are needed for interoperability both within and between domains. Within a
domain, standards can provide cost efficient realizations of solutions, and a domain
here can mean even a specific organization or enterprise realizing an IoT. Between
domains, the interoperability ensures cooperation between the engaged domains, and is
more oriented towards Internet of Things applications. There is a need to consider the
life-cycle process in which standardization is one activity. Significant attention is given
to the “pre-selection” of standards through collaborative research, but focus should also
be given to regulation, legislation, interoperability and certification as other activities
in the same life-cycle. For IoT, this is of particular importance.
o A complexity with IoT comes from the fact that IoT intends to support a number of
different applications covering a wide array of disciplines that are not part of the ICT
domain. Requirements in these different disciplines can often come from legislation or
regulatory activities. As a result, such policy making can have a direct requirement for
supporting IoT standards to be developed. It would therefore be beneficial to develop a
wider approach to standardisation and include anticipation of emerging or on-going
policy making in target application areas, and thus be prepared for its potential impact
on IoT-related standardisation
• Current Situation
o The current M2M related standards and technologies landscape is highly fragmented.
The fragmentation can be seen across different applied domains where there is very
little or no re-use of technologies beyond basic communications or networking
standards.
o Even within a particular applied sector, a number of competing standards and
technologies are used and promoted. The entire ecosystem of solution providers and

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users would greatly benefit from less fragmentation and should strive towards the use
of a common set of basic tools. This would provide faster time to market, economy of
scale and reduce overall costs.
• Areas for Additional Consideration
o The technology fragmentation mentioned above is particularly evident on the IoT
device side. To drive further standardisation of device technologies in the direction of
standard Internet protocols and Web technologies, and towards the application level,
would mitigate the impacts of fragmentation and strive towards true interoperability.
Embedded web services, as driven by the IETF and IPSO Alliance, will ensure a
seamless integration of IoT devices with the Internet. It will also need to include
semantic representation of IoT device hosted services and capabilities.
• Interoperability in the Internet of Things
o The Internet of Things is shaping the evolution of the future Internet. After connecting
people anytime and everywhere, the next step is to interconnect heterogeneous
things/machines/smart objects both between themselves and with the Internet; allowing
by thy way, the creation of value-added open and interoperable services/applications,
enabled by their interconnection, in such a way that they can be integrated with current
and new business and development processes.
o As for the IoT, future networks will continue to be heterogeneous, multi-vendors, multi-
services and largely distributed. Consequently, the risk of non-interoperability will
increase. This may lead to unavailability of some services for end-users that can have
catastrophic consequences regarding applications related for instance to emergency or
health, etc. Or, it could also mean that users/applications are likely to loose key
information out of the IoT due to this lack of interoperability. Thus, it is vital to
guarantee that network components will interoperate to unleash the full value of the
Internet of Things

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